Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046364
J. Campbell
Visual programming has traditionally supported only one person working on a program at a time. Researchers in the field of computer supported cooperative work have developed text and graphics editors that allow multiple people to work on the same document at the same time from multiple computers viewing the same, shared document. An unresolved problem is how to avoid interference between the users. A technique based on domain syntax is presented here. It is shown to be effective in preventing such interference during collaborative development of entity-relationship diagrams using CoDiagram, a proof of concept system. Twenty groups of three people developed diagrams and rated the system as usable.
{"title":"Multi-user collaborative visual program development","authors":"J. Campbell","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046364","url":null,"abstract":"Visual programming has traditionally supported only one person working on a program at a time. Researchers in the field of computer supported cooperative work have developed text and graphics editors that allow multiple people to work on the same document at the same time from multiple computers viewing the same, shared document. An unresolved problem is how to avoid interference between the users. A technique based on domain syntax is presented here. It is shown to be effective in preventing such interference during collaborative development of entity-relationship diagrams using CoDiagram, a proof of concept system. Twenty groups of three people developed diagrams and rated the system as usable.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124986005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046335
Alex Engebretson, S. Wiedenbeck
This study examines the comprehension and modification by novices of programs written with task-specific and non-task-specific constructs. Teachers who write programs for use in their work studied and modified a program written in Hypercard using either task-specific or non-task-specific constructs. It was found that the task-specific group's comprehension of the program was significantly better, although the difference was relatively small. However, the correctness of the program modifications was much greater in the task-specific group.
{"title":"Novice comprehension of programs using task-specific and non-task-specific constructs","authors":"Alex Engebretson, S. Wiedenbeck","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046335","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the comprehension and modification by novices of programs written with task-specific and non-task-specific constructs. Teachers who write programs for use in their work studied and modified a program written in Hypercard using either task-specific or non-task-specific constructs. It was found that the task-specific group's comprehension of the program was significantly better, although the difference was relatively small. However, the correctness of the program modifications was much greater in the task-specific group.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130008475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046347
Kibum Kim, John Millar Carroll, M. Rosson
Currently, the two main techniques for achieving personalization on the Internet involve direct manipulation and software agents. While both direct manipulation and software agents are aimed at permitting end-users to finish tasks rapidly, efficiently, and easily, their methodologies differ The central controversy involving these personalization techniques derives from the amount of control that each grants to - or withholds from - the end-user. Direct manipulation interfaces afford control and predictability to end-users. Alternatively, the use of software agents captures or records user's personalized preferences by employing artificial intelligence techniques. In this empirical study, two end-user Web personalization tools are evaluated. One of them, WebPersonalizer, is an agent-based end-user personalization tool; the other, AntWorld, is a collaborative recommendation tool which provides direct manipulation interfaces. The purpose of this study is to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each opposed technique-direct manipulation and software agents - as a Web personalization assistant. In addition, we suggest the hybrid paradigm for EUP (end-user programming).
{"title":"An empirical study of Web personalization assistants supporting end-users in Web information systems","authors":"Kibum Kim, John Millar Carroll, M. Rosson","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046347","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the two main techniques for achieving personalization on the Internet involve direct manipulation and software agents. While both direct manipulation and software agents are aimed at permitting end-users to finish tasks rapidly, efficiently, and easily, their methodologies differ The central controversy involving these personalization techniques derives from the amount of control that each grants to - or withholds from - the end-user. Direct manipulation interfaces afford control and predictability to end-users. Alternatively, the use of software agents captures or records user's personalized preferences by employing artificial intelligence techniques. In this empirical study, two end-user Web personalization tools are evaluated. One of them, WebPersonalizer, is an agent-based end-user personalization tool; the other, AntWorld, is a collaborative recommendation tool which provides direct manipulation interfaces. The purpose of this study is to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each opposed technique-direct manipulation and software agents - as a Web personalization assistant. In addition, we suggest the hybrid paradigm for EUP (end-user programming).","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122538067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046336
Babak Khazaei, M. Jackson
We report on the conduct and the results of an experiment that investigates the program comprehension differences between event-driven and object-oriented programming styles. A group of novice programmers were asked to comprehend two isomorphic programs and answered a series of five questions on each of the programs. Each question was to address one of five knowledge categories that together formed a complete mental representation of the two programs. Subjects performed badly on recalling the elementary operations knowledge in both styles. They performed very well in the data flow, control flow, function and state knowledge categories for both styles. Subjects were not significantly better in the last four categories indicating that the comprehension of event-driven and object oriented styles have a lot in common. A comparison of these results with the results of earlier studies, which compared procedural and object-oriented styles, indicates that procedural style is furthest away amongst the three styles. The results are discussed in terms of relevance to the theory of program comprehension.
{"title":"Is there any difference in novice comprehension of a small program written in the event-driven and object-oriented styles?","authors":"Babak Khazaei, M. Jackson","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046336","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the conduct and the results of an experiment that investigates the program comprehension differences between event-driven and object-oriented programming styles. A group of novice programmers were asked to comprehend two isomorphic programs and answered a series of five questions on each of the programs. Each question was to address one of five knowledge categories that together formed a complete mental representation of the two programs. Subjects performed badly on recalling the elementary operations knowledge in both styles. They performed very well in the data flow, control flow, function and state knowledge categories for both styles. Subjects were not significantly better in the last four categories indicating that the comprehension of event-driven and object oriented styles have a lot in common. A comparison of these results with the results of earlier studies, which compared procedural and object-oriented styles, indicates that procedural style is furthest away amongst the three styles. The results are discussed in terms of relevance to the theory of program comprehension.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122973586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046344
Hyunmo Kang, B. Shneiderman, G. Wolff
This paper proposes a novel user interface to manage the dynamic layout of multimedia objects in the Multimedia Bulletin Board (MBB) system. The MBB has been designed and implemented as a prototype of an asynchronous communication system that enables rich communication and collaboration among users of multimedia objects such as text, image, moving picture, sound, voice, Web, office document, and other files. The layout properties of the multimedia objects on a board (e.g. x-y position, size, z-order, explicit and implicit links, etc.) show important and useful information on the user dynamics occurring within a board. However, a fixed layout created and edited by multiple users may prevent users from recognizing and identifying other information. This paper resolves this problem with a novel user-controlled layout strategy made visible with dynamic layout templates (DLT). Users can reorganize the objects to extract meaningful information related to time, source, geographic location, or topic.
{"title":"Dynamic layout management in a multimedia bulletin board","authors":"Hyunmo Kang, B. Shneiderman, G. Wolff","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046344","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel user interface to manage the dynamic layout of multimedia objects in the Multimedia Bulletin Board (MBB) system. The MBB has been designed and implemented as a prototype of an asynchronous communication system that enables rich communication and collaboration among users of multimedia objects such as text, image, moving picture, sound, voice, Web, office document, and other files. The layout properties of the multimedia objects on a board (e.g. x-y position, size, z-order, explicit and implicit links, etc.) show important and useful information on the user dynamics occurring within a board. However, a fixed layout created and edited by multiple users may prevent users from recognizing and identifying other information. This paper resolves this problem with a novel user-controlled layout strategy made visible with dynamic layout templates (DLT). Users can reorganize the objects to extract meaningful information related to time, source, geographic location, or topic.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130458852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046348
Christine Wallace, C. Cook, J. Summet, M. Burnett
There has been little research on end-user program development beyond the programming phase. Devising ways to address additional phases may be critical, because research shows that over one-half of the programs written by end users, at least in the widely used spreadsheet paradigm, contain errors. In this paper, we investigate whether providing end users with integrated support for requirement specifications in the form of assertions can help them reason about, recognize, and remove errors in their spreadsheets. Our think-aloud study revealed that end users can indeed use assertions to find and correct errors as they work with their spreadsheets, and also revealed some surprising tendencies and biases about testing.
{"title":"Assertions in end-user software engineering: a think-aloud study","authors":"Christine Wallace, C. Cook, J. Summet, M. Burnett","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046348","url":null,"abstract":"There has been little research on end-user program development beyond the programming phase. Devising ways to address additional phases may be critical, because research shows that over one-half of the programs written by end users, at least in the widely used spreadsheet paradigm, contain errors. In this paper, we investigate whether providing end users with integrated support for requirement specifications in the form of assertions can help them reason about, recognize, and remove errors in their spreadsheets. Our think-aloud study revealed that end users can indeed use assertions to find and correct errors as they work with their spreadsheets, and also revealed some surprising tendencies and biases about testing.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115969798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046365
G. Costagliola, V. Deufemia, F. Ferrucci, C. Gravino
GXL (Graph Exchange Language) has been proposed to be a standard exchange format for graph-based tools. By using XML as notation, GXL provides a scaleable and versatile approach to facilitate interoperability of reengineering tools. In this paper we propose a methodology to generate visual programming environments, which use GXL as data exchange format for visual languages. The methodology is conceived to be supported by grammar-based tools for the automatic generation of visual languages. In particular, we illustrate how it can be effectively supported by the Visual Language Compiler-Compiler (VLCC) system. As a matter of fact, we apply the methodology to generate a visual environment for statecharts languages using VLCC. In the generated environment we can edit a statechart and obtain its translation into the GXL format.
{"title":"The use of the GXL approach for supporting visual language specification and interchanging","authors":"G. Costagliola, V. Deufemia, F. Ferrucci, C. Gravino","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046365","url":null,"abstract":"GXL (Graph Exchange Language) has been proposed to be a standard exchange format for graph-based tools. By using XML as notation, GXL provides a scaleable and versatile approach to facilitate interoperability of reengineering tools. In this paper we propose a methodology to generate visual programming environments, which use GXL as data exchange format for visual languages. The methodology is conceived to be supported by grammar-based tools for the automatic generation of visual languages. In particular, we illustrate how it can be effectively supported by the Visual Language Compiler-Compiler (VLCC) system. As a matter of fact, we apply the methodology to generate a visual environment for statecharts languages using VLCC. In the generated environment we can edit a statechart and obtain its translation into the GXL format.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128364434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046342
P. Carrara, D. Fogli, G. Fresta, P. Mussio
This paper proposes a design methodology, aimed at bridging the communicational gap often existing between users and visual interactive system (VIS) designers. The methodology is based on a novel design strategy, here called the 'visual workshop hierarchy' strategy and recognizes that the users of a VIS are experts in some domain different from computer science, who need to perform some task. The strategy allows some users to directly collaborate to the VIS design process. The strategy feasibility is discussed outlining its implementation through BANCO, a Web-based prototype.
{"title":"Making abstract specifications concrete to end-users: the visual workshop hierarchy strategy","authors":"P. Carrara, D. Fogli, G. Fresta, P. Mussio","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046342","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a design methodology, aimed at bridging the communicational gap often existing between users and visual interactive system (VIS) designers. The methodology is based on a novel design strategy, here called the 'visual workshop hierarchy' strategy and recognizes that the users of a VIS are experts in some domain different from computer science, who need to perform some task. The strategy allows some users to directly collaborate to the VIS design process. The strategy feasibility is discussed outlining its implementation through BANCO, a Web-based prototype.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117073188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046337
A. Blackwell, M. Burnett
Attention investment is a model to help the designers of end-user programmable systems understand the cognitive drivers for users deciding how to interact with their products. We present the attention investment model through examples drawn from an actual design project. This project is developing new functionality within Forms/3, a research test-bed for a concept called "end-user software engineering". As the examples show, our experience is that attention investment provides a useful design tool for the development of end-user programming features.
{"title":"Applying attention investment to end-user programming","authors":"A. Blackwell, M. Burnett","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046337","url":null,"abstract":"Attention investment is a model to help the designers of end-user programmable systems understand the cognitive drivers for users deciding how to interact with their products. We present the attention investment model through examples drawn from an actual design project. This project is developing new functionality within Forms/3, a research test-bed for a concept called \"end-user software engineering\". As the examples show, our experience is that attention investment provides a useful design tool for the development of end-user programming features.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114437725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-03DOI: 10.1109/HCC.2002.1046349
S. Armstrong, Yael Kollet, Trevor J. Smedley
This paper describes PDAGraph, an event-driven, component-based visual programming language for power users of handheld computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs) who are not necessarily professional programmers. PDAGraph is intended to run on a PDA and will give power users the ability to create customized applications, taking advantage of existing PDA applications and hardware modules (such as springboard modules available for the Handspring Visor). The language is component-based and ensures that the user can create only syntactically correct programs by placing and linking components or component items. There are external, user interface and script components, all of which are reusable.
{"title":"Visual scripting for handheld computers","authors":"S. Armstrong, Yael Kollet, Trevor J. Smedley","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2002.1046349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2002.1046349","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes PDAGraph, an event-driven, component-based visual programming language for power users of handheld computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs) who are not necessarily professional programmers. PDAGraph is intended to run on a PDA and will give power users the ability to create customized applications, taking advantage of existing PDA applications and hardware modules (such as springboard modules available for the Handspring Visor). The language is component-based and ensures that the user can create only syntactically correct programs by placing and linking components or component items. There are external, user interface and script components, all of which are reusable.","PeriodicalId":298317,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments","volume":"921 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132056193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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