Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.11-29
Alicja Batko
On 3 July 2019 a rule that a deadline is deemed to have been met if, before its expiry, a letter was posted at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act or at a postal facility of the operator providing the universal postal services in another Member State of the European Union, the Swiss Confederation or a Member State of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – a party to the European Economic Area Agreement, was introduced into the Polish administrative procedure. Prior to the date of the aforementioned amendment coming into force, it was necessary to post a letter at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act in order to be able to state that the deadline was met. The interim provisions introducing the above-mentioned changes stipulated that the regulation in the wording before the amendment applies to the factual circumstances that took place before the date of its coming into force. However, by virtue of the judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2019 also the above-mentioned regulation expired to the extent in which it functioned under the interim provisions. The amendment of the administrative proceedings provisions and the aforementioned ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal made it possible to adjust the administrative procedure in this respect to the constitutional requirements as well as the provisions of the law of the European Union, and ensured the consistency of this regulation with analogous regulations in other proceedings in the Polish legal system.
{"title":"Legal and Administrative Time Limits in the Context of the Latest Amendments of the Act of 14 June 1960 – Administrative Procedure Code","authors":"Alicja Batko","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.11-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.11-29","url":null,"abstract":"On 3 July 2019 a rule that a deadline is deemed to have been met if, before its expiry, a letter was posted at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act or at a postal facility of the operator providing the universal postal services in another Member State of the European Union, the Swiss Confederation or a Member State of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – a party to the European Economic Area Agreement, was introduced into the Polish administrative procedure. Prior to the date of the aforementioned amendment coming into force, it was necessary to post a letter at a Polish post office facility of the designated operator in the meaning of the Postal Law Act in order to be able to state that the deadline was met. The interim provisions introducing the above-mentioned changes stipulated that the regulation in the wording before the amendment applies to the factual circumstances that took place before the date of its coming into force. However, by virtue of the judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 30 October 2019 also the above-mentioned regulation expired to the extent in which it functioned under the interim provisions. The amendment of the administrative proceedings provisions and the aforementioned ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal made it possible to adjust the administrative procedure in this respect to the constitutional requirements as well as the provisions of the law of the European Union, and ensured the consistency of this regulation with analogous regulations in other proceedings in the Polish legal system.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130618473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.83-109
Marcin Konarski
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to extraordinary measures (martial law, a state of emergency or a state of natural disaster) provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event of the introduction of one of extraordinary measures. The author focused his attention on the nature of these contributions in relation to each of extraordinary measures, analysing their subjective and objective scope, the procedure, as well as the principles and mode of remuneration for and compensation of losses resulting from the duty to bear these burdens in situations of extraordinary measures.
{"title":"Public Burdens in Situations of Constitutional Emergency","authors":"Marcin Konarski","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.83-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.83-109","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to extraordinary measures (martial law, a state of emergency or a state of natural disaster) provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event of the introduction of one of extraordinary measures. The author focused his attention on the nature of these contributions in relation to each of extraordinary measures, analysing their subjective and objective scope, the procedure, as well as the principles and mode of remuneration for and compensation of losses resulting from the duty to bear these burdens in situations of extraordinary measures.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"348 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122754025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.31-41
O. Bevz
This article aims to determine the system of the state bodies of executive power in terms of their competence in cultural and historical land usage and protection, taking into account the latest changes in Ukrainian legislation. The author emphasizes that the administration of lands designated for historical and cultural use and protection should take place within a framework of executive bodies specifically authorized as regards cultural heritage protection. Special attention is drawn to the powers of such state bodies like the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, the State Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, and the State Inspection for Cultural Heritage of Ukraine. The article includes a historical and contemporary overview of central executive bodies that ensure the formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of cultural heritage protection. This scientific study focuses on the constant changes that occur in the system of executive power. The results of the investigation show that these changes in Ukraine take place irregularly today and are not conducive to the efficient use and protection of lands of historical and cultural significance.
{"title":"Legal Aspects of the Executive Bodies System Formation in the Area of the Use and Protection of Historical and Cultural Lands in Ukraine","authors":"O. Bevz","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.31-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.31-41","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to determine the system of the state bodies of executive power in terms of their competence in cultural and historical land usage and protection, taking into account the latest changes in Ukrainian legislation. The author emphasizes that the administration of lands designated for historical and cultural use and protection should take place within a framework of executive bodies specifically authorized as regards cultural heritage protection. Special attention is drawn to the powers of such state bodies like the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine, the State Service for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine, and the State Inspection for Cultural Heritage of Ukraine. The article includes a historical and contemporary overview of central executive bodies that ensure the formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of cultural heritage protection. This scientific study focuses on the constant changes that occur in the system of executive power. The results of the investigation show that these changes in Ukraine take place irregularly today and are not conducive to the efficient use and protection of lands of historical and cultural significance.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"196 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120970760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.145-160
L. Roots
The article reflexes the nexus between security and migration management. Immigration is often seen as threat to national security but in case of refugees they are the victims of the instability and lack of protection of their human rights. The article aims to analyse how the human security concept is discussed in EU policies and how it has been implemented to tackle the migration crisis. The approach of the USA to migration and security will be used for the comparative analysis. The article discusses the historical and legal developments of migration management and the effects and problematics in the open world. Since the EU and the USA are the world big players, they should stay the leaders in promoting human rights and security. The way to do it is to introduce homogeneous policies in terms of migration management.
{"title":"Managing Migration in the United States and the European Union – Maintaining the Security","authors":"L. Roots","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.145-160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.145-160","url":null,"abstract":"The article reflexes the nexus between security and migration management. Immigration is often seen as threat to national security but in case of refugees they are the victims of the instability and lack of protection of their human rights. The article aims to analyse how the human security concept is discussed in EU policies and how it has been implemented to tackle the migration crisis. The approach of the USA to migration and security will be used for the comparative analysis. The article discusses the historical and legal developments of migration management and the effects and problematics in the open world. Since the EU and the USA are the world big players, they should stay the leaders in promoting human rights and security. The way to do it is to introduce homogeneous policies in terms of migration management.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"150 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113981768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.111-121
Zbigniew Mazur
The article deals with the analysis of major changes introduced to the Polish Public Procurement Law for the reason of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. First of all, the regulation in this area concerns the exclusion of the Public Procurement Law application in respect of necessary procurements. In addition, the legislator has introduced a mutual obligation to communicate about the impact of circumstances relating to the occurrence of COVID-19 on the proper performance of the contract and, as a consequence, the possibility of amending the public procurement contract. The last regulation has introduced solutions to reduce the costs of participation in tender proceedings and to encourage contractors to participate in public tenders.
{"title":"Realisation of Public Procurement during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Zbigniew Mazur","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.111-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.111-121","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the analysis of major changes introduced to the Polish Public Procurement Law for the reason of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. First of all, the regulation in this area concerns the exclusion of the Public Procurement Law application in respect of necessary procurements. In addition, the legislator has introduced a mutual obligation to communicate about the impact of circumstances relating to the occurrence of COVID-19 on the proper performance of the contract and, as a consequence, the possibility of amending the public procurement contract. The last regulation has introduced solutions to reduce the costs of participation in tender proceedings and to encourage contractors to participate in public tenders.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125452684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.233-240
Wojciech Taras
The reviewed monograph is the first study of this kind in the Polish doctrine of administrative law. It consists of a short introduction, five chapters, each of which is closed with a few-page selection of the jurisprudence of common and administrative courts, and an ending with a summary of the presented considerations and eight de lege ferenda remarks, as well as an extensive bibliography. The author analyzed a number of acts of different legal force concerning the administrative and legal consequences of death for the relatives and society. Attention was paid in particular to the issues of death of the guardian of a public administration body, the obligations of the medical facility towards the patient and his family, the preparation of a death certificate, handling of the corpse and the location of cemeteries.
{"title":"Review: Iwona Sierpowska, “Śmierć w ujęciu prawa administracyjnego”, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2020, pp. 385","authors":"Wojciech Taras","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.233-240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.233-240","url":null,"abstract":"The reviewed monograph is the first study of this kind in the Polish doctrine of administrative law. It consists of a short introduction, five chapters, each of which is closed with a few-page selection of the jurisprudence of common and administrative courts, and an ending with a summary of the presented considerations and eight de lege ferenda remarks, as well as an extensive bibliography. The author analyzed a number of acts of different legal force concerning the administrative and legal consequences of death for the relatives and society. Attention was paid in particular to the issues of death of the guardian of a public administration body, the obligations of the medical facility towards the patient and his family, the preparation of a death certificate, handling of the corpse and the location of cemeteries.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125125384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.223-230
Dorota Lebowa
The thesis of the commented judgement concerns issues which are significant in the practice of examining an application in the course of administrative court proceedings regarding a request for reinstatement of the deadline. The first is a need to settle the beginning of the term for submitting such a request, the second – the method of examining the application for reinstatement of the deadline in the event of the impossibility to determine whether the deadline for its submission has been met. In the jurisprudence, it is consonantly assumed that the formal condition of an application for the reinstatement of the deadline is that the circumstances justifying the admissibility of the application are plausible due to the observance of the one-week deadline for its submission from the date of expiration of the cause of the deadline failure. According to Art. 49 § 1 of the Act of 30 August 2002 – Law on proceedings before administrative courts, if the letter of a party cannot receive the correct course due to failure to observe formal conditions, the chairman shall request the party to supplement or correct it within seven days under pain of leaving the letter unprocessed. The Supreme Administrative Court reasonably decided that if the content of the application cannot infer an exact moment in which the cause of the deadline failure ceased to exist, it should be examined on the merits. Equally, there are no grounds for rejecting the application as belated, based on Art. 88 of the Law on proceedings before administrative courts, because the fact of submitting the application after the deadline cannot be presumed.
{"title":"Commentary on the Decision of the Supreme Administrative Court of 13 November 2013, II OZ 974/13 (LEX no. 1398284)","authors":"Dorota Lebowa","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.223-230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.223-230","url":null,"abstract":"The thesis of the commented judgement concerns issues which are significant in the practice of examining an application in the course of administrative court proceedings regarding a request for reinstatement of the deadline. The first is a need to settle the beginning of the term for submitting such a request, the second – the method of examining the application for reinstatement of the deadline in the event of the impossibility to determine whether the deadline for its submission has been met. In the jurisprudence, it is consonantly assumed that the formal condition of an application for the reinstatement of the deadline is that the circumstances justifying the admissibility of the application are plausible due to the observance of the one-week deadline for its submission from the date of expiration of the cause of the deadline failure. According to Art. 49 § 1 of the Act of 30 August 2002 – Law on proceedings before administrative courts, if the letter of a party cannot receive the correct course due to failure to observe formal conditions, the chairman shall request the party to supplement or correct it within seven days under pain of leaving the letter unprocessed. The Supreme Administrative Court reasonably decided that if the content of the application cannot infer an exact moment in which the cause of the deadline failure ceased to exist, it should be examined on the merits. Equally, there are no grounds for rejecting the application as belated, based on Art. 88 of the Law on proceedings before administrative courts, because the fact of submitting the application after the deadline cannot be presumed.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132692315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-05DOI: 10.17951/ppa.2020.3.43-66
S. Dąbrowska
The objective of local government administration, and therefore the objective of each local government unit is to perform public tasks of local importance, the implementation of which is each time connected with meeting the current, continuous needs of local communities. Most of the tasks connected with satisfying public needs are to be performed by the commune as the basic local government unit. The legislator expressed it in the content of Art. 6 of the Act of 8 March 1990 on Local Government, stating that the scope of a municipality’s activity includes all public matters of local importance, not reserved by the Acts for the benefit of other entities, additionally, unless the Acts provide otherwise, it is up to the municipality to resolve these matters. As a rule, the tasks are performed by the municipality’s own “means and forces”. However, the legislator has provided for the possibility of cooperation and collaboration between the municipalities, which is facilitated by the establishment of inter-municipal associations, as stipulated in Art. 64 of the Act on Local Government. A form of externalisation of the activity of an inter-municipal association is the adoption of resolutions by the assembly of an inter-municipal association. The study also analyzes the modes of appealing against the association’s assembly’s resolutions.
{"title":"The Contestability of Resolutions of an Inter-Municipal Association Meeting","authors":"S. Dąbrowska","doi":"10.17951/ppa.2020.3.43-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2020.3.43-66","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of local government administration, and therefore the objective of each local government unit is to perform public tasks of local importance, the implementation of which is each time connected with meeting the current, continuous needs of local communities. Most of the tasks connected with satisfying public needs are to be performed by the commune as the basic local government unit. The legislator expressed it in the content of Art. 6 of the Act of 8 March 1990 on Local Government, stating that the scope of a municipality’s activity includes all public matters of local importance, not reserved by the Acts for the benefit of other entities, additionally, unless the Acts provide otherwise, it is up to the municipality to resolve these matters. As a rule, the tasks are performed by the municipality’s own “means and forces”. However, the legislator has provided for the possibility of cooperation and collaboration between the municipalities, which is facilitated by the establishment of inter-municipal associations, as stipulated in Art. 64 of the Act on Local Government. A form of externalisation of the activity of an inter-municipal association is the adoption of resolutions by the assembly of an inter-municipal association. The study also analyzes the modes of appealing against the association’s assembly’s resolutions.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123311907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-29DOI: 10.17951/PPA.2019.2.55-67
Eliza Komierzyńska-Orlińska
Ethics in bank operations is and should be relevant. Because of their special status – institutions of public trust and the special role they play in the market economy – creating the bloodstream of economic life while being its participants as entrepreneurs – all their actions should have ethical foundations. They staggered tremendously during the financial crisis of 2007–2009 (called the crisis of trust) when as a result of careless actions of banks a problem of so-called toxic assets appeared which have shaken the foundations of banking activity. This resulted in the collapse of the capital markets, partial paralysis of the global financial system and a massive recession. The greed and recklessness of financiers began to be identified with the institution of the bank. Th aim of this study is to draw attention to the fact that banks – despite the turmoil (or rather especially because of) the crisis of 2007–2009 – as institutions of public trust should be guided by the values, standards and principles of ethics in every aspect of its business despite the fact that they are entrepreneurs focused on maximizing profit.
{"title":"Ethics in the Operation of Banks in the Perspective of the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009","authors":"Eliza Komierzyńska-Orlińska","doi":"10.17951/PPA.2019.2.55-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/PPA.2019.2.55-67","url":null,"abstract":"Ethics in bank operations is and should be relevant. Because of their special status – institutions of public trust and the special role they play in the market economy – creating the bloodstream of economic life while being its participants as entrepreneurs – all their actions should have ethical foundations. They staggered tremendously during the financial crisis of 2007–2009 (called the crisis of trust) when as a result of careless actions of banks a problem of so-called toxic assets appeared which have shaken the foundations of banking activity. This resulted in the collapse of the capital markets, partial paralysis of the global financial system and a massive recession. The greed and recklessness of financiers began to be identified with the institution of the bank. Th aim of this study is to draw attention to the fact that banks – despite the turmoil (or rather especially because of) the crisis of 2007–2009 – as institutions of public trust should be guided by the values, standards and principles of ethics in every aspect of its business despite the fact that they are entrepreneurs focused on maximizing profit.","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"20 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115507638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-29DOI: 10.17951/PPA.2019.2.183-187
A. Ostrowska, Hanna Spasowska-Czarny
{"title":"Report on the Polish National Scientific Conference “On the Interdependence of Public and Private Law in Doctrine and Practice in the Age of Changes”, Lublin, June 14, 2019","authors":"A. Ostrowska, Hanna Spasowska-Czarny","doi":"10.17951/PPA.2019.2.183-187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17951/PPA.2019.2.183-187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":298732,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124858941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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