Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery最新文献

Introduction: Anecdotal reports describe patients with concurrent idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and celiac disease (CeD) in whom the introduction of a gluten-free diet led to dramatic improvement of myositis. We first systematically reviewed all peer-reviewed publications on concomitant IIM and duodenal biopsy-verified CeD. The collected evidence was suggestive of associations between myositis disease activity and gluten exposure in some patients with IIM-CeD.

Methods: To investigate possible explanations for the observations, an exploratory review of basic pathophysiological relationships between IIM and gluten-related disorders was performed using a combined strategy of systematic and non-systematic literature searches and forward and backward citation tracking.

Results: The investigations revealed close pathophysiological associations between IIM and the autoimmune gluten-related disorders CeD, dermatitis herpetiformis, and gluten ataxia. Common traits include shared genetic predisposition through HLA-DQ2.5/-DQ8, disease activity-associated autoantibodies, histopathological parallels with inflammatory cell infiltrates, and similarly distributed structural homologous transglutaminases (TGs). HLA-DQ2.5-restricted gluten-specific CD4+ T cells of a rare, uniform phenotype are reported in CeD and connective tissue disease. Expanded T-cell clones with identical phenotypes and CDR3β motifs indicate the presence of a continuous, antigen-driven T-cell response.

Conclusion: The investigations revealed that the main components involved in the adaptive immune response in the CeD gut may be present in HLA-DQ2.5+/-DQ8+ IIM muscle. The collected evidence supports the notion that in some genetically predisposed patients with IIM, gluten may act as an exogenous antigen driving myositis. Further Research/Clinical Implications: To test the above hypothesis, clinical trials combined with immunological studies are needed. Meanwhile, the inclusion of HLA-DQ typing may be justified, and subsequent small-intestinal biopsies in HLA-DQ2.5/8+ individuals with IIM.

Background: Acne vulgaris, an alternative term for acne, is a persistent inflammatory skin condition affecting the pilosebaceous unit. Its development involves a combination of factors, including increased sebum production, changes in keratinization leading to comedone formation, colonization of hair follicles by Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and the release of inflammatory mediators in the vicinity of the pilosebaceous unit.

Objective: This review provides a concise overview of acne, covering its pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and recent advancements involved in acne.

Discussion: Various therapeutic approaches, encompassing topical, systemic, combination, and hormonal treatments, are employed to address acne. Prolonged use of synthetic medications is common in acne therapy, but their potential for severe side effects prompts a preference for herbal- based treatments. Herbal remedies utilizing extracts of natural origin are considered safer due to their lower toxicity and reduced likelihood of adverse drug reactions. Recent advancements, particularly in personalized medicine and microbiome research have enhanced our understanding and opened new avenues for more effective management.

Conclusion: Decoding acne vulgaris has provided insights into its pathogenesis, treatment modalities, diagnostics, and recent advancements. Integrating synthetic and herbal treatments, personalized medicine, microbiome research, and advanced modeling techniques offer promising acne management strategies.

This extensive analysis explores the dynamic interface between precision medicine and diabetes mellitus treatment, with a specific emphasis on wound healing in diabetic populations. Beginning with an insightful introduction, the article underscores the critical importance of effective wound healing within the broader context of diabetes mellitus, while tracing the evolutionary trajectory of precision medicine in healthcare. By elucidating the pathophysiological intricacies of diabetic wound healing, the review unveils the complex molecular mechanisms that drive this multifaceted process. Subsequently, a meticulous exploration follows into the application of precision medicine paradigms in diabetic wound care, delineating fundamental principles and diverse avenues through which precision medicine strategies can optimize diabetes management. Through a nuanced discussion of targeted therapies and interventions, the review highlights burgeoning approaches tailored to individual patient needs, accentuating the transformative potential of precision medicine in reshaping treatment paradigms. Drawing upon clinical trials and compelling case studies, the article offers valuable insights into the real-world efficacy of precision treatment modalities, elucidating successful applications and their profound implications for diabetic wound healing outcomes. Moreover, the review anticipates and addresses emerging challenges and future trajectories within the field, including the pivotal roles of biomarkers and diagnostic modalities, the integration of telemedicine platforms, and the increasing influence of artificial intelligence on diabetic wound healing endeavours. By synthesizing contemporary knowledge and delineating prospective pathways, this review underscores the catalytic potential of precision medicine in heralding a new era of enhanced outcomes for diabetic patients grappling with impaired wound healing.

Chrysophanol, a naturally occurring anthraquinone compound found in various plants, fungi, and lichens, has garnered increasing attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly in the context of inflammation-related disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-inflammatory properties of chrysophanol and its potential as a therapeutic agent for intervention in inflammatory conditions. In this review, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Chrysophanol, including its modulation of key inflammatory signaling pathways, such as NF- κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, Nrf2, and other NLRP3 inflammasomes. Additionally, we discuss the evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the anti-inflammatory efficacy of chrysophanol in various experimental models of inflammation, including various inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we explore the pharmacokinetic profile of Chrysophanol and other nanoformulations to understand its therapeutic potential. Overall, accumulating evidence suggests that chrysophanol holds promise as a novel therapeutic candidate for the management of inflammatory disorders, warranting further investigation and clinical translation.

Carrageenan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide derived from red seaweed, has been utilized extensively in the food industry as a stabilizer, thickener, and emulsifier due to its unique gel-forming properties. This versatile compound exists in various forms, including kappa, iota, and lambda, each with distinct characteristics suitable for different applications. Its widespread use as a food additive has raised concerns regarding its safety, particularly its potential inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract. While carrageenan has been deemed safe for consumption by regulatory agencies in small amounts, studies have suggested its association with intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal disturbances, particularly in susceptible individuals. Animal models, including rodents and non-human primates, have been employed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by carrageenan ingestion. These models have provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its pro-inflammatory properties. At the molecular level, carrageenan is believed to trigger inflammation by activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of exposure. Furthermore, carrageenan-induced inflammation may disrupt the intestinal barrier function, facilitating the translocation of luminal antigens and exacerbating immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the current understanding of carrageenan's role in inflammation, encompassing its diverse applications in the food industry, safety concerns, experimental findings from animal models, and molecular mechanisms underlying its pro-inflammatory effects.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune systemic chronic inflammatory disease that exhibits characteristic detrimental effects on the skin, often leading to infections or comorbid conditions. The multifaceted nature of psoriasis has made it very challenging to treat, especially with current chemotherapy options. Therefore, it is essential to consider phytoconstituents as novel alternatives. However, despite demonstrating higher anti-inflammatory, anti-psoriasis, and immunomodulatory potential, their clinical usage is hindered due to their poor physicochemical properties. To address these drawbacks, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have been developed, helping to achieve better permeation of phytoconstituents through topical administration. This has breathed new life into traditional systems of medicine, particularly in the context of treating psoriasis. In this current review, we present a detailed, comprehensive, and up-to-date analysis of the literature, which will contribute to affirming the clinical role of phyto-nano interventions against psoriasis.

Allergic illnesses occur when an organism's immune system is excessively responsive to certain antigens, such as those that are presented in the environment. Some people suffer from a wide range of immune system-related illnesses including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, hay fever, and even anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy and medications are frequently used to treat allergic disorders. The use of probiotics in bacteriotherapy has lately gained interest. Probiotics are essential to human health by modulating the gut microbiota in some ways. Due to probiotics' immunomodulatory properties present in the gut microbiota of all animals, including humans, these bacterial strains can prevent a wide variety of allergic disorders. Probiotic treatment helps allergy patients by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing intestinal permeability, which is important in the battle against allergy. By altering the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, probiotics can heal allergic disorders. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between probiotics and a reduced risk of allergy disorders. A wide range of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis and food allergies has been proven to benefit from probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases offers a promising perspective. Considering that probiotic intervention in the treatment of diseases is a relatively new field of study, more studies in this regard seem necessary.

Flos Magnoliae is one of the important medicinal plants in different traditional medicine, including Chinese herbal medicine. Lignans and neolignans, including tetrahydrofurofuran, tetrahydrofuran, and aryltetralin, are present in the Flos Magnoliae species. A wide range of pharmacological activity of Flos Magnoliae has been reported in medicine. Fargesin has been isolated from Magnolia fargesii and it is a lignan-class phytochemical. Fargesin has numerous pharmacological activities in medicine, including its effectiveness on lipid and glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, myocardial apoptosis, etc. In the present work, we have summarized the detailed scientific information of fargesin concerning its medicinal properties and pharmacological activities. Numerous biological and chemical aspects of fargesin are discussed here, including the detailed pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin. In this review, we have also compiled analytical data on fargesin based on available scientific literature. Ethnopharmacological information on fargesin was gathered by a literature survey on PubMed, Science Direct, Google, and Scopus using the terms fargesin, Flos Magnoliae, phytochemical, and herbal medicine. The present review paper compiled the scientific data on fargesin in medicine for its pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in a very concise manner with proper citations. The present work signified the biological importance of fargesin in medicine due to its significant impact on bone disorders, lung injury, colon cancer, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, ischemia, sars-cov-2, allergy, lipid and glucose metabolism, melanin synthesis, and different classes of enzymes. Furthermore, fargesin also has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial, and antifeedant activity. However, analytical methods used for the separation, identification and isolation of fargesin in different biological and non-biological samples were also covered in the present review. The present work revealed the pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of fargesin in medicine and other allied health sectors.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease with a significant burden in the Old World countries.

Objective: In the current study, some of the primary biochemical properties and IFN-γ inducing epitopes with specific binding capacity to human and mouse MHC alleles were predicted for Leishmania major gp46 antigenic protein.

Methods: Several online servers were used to predict physico-chemical traits, allergenicity, antigenicity, transmembrane domain and signal peptide, subcellular localization, post-translational modifications (PTMs), secondary and tertiary structures, tertiary model refining with validations. Also, IEDB web server was used to predict mouse/human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes.

Results: The 33.25 kDa protein was stable, hydrophilic, antigenic, while non-allergenic, with enhanced thermotolerance and 45 PTM sites. The secondary structure encompassed a random coil, followed by extended strands and helices. Ramachandran-based analysis of the refined model showed 73.1%, 21.6%, 3.4% and 1.9% of residues in the most favored, additional allowed, generously-allowed and disallowed regions, respectively. Epitope screening demonstrated 4 HTL epitopes against seemingly protective HLA alleles, 5 HTL epitopes against the HLA reference set, 3 human CTL epitopes and a number of mouse MHC-restricted epitopes.

Conclusion: This paper provides insights into the bioinformatics characteristics of the L. major gp46 protein as a promising vaccine candidate.

A complicated biological reaction of vascular tissues to damaging stimuli like infections, harmed cells, or irritants is called inflammation. Symptoms include redness, inflamed joints, stiffness, discomfort in the joints, and loss of joint function. NSAIDs are frequently used to treat inflammation. Sadly, these drugs raise the possibility of blood clots, which can result in heart attacks and strokes. Consequently, there is ongoing research focusing on developing potent anti-inflammatory drugs using natural ingredients. Natural products, due to their diverse chemical composition, offer a rich source for the development of novel medications. The treatment of various inflammation- related disorders heavily relies on a natural substance derived from medicinal plants. The objective of the present study is to assemble information on potential parts of the plants or phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants used on inflammatory models, employing state-ofthe- art scientific methodologies. In this study, state-of-the-art scientific methodologies are utilized to investigate the effects of phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants. Relevant data is collected, focusing on the examination of these phytochemicals in experimental models of inflammation. The study aims to collect thorough data on potential plant parts or promising phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants that have been evaluated using advanced scientific techniques in the realm of inflammation models. This compilation will offer valuable insights into their potential as anti-inflammatory agents. The findings have the potential to contribute to the development of new and improved anti-inflammatory medications with fewer or no adverse effects compared to current treatments. While many of these studies hold academic interest only a few are accepted into clinical trials. Numerous phytoconstituents have been identified for exhibiting diverse pharmacological actions.