In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the poor socio-economic and political conditions in India facilitated the migration of both indentured and free or “passenger” Indians to Natal, South Africa. The latter unencumbered by contractual labour arrived under normal immigration laws and hence were referred to as “passenger” Indians. Whilst the “push” and “pull” factors of indentured Indians to some extent have been documented, this has been largely absent for “passenger” Indians. This article examines male-centred “passenger” Indian migration in the context of gender, the rural household and economy in western India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper highlights that the male outmigration to a very large extent was governed by two factors: gender relations within the household and women’s role in the rural economy. Women were left behind in the towns and villages not because they were absent from the decision-making process during migration, but because their domestic activities were central in augmenting the rural household. This article obliterates the myth of the “passive” and “docile” female in historical migrations in the Indian diaspora by shifting the migration narratives from the traditional ports of settlement to the untapped ports of departure to acquire better insights to historical “push” factors that facilitated “passenger” Indian migration. It makes the colonial rural household, of which women were an integral part, the centre of analysis, thereby providing new perspectives on gender relations and how they shaped and influenced male-centred migration.
{"title":"Gender, the Indian Rural Economy and the Household Historical Perspectives on Migration from British India to Africa","authors":"K. Hiralal","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6517","url":null,"abstract":"In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the poor socio-economic and political conditions in India facilitated the migration of both indentured and free or “passenger” Indians to Natal, South Africa. The latter unencumbered by contractual labour arrived under normal immigration laws and hence were referred to as “passenger” Indians. Whilst the “push” and “pull” factors of indentured Indians to some extent have been documented, this has been largely absent for “passenger” Indians. This article examines male-centred “passenger” Indian migration in the context of gender, the rural household and economy in western India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper highlights that the male outmigration to a very large extent was governed by two factors: gender relations within the household and women’s role in the rural economy. Women were left behind in the towns and villages not because they were absent from the decision-making process during migration, but because their domestic activities were central in augmenting the rural household. This article obliterates the myth of the “passive” and “docile” female in historical migrations in the Indian diaspora by shifting the migration narratives from the traditional ports of settlement to the untapped ports of departure to acquire better insights to historical “push” factors that facilitated “passenger” Indian migration. It makes the colonial rural household, of which women were an integral part, the centre of analysis, thereby providing new perspectives on gender relations and how they shaped and influenced male-centred migration.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126110945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wide range of literature reveals that women in many African societies have historically been faced with the challenge of patriarchy and lack of freedom in their households—a challenge also mirrored in institutions of education, the economy, law and politics. This gendered position produces gendered inequalities which lead women to experience poverty more severely than men. The feminisation of poverty has over the years resulted in the feminisation of migration, which implies a change in women’s migratory identities and roles, where women are increasingly migrating as independent migrants rather than to rejoin male family members. Often, women migrate due to a desire for greater autonomy and a decrease in social restrictions on their productive and reproductive bodies. They also migrate to enhance their economic opportunities and seek new survival strategies in their endeavour to cater for their family’s needs and those that pertain to their being. It is against this backdrop that this article explores the experiences of migrant women and the strategies they employ as they, against all odds, renegotiate and reconstitute their gendered identities and sexual bodies in order to survive the complex realities of living in a “foreign” space. The article focuses on 15 Zimbabwean migrant women’s experiences of feminised poverty that pushed them out of the boundaries of their homeland, and the sexual and gendered livelihoods that emerged as part of their survival strategies in South Africa. As the article engages with Zimbabwean migrant women’s experiences prior to and after moving to South Africa, it is at work to illuminate how sexuality and migration shape and reshape one another. The article analyses the role of sexuality in gender and migration research that has not been given the pre-eminence it should in the Global South. Overall, the article reveals that the often subsumed and hidden role of sexuality in gender and migration research adds another complex layer of vulnerability to the bodies, identities and roles of Zimbabwean migrant women in South Africa.
{"title":"Renegotiating Gender Identities and Sexual Bodies: Zimbabwean Migrant Women’s Narratives of Everyday Life in South Africa","authors":"K. Batisai, Lylian Manjowo","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6519","url":null,"abstract":"A wide range of literature reveals that women in many African societies have historically been faced with the challenge of patriarchy and lack of freedom in their households—a challenge also mirrored in institutions of education, the economy, law and politics. This gendered position produces gendered inequalities which lead women to experience poverty more severely than men. The feminisation of poverty has over the years resulted in the feminisation of migration, which implies a change in women’s migratory identities and roles, where women are increasingly migrating as independent migrants rather than to rejoin male family members. Often, women migrate due to a desire for greater autonomy and a decrease in social restrictions on their productive and reproductive bodies. They also migrate to enhance their economic opportunities and seek new survival strategies in their endeavour to cater for their family’s needs and those that pertain to their being. It is against this backdrop that this article explores the experiences of migrant women and the strategies they employ as they, against all odds, renegotiate and reconstitute their gendered identities and sexual bodies in order to survive the complex realities of living in a “foreign” space. The article focuses on 15 Zimbabwean migrant women’s experiences of feminised poverty that pushed them out of the boundaries of their homeland, and the sexual and gendered livelihoods that emerged as part of their survival strategies in South Africa. As the article engages with Zimbabwean migrant women’s experiences prior to and after moving to South Africa, it is at work to illuminate how sexuality and migration shape and reshape one another. The article analyses the role of sexuality in gender and migration research that has not been given the pre-eminence it should in the Global South. Overall, the article reveals that the often subsumed and hidden role of sexuality in gender and migration research adds another complex layer of vulnerability to the bodies, identities and roles of Zimbabwean migrant women in South Africa.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122422513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on field research and a survey of 150 Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, this paper explores the dimensions of migrants’ transnational experiences in the urban space. I discuss the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook as well as other means such as telephone calls in fostering the embedding of transnational migrants within both the Johannesburg and the Zimbabwean socio-economic environments. I engage this migrant-embedding using Bourdieusian concepts of “transnational habitus” and “transnational social field,” which are migration specific variations of Bourdieu’s original concepts of “habitus” and “social field.” In deploying these Bourdieusian conceptual tools, I observe that the dynamics of South–South migration as observed in the Zimbabwean migrants are different to those in the South–North migration streams and it is important to move away from using the same lens in interpreting different realities. For Johannesburg-based migrants to operate within the socio-economic networks produced in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, they need to actively acquire a transnational habitus. I argue that migrants’ cultivation of networks in Johannesburg is instrumental, purposive, and geared towards achieving specific and immediate goals, and latently leads to the development and sustenance of flexible forms of permanency in the transnational urban space.
{"title":"Transnational Habitus and Sociability in the City: Zimbabwean Migrants’ Experiences in Johannesburg, South Africa","authors":"Khangelani Moyo","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6372","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on field research and a survey of 150 Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, this paper explores the dimensions of migrants’ transnational experiences in the urban space. I discuss the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook as well as other means such as telephone calls in fostering the embedding of transnational migrants within both the Johannesburg and the Zimbabwean socio-economic environments. I engage this migrant-embedding using Bourdieusian concepts of “transnational habitus” and “transnational social field,” which are migration specific variations of Bourdieu’s original concepts of “habitus” and “social field.” In deploying these Bourdieusian conceptual tools, I observe that the dynamics of South–South migration as observed in the Zimbabwean migrants are different to those in the South–North migration streams and it is important to move away from using the same lens in interpreting different realities. For Johannesburg-based migrants to operate within the socio-economic networks produced in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, they need to actively acquire a transnational habitus. I argue that migrants’ cultivation of networks in Johannesburg is instrumental, purposive, and geared towards achieving specific and immediate goals, and latently leads to the development and sustenance of flexible forms of permanency in the transnational urban space.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126866879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The history of labour migration to South Africa spans centuries. More recently flows of skilled and unskilled, documented and undocumented migration to South Africa have reached significant proportions. While men have predominated in the flows of migration streams to South Africa, the feminisation of migration has increased the visibility and role of women in the migration context. The impact of migration on the lives of skilled married women has been given little attention in the migration literature. Characterised as trailing spouses in the broader migration literature, the article explores, through a life-course framework, how skilled Indian women renegotiate their lives when leaving secure jobs to follow their spouses to a foreign country. Attention is given to how mobility is negotiated between the spouses, the impact of mobility on the family and the influence of transnationalism on the migrants and their families in South Africa. The article is based on exploratory research using qualitative in-depth interviews conducted with married skilled Indian women who migrated as co-dependents to South Africa.
{"title":"Migration, Mobility and Transnational Families: The Case of Indian Women Migrating to South Africa","authors":"P. Rugunanan","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6515","url":null,"abstract":"The history of labour migration to South Africa spans centuries. More recently flows of skilled and unskilled, documented and undocumented migration to South Africa have reached significant proportions. While men have predominated in the flows of migration streams to South Africa, the feminisation of migration has increased the visibility and role of women in the migration context. The impact of migration on the lives of skilled married women has been given little attention in the migration literature. Characterised as trailing spouses in the broader migration literature, the article explores, through a life-course framework, how skilled Indian women renegotiate their lives when leaving secure jobs to follow their spouses to a foreign country. Attention is given to how mobility is negotiated between the spouses, the impact of mobility on the family and the influence of transnationalism on the migrants and their families in South Africa. The article is based on exploratory research using qualitative in-depth interviews conducted with married skilled Indian women who migrated as co-dependents to South Africa.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125180460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transnational migration reconfigures how we understand gender and migration in the broader field of migration studies. Globally, South to South migration is on the increase, with a decline in South to North migration as the rise in right-wing nationalism, racism and anti-immigration posturing grips nations in the Global North. While the Global North welcomes the migration of specific groups of skilled professionals where prospects offered by the labour markets exist, in contrast, less skilled workers and unskilled workers, actively supported by their governments, migrate to the Global South in the hope of securing employment prospects and education rather than face “underemployment” at home. The increasing mobility of women in South to South migration raises questions concerning how we understand temporal dimensions of mobility, and how migrants reconstitute and renegotiate their gendered identities and roles in their everyday lives.
{"title":"Transnational Migration, Gender and Sexuality in the Global South","authors":"P. Rugunanan","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/7346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/7346","url":null,"abstract":"Transnational migration reconfigures how we understand gender and migration in the broader field of migration studies. Globally, South to South migration is on the increase, with a decline in South to North migration as the rise in right-wing nationalism, racism and anti-immigration posturing grips nations in the Global North. While the Global North welcomes the migration of specific groups of skilled professionals where prospects offered by the labour markets exist, in contrast, less skilled workers and unskilled workers, actively supported by their governments, migrate to the Global South in the hope of securing employment prospects and education rather than face “underemployment” at home. The increasing mobility of women in South to South migration raises questions concerning how we understand temporal dimensions of mobility, and how migrants reconstitute and renegotiate their gendered identities and roles in their everyday lives.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133700320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2011, Miss Sahhara, a transgender woman from Nigeria with UK refugee status, was crowned First Princess at the world’s largest and most prestigious beauty pageant for transgender women—Miss International Queen. The then Cultural Minister of Nigeria when contacted for comment responded that if she was transgender, she could not be Nigerian, and if she was Nigerian, she could not be transgender—a tacit denial of her very existence. In recent years, LGBT people “fleeing Africa” to the “Global North” has become a common media trope. Responses to this, emanating from a variety of African voices, have provided a more nuanced reading of sexuality. What has been absent from these readings has been the role of gender expression, particularly a consideration of transgender experiences. I understand transgender refugees to have taken up “lines of flight” such that, in a Deleuzian sense, they do not only flee persecution in countries of origin but also recreate or speak back to systems of control and oppressive social conditions. Some transgender people who have left, like Miss Sahhara, have not gone silently, using digital means to project a new political visibility of individuals, those who are both transgender and African, back at the African continent. In Miss Sahhara’s case, this political visibility has not gone unnoticed in the Nigerian tabloid press. Drawing on the story of Miss Sahhara, this paper maps these flows and contraflows, asking what they might reveal about configurations of nationhood, gender and sexuality as they are formed at both the digital and physical interstices between Africa and the Global North.
{"title":"Digital Borders, Diasporic Flows and the Nigerian Transgender Beauty Queen Who Would Not Be Denied","authors":"B Camminga","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6539","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011, Miss Sahhara, a transgender woman from Nigeria with UK refugee status, was crowned First Princess at the world’s largest and most prestigious beauty pageant for transgender women—Miss International Queen. The then Cultural Minister of Nigeria when contacted for comment responded that if she was transgender, she could not be Nigerian, and if she was Nigerian, she could not be transgender—a tacit denial of her very existence. In recent years, LGBT people “fleeing Africa” to the “Global North” has become a common media trope. Responses to this, emanating from a variety of African voices, have provided a more nuanced reading of sexuality. What has been absent from these readings has been the role of gender expression, particularly a consideration of transgender experiences. I understand transgender refugees to have taken up “lines of flight” such that, in a Deleuzian sense, they do not only flee persecution in countries of origin but also recreate or speak back to systems of control and oppressive social conditions. Some transgender people who have left, like Miss Sahhara, have not gone silently, using digital means to project a new political visibility of individuals, those who are both transgender and African, back at the African continent. In Miss Sahhara’s case, this political visibility has not gone unnoticed in the Nigerian tabloid press. Drawing on the story of Miss Sahhara, this paper maps these flows and contraflows, asking what they might reveal about configurations of nationhood, gender and sexuality as they are formed at both the digital and physical interstices between Africa and the Global North.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121481227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
South Africa has witnessed an increase in the number of refugees in the country. This could be due to the country being perceived favourably especially by refugees from the African continent. This study investigates the career development barriers affecting women refugees in the post-settlement phase and further ascertains the implications that these can have on human capital development. Calls have been made within extant literature to focus on the impact of the global refugee crisis and its implications for the career opportunities and experiences of refugees. A qualitative research approach was utilised based on the narratives and stories of 20 women refugees operating in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Two main findings were found based on the data analysis. First, a range of barriers that relate to individual and contextual factors were found to affect refugees post-settlement. Second, the interacting nature of these barriers is illustrated and shown to affect individual agency as refugee women focus on the acquisition of basic commodities rather than long-term human capital development. The research suggests strategies that policymakers can adopt to assist women refugees not just with their career development but also integration in the host country. This study extends and advances the literature on the career development issues relating to vulnerable groups such as women refugees, particularly in developing nations such as South Africa. Further, the study makes suggestions for practice with wider ramifications that can assist women refugees during the post-settlement phase.
{"title":"Career Development Barriers in the Post-Settlement Phase amongst Women Refugees: Implications for Human Capital Development","authors":"T. Nyabvudzi, W. Chinyamurindi","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/6413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/6413","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa has witnessed an increase in the number of refugees in the country. This could be due to the country being perceived favourably especially by refugees from the African continent. This study investigates the career development barriers affecting women refugees in the post-settlement phase and further ascertains the implications that these can have on human capital development. Calls have been made within extant literature to focus on the impact of the global refugee crisis and its implications for the career opportunities and experiences of refugees. A qualitative research approach was utilised based on the narratives and stories of 20 women refugees operating in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Two main findings were found based on the data analysis. First, a range of barriers that relate to individual and contextual factors were found to affect refugees post-settlement. Second, the interacting nature of these barriers is illustrated and shown to affect individual agency as refugee women focus on the acquisition of basic commodities rather than long-term human capital development. The research suggests strategies that policymakers can adopt to assist women refugees not just with their career development but also integration in the host country. This study extends and advances the literature on the career development issues relating to vulnerable groups such as women refugees, particularly in developing nations such as South Africa. Further, the study makes suggestions for practice with wider ramifications that can assist women refugees during the post-settlement phase.","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127287763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Article Title: “The Politics of Belonging: Exploring Black African Lesbian Identity in South Africa”","authors":"D. Byrne","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/5695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/5695","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>Erratum</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114492017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intention of this article is to contribute to the understanding of how migration, with its effect of repositioning social class, shapes the care given to and the education of the children of migrant mothers employed for domestic work in South Africa. This article utilises a qualitative methodology and employs an evocative autoethnography to provide accounts of the lived experiences of migrant domestic work mothers in their involvement with their children’s education. The authors write about themselves and give a deeper insight into migrant domestic work mothers and how migration affected their children’s education. Bourdieu’s cultural capital approach is used to explore the multifaceted mechanisms and circumstances surrounding the authors’ experiences of balancing work as migrant mothers employed as domestic workers and involvement in their children’s education. The findings of the paper indicate that the nature of the work, i.e. domestic employment, affects the participation of mothers in caregiving and involvement in their children’s education. Further findings indicate that a mother’s active involvement in her children’s education contributes to successful achievements. It also emerged that children whose mothers are active participants in their lives and education do not struggle with their education.
{"title":"The Involvement of Domestic Work Mothers in Their Children’s Education: Cultural Capital and Migration","authors":"Sinenhlanhla S. Chisale, A. Gubba","doi":"10.25159/2412-8457/3048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/3048","url":null,"abstract":"The intention of this article is to contribute to the understanding of how migration, with its effect of repositioning social class, shapes the care given to and the education of the children of migrant mothers employed for domestic work in South Africa. This article utilises a qualitative methodology and employs an evocative autoethnography to provide accounts of the lived experiences of migrant domestic work mothers in their involvement with their children’s education. The authors write about themselves and give a deeper insight into migrant domestic work mothers and how migration affected their children’s education. Bourdieu’s cultural capital approach is used to explore the multifaceted mechanisms and circumstances surrounding the authors’ experiences of balancing work as migrant mothers employed as domestic workers and involvement in their children’s education. The findings of the paper indicate that the nature of the work, i.e. domestic employment, affects the participation of mothers in caregiving and involvement in their children’s education. Further findings indicate that a mother’s active involvement in her children’s education contributes to successful achievements. It also emerged that children whose mothers are active participants in their lives and education do not struggle with their education. ","PeriodicalId":297162,"journal":{"name":"Gender Questions","volume":"79 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127179627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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