Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2299537
Elizabeth Owemigisha, Andrew Omara Rwot, Daniel Sempebwa, Christine Mary Birungi, Andrew Tamale, Gilbert Drileyo, Bob Mali, C. Sente
{"title":"Exploring knowledge, attitudes and practices of farmers at the edge of Budongo forest on agrochemicals usage","authors":"Elizabeth Owemigisha, Andrew Omara Rwot, Daniel Sempebwa, Christine Mary Birungi, Andrew Tamale, Gilbert Drileyo, Bob Mali, C. Sente","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2299537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2299537","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2298063
Abebaw Abaineh, D. Ejigu, M. Atlabachew, E. Dejen, Gashaw Tilahun
{"title":"Pesticides in use, their application and risks on human health and ecosystems: A case of Fogera District, Ethiopia","authors":"Abebaw Abaineh, D. Ejigu, M. Atlabachew, E. Dejen, Gashaw Tilahun","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2298063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2298063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2293239
Adeniyi JohnPaul Adewumi, O. Ogundele
{"title":"Hidden hazards in urban soils: A meta-analysis review of global heavy metal contamination (2010-2022), sources and its Ecological and health consequences","authors":"Adeniyi JohnPaul Adewumi, O. Ogundele","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2293239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2293239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138961509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2293261
A. Gebremikael, J. Hassan, G. S. Endris, C. S. Aweke
{"title":"Analysis of farmers’ perceptions of bench terracing innovation in the eastern and southern Ethiopian highlands","authors":"A. Gebremikael, J. Hassan, G. S. Endris, C. S. Aweke","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2293261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2293261","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2293214
Francis Atsu, Samuel Adams
{"title":"Do innovation, financial development and institutional quality matter in managing carbon risk?","authors":"Francis Atsu, Samuel Adams","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2293214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2293214","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139173486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2289702
Zewdu Kindie, Ayalneh Yedem Fentie, Million Girma
ABSTRACT Agroforestry has a significant contribution to soil fertility enhancement as productive and protective value. Particularly, fruit tree-based agroforestry practice plays a significant role in improving productivity as well as soil fertility management. This study aimed to determine the contribution of on-farm avocado fruit tree-based agroforestry practice on selected soil physicochemical properties in the case of Inguti small watershed. Field survey and laboratory analyses were carried out based on selected physicochemical properties. Soil samples were taken from 12 sample avocado trees at 3 radial distances (under, near, and far from tree canopy) and two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) in four directions. Soil composite samples were taken for laboratory analysis. To investigate its contribution to selected soil’s physicochemical properties texture, bulk density, organic matter and carbon, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were considered and the significant variation among treatments were analyzed. Based on the result of the study, except soil texture and soil pH, all other investigated soil physical (bulk density) and chemical properties (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium) were significantly varied for distance from avocado tree and soil depth from the surface with a p-value of bulk density P < 0.000 and 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.000 and 0.005), organic carbon (P < 0.000 and 0.006), pH (P < 0.00 and 0.626ns), total nitrogen (P < 0.000 and 0.006), available phosphorus (P < 0.002 and 0.01) and potassium (P < 0.002 and 0.01) for distance and depth respectively. So, on-farm avocado (Persea americana) has a significant contribution to soil physicochemical properties in the study watershed.
{"title":"Contribution of on-farm avocado (Persea americana) tree-based agroforestry practice on selected soil physical and chemical properties of Inguti small watershed, in the highlands of North-Western Ethiopia","authors":"Zewdu Kindie, Ayalneh Yedem Fentie, Million Girma","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2289702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2289702","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Agroforestry has a significant contribution to soil fertility enhancement as productive and protective value. Particularly, fruit tree-based agroforestry practice plays a significant role in improving productivity as well as soil fertility management. This study aimed to determine the contribution of on-farm avocado fruit tree-based agroforestry practice on selected soil physicochemical properties in the case of Inguti small watershed. Field survey and laboratory analyses were carried out based on selected physicochemical properties. Soil samples were taken from 12 sample avocado trees at 3 radial distances (under, near, and far from tree canopy) and two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) in four directions. Soil composite samples were taken for laboratory analysis. To investigate its contribution to selected soil’s physicochemical properties texture, bulk density, organic matter and carbon, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were considered and the significant variation among treatments were analyzed. Based on the result of the study, except soil texture and soil pH, all other investigated soil physical (bulk density) and chemical properties (organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium) were significantly varied for distance from avocado tree and soil depth from the surface with a p-value of bulk density P < 0.000 and 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.000 and 0.005), organic carbon (P < 0.000 and 0.006), pH (P < 0.00 and 0.626ns), total nitrogen (P < 0.000 and 0.006), available phosphorus (P < 0.002 and 0.01) and potassium (P < 0.002 and 0.01) for distance and depth respectively. So, on-farm avocado (Persea americana) has a significant contribution to soil physicochemical properties in the study watershed.","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2273619
S. M. W. P. K. Ariyarathna, Kgm Nanayakkara, S. C. Thushara
ABSTRACT Sustainable Agriculture (SA) and the readiness of farmers to implement SA practices are broader discussions in global forums today. However, to date, there has been relatively little focus on holistically developed frameworks to assess farmers’ SA potential or their linkage to farmers’ readiness for SA practices such as adopting more organics in farming, particularly in Sri Lanka. To address this gap, we developed a conceptual model to determine farmers’ resilience in implementing more organic use in farming. The model developed was a philosophical combination of ecosystem resilience theory, the rural livelihood assessment framework, and the dimensions of personal readiness to commit to or experience an action. We derived composite indicators to explain the variances of these constructs through a detailed literature review, followed by pre-testing indicators. Data were collected from 386 participants using a structured questionnaire consisting of 119 items. Partial least squares structural equation modelling techniques were used to analyze the variables and path coefficients of the model. Farmers’ sustainable agricultural potential (SAP) was found to be moderately strong in this rice cultivation region. This potential positively influences their readiness for adapting more organics in farming. Some farmers perceived government support as effective. However, this support has not yet been transformed into organic adaptation. Natural capital was identified as the most influential factor in organic farming. Farmers’ education, gender, the extent of sowing, farming methods, and agro-input type were moderating factors between SAP and their readiness for organic matter. Farmers did not deny organic adaptation and understood the need to reduce the use of chemicals.
{"title":"The Nexus of farmers’ Sustainable agriculture potential and readiness for more organic use in rice farming: Insights from resilience theory","authors":"S. M. W. P. K. Ariyarathna, Kgm Nanayakkara, S. C. Thushara","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2273619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2273619","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sustainable Agriculture (SA) and the readiness of farmers to implement SA practices are broader discussions in global forums today. However, to date, there has been relatively little focus on holistically developed frameworks to assess farmers’ SA potential or their linkage to farmers’ readiness for SA practices such as adopting more organics in farming, particularly in Sri Lanka. To address this gap, we developed a conceptual model to determine farmers’ resilience in implementing more organic use in farming. The model developed was a philosophical combination of ecosystem resilience theory, the rural livelihood assessment framework, and the dimensions of personal readiness to commit to or experience an action. We derived composite indicators to explain the variances of these constructs through a detailed literature review, followed by pre-testing indicators. Data were collected from 386 participants using a structured questionnaire consisting of 119 items. Partial least squares structural equation modelling techniques were used to analyze the variables and path coefficients of the model. Farmers’ sustainable agricultural potential (SAP) was found to be moderately strong in this rice cultivation region. This potential positively influences their readiness for adapting more organics in farming. Some farmers perceived government support as effective. However, this support has not yet been transformed into organic adaptation. Natural capital was identified as the most influential factor in organic farming. Farmers’ education, gender, the extent of sowing, farming methods, and agro-input type were moderating factors between SAP and their readiness for organic matter. Farmers did not deny organic adaptation and understood the need to reduce the use of chemicals.","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-03DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2287906
Melkamu Alebachew Anley, A. S. Minale
ABSTRACT Land degradation because of the overutilization of natural resources is a suitable strategy for many countries of the world. This crucial strategy hasn’t been introduced or implemented widely enough. The present study intended to examine the status of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) for the study Rib Watershed, which covers an area of 1585 km2 and is situated in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. For the past two periods between 2000 and 2020, three indicators, such as Land Cover/Use Changes (LUC), Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) metrics were primarily used to assess the LDN status of the study site. A total of 80 soil samples were then collected from the top 15 cm for six different types of LULC, including cultivated land, forest land, shrub lands, grassland, settlement, and water body. Consequently, land uses land cover matrices, NPP metric, and SOC metrics were also obtained using Land sat images, soil samples, and MODIS satellite images, respectively, for three periods of 2000, 2010, and 2020. Lastly, by integrating the three indicators and using one out all out framework, the status of LDN in the study area was evaluated. The combined findings of the study measurements showed that there was a net loss in cultivated land (123,977 ha), forest land (5623 ha), shrub lands (13984 ha), grassland (11,999 ha), water body (1056 ha) and settlement (1993 ha) for the past two decades (2000 to 2020). For the past two decades, LDN status of the Rib Watershed was generally in a net loss condition. The information delivered by the three sub-indicators is important for experts for the good recognition of their spatial distribution and types of land degradation to attain the LDN targets.
{"title":"Examining the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) status of Rib watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia","authors":"Melkamu Alebachew Anley, A. S. Minale","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2287906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2287906","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Land degradation because of the overutilization of natural resources is a suitable strategy for many countries of the world. This crucial strategy hasn’t been introduced or implemented widely enough. The present study intended to examine the status of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) for the study Rib Watershed, which covers an area of 1585 km2 and is situated in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. For the past two periods between 2000 and 2020, three indicators, such as Land Cover/Use Changes (LUC), Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) metrics were primarily used to assess the LDN status of the study site. A total of 80 soil samples were then collected from the top 15 cm for six different types of LULC, including cultivated land, forest land, shrub lands, grassland, settlement, and water body. Consequently, land uses land cover matrices, NPP metric, and SOC metrics were also obtained using Land sat images, soil samples, and MODIS satellite images, respectively, for three periods of 2000, 2010, and 2020. Lastly, by integrating the three indicators and using one out all out framework, the status of LDN in the study area was evaluated. The combined findings of the study measurements showed that there was a net loss in cultivated land (123,977 ha), forest land (5623 ha), shrub lands (13984 ha), grassland (11,999 ha), water body (1056 ha) and settlement (1993 ha) for the past two decades (2000 to 2020). For the past two decades, LDN status of the Rib Watershed was generally in a net loss condition. The information delivered by the three sub-indicators is important for experts for the good recognition of their spatial distribution and types of land degradation to attain the LDN targets.","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-19DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2274643
K. Bour, Kwaku Adu, E. Angmor
ABSTRACT Environmental problems have become so profound that they require a concerted effort to fix them, but many manufacturing companies have failed to go green. This paper explores the challenges manufacturing companies (MCs) face in their efforts to have and maintain the best environmental sustainability practices (ESPs) in urban Ghana. The study involved 600 respondents selected from six manufacturing companies using a cross-sectional survey design with a two-stage sampling technique. The result showed that the challenges to environmental sustainability practices negatively relate to the socio-economic performance of manufacturing companies. These findings add to the literature on challenges to achieving environmental sustainability and contribute a social science perspective to the ongoing discussion on ESPs of MCs. This research is unique in the sense that studies on environmental sustainability and MCs have concentrated on the chemicals or pollutants but not on the polluter-behavior dynamics.
{"title":"Green manufacturing for environmental sustainability: The hiccups for manufacturing companies in urban Ghana","authors":"K. Bour, Kwaku Adu, E. Angmor","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2274643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2274643","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental problems have become so profound that they require a concerted effort to fix them, but many manufacturing companies have failed to go green. This paper explores the challenges manufacturing companies (MCs) face in their efforts to have and maintain the best environmental sustainability practices (ESPs) in urban Ghana. The study involved 600 respondents selected from six manufacturing companies using a cross-sectional survey design with a two-stage sampling technique. The result showed that the challenges to environmental sustainability practices negatively relate to the socio-economic performance of manufacturing companies. These findings add to the literature on challenges to achieving environmental sustainability and contribute a social science perspective to the ongoing discussion on ESPs of MCs. This research is unique in the sense that studies on environmental sustainability and MCs have concentrated on the chemicals or pollutants but not on the polluter-behavior dynamics.","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2278828
Z. Alemayehu, A. S. Minale, S. Legesse
ABSTRACT This study examined the nexus between land use, land cover dynamics, and climate variability and change in the Suha sub-watershed of the upper Blue Nile basin (1990–2020). Data sources such as Landsat images (LULC, NDVI, and LST) and NMAE/KNMI (rainfall) were used and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.7.1, QGIS 2.8.3, and XLSTAT 19. The relationship between NDVI and climate variables was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while the cellular automata-artificial neural network technique was used to predict future LULC change. Results showed that among the six land use classes, cultivated land gained more than 30%, while grassland lost more than 20% in each decade. The LULC dynamic in the future also showed that bare land and the built-up area had the highest increments, while bush-shrub land had the highest diminishing trends. The NDVI values of each land use class were between −0.14 and +0.74 in 1990 and −0.09 and 0.68 in 2000, respectively. In 2013, the NDVI value ranged from −0.04 to +0.46, and in 2020, it was from −0.08 to 0.55, respectively. The NDVI value of the different land uses showed a decreasing trend. However, LST and rainfall in the watershed showed an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively, which is associated with the LULC daynamics. The correlation between NDVI and LST was found to be negative, whereas the relationship between NDVI and rainfall was positive. Hence, an appropriate use of land is an undeniable fact to minimize the undesirable influence of LULC change on climate variability in the area.
{"title":"Land‑use and land‑cover dynamics nexus to local climate variability in Suha watershed, upper Blue Nile basin, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Z. Alemayehu, A. S. Minale, S. Legesse","doi":"10.1080/27658511.2023.2278828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27658511.2023.2278828","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined the nexus between land use, land cover dynamics, and climate variability and change in the Suha sub-watershed of the upper Blue Nile basin (1990–2020). Data sources such as Landsat images (LULC, NDVI, and LST) and NMAE/KNMI (rainfall) were used and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.7.1, QGIS 2.8.3, and XLSTAT 19. The relationship between NDVI and climate variables was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while the cellular automata-artificial neural network technique was used to predict future LULC change. Results showed that among the six land use classes, cultivated land gained more than 30%, while grassland lost more than 20% in each decade. The LULC dynamic in the future also showed that bare land and the built-up area had the highest increments, while bush-shrub land had the highest diminishing trends. The NDVI values of each land use class were between −0.14 and +0.74 in 1990 and −0.09 and 0.68 in 2000, respectively. In 2013, the NDVI value ranged from −0.04 to +0.46, and in 2020, it was from −0.08 to 0.55, respectively. The NDVI value of the different land uses showed a decreasing trend. However, LST and rainfall in the watershed showed an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively, which is associated with the LULC daynamics. The correlation between NDVI and LST was found to be negative, whereas the relationship between NDVI and rainfall was positive. Hence, an appropriate use of land is an undeniable fact to minimize the undesirable influence of LULC change on climate variability in the area.","PeriodicalId":29858,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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