Emily K. Tucker-Retter, M. Allender, R. Nowak, C. Suski
Invasive species threaten ecosystems with destruction of native habitat, introduction of novel diseases, and enhanced competition with native wildlife subsequent to reduced predator control, leading, in many cases, towards efforts to actively remove individuals. While these effects are frequently studied, minimal research has investigated the individual or population health of the invasive species themselves. In this study, we describe multiple health outcomes of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), an invasive species in the Illinois River, as a component of a long-term monitoring and removal program using electrofishing, gillnets, and trammel nets. Between April–October 2018, Silver Carp were collected from two reaches of the Illinois River, examined, blood was collected for hematologic measurements, and cranial kidneys collected for histologic examination of melanomacrophage centers. Collection location impacted body condition, as Silver Carp closer to the leading edge of invasion were heavier than those from more established populations. Silver Carp caught by nets had lower packed cell volumes than those caught by electrofishing. The Health Assessment Index (HAI) showed that 52% of livers and 53% of kidneys were grossly abnormal. The HAI comes with a caveat that validation protocols are required to implement this technique effectively. Hematology and histology are more likely to be useful in species for which reference ranges exist. Overall, invasive species contain a wealth of information on health outcomes that could be used to monitor ecosystem health, but techniques used for monitoring must be adapted to the species, management needs, and removal methods.
{"title":"Invasive Species as Sentinels: Measuring Health Outcomes in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during Removal","authors":"Emily K. Tucker-Retter, M. Allender, R. Nowak, C. Suski","doi":"10.1643/i2021072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/i2021072","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive species threaten ecosystems with destruction of native habitat, introduction of novel diseases, and enhanced competition with native wildlife subsequent to reduced predator control, leading, in many cases, towards efforts to actively remove individuals. While these effects are frequently studied, minimal research has investigated the individual or population health of the invasive species themselves. In this study, we describe multiple health outcomes of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), an invasive species in the Illinois River, as a component of a long-term monitoring and removal program using electrofishing, gillnets, and trammel nets. Between April–October 2018, Silver Carp were collected from two reaches of the Illinois River, examined, blood was collected for hematologic measurements, and cranial kidneys collected for histologic examination of melanomacrophage centers. Collection location impacted body condition, as Silver Carp closer to the leading edge of invasion were heavier than those from more established populations. Silver Carp caught by nets had lower packed cell volumes than those caught by electrofishing. The Health Assessment Index (HAI) showed that 52% of livers and 53% of kidneys were grossly abnormal. The HAI comes with a caveat that validation protocols are required to implement this technique effectively. Hematology and histology are more likely to be useful in species for which reference ranges exist. Overall, invasive species contain a wealth of information on health outcomes that could be used to monitor ecosystem health, but techniques used for monitoring must be adapted to the species, management needs, and removal methods.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"111 1","pages":"8 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47597803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C ARTER ROWELL GILBERT, former Emeritus Curator of Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) and Professor of Zoology at the University of Florida (UF), passed away in Gainesville, Florida, on 6 January 2022 at age 91. A detailed synopsis of Carter’s personal and professional life appeared in the ‘‘Historical Perspectives’’ series of Copeia, based on an indepth interview with Carter by one of us (DGS) and Inci A. Bowman during the meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) held in Manaus, Brazil in June 2003 (Smith, 2004). Carter’s professional service as a researcher and teacher at UF spanned 37 years. He was predeceased by his parents and is survived by Nancy, his loving wife of 63 years, sons John M. Gilbert (spouse Marie C.) and Stephen S. Gilbert (spouse Michelle), brothers Dr. Robert F. Gilbert (spouse Ihn Jae) and Dr. William M. Gilbert, six grandchildren, two nephews, six nieces, and several grandnephews and -nieces. Carter descended from a distinguished lineage of biologists. He was born on 23 May 1930 in Huntington, West Virginia, the oldest son of Frank Albert Gilbert (1900–1989) and Eleanor Marshall Gilbert (1900–1987). Carter’s father was a botanist who earned an M.A. and Ph.D. at Harvard University and subsequently worked for the US Department of Agriculture. In 1927, Frank moved to Huntington to become professor and head of the Botany Department at Marshall College (now University), where he also was Curator of the herbarium. Carter’s mother studied biology at the University of Delaware and spent a summer at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where she met David Starr Jordan. She possessed an autographed photograph of Jordan that she later gave to Carter, an item that Carter frequently and proudly displayed to colleagues and friends. Carter’s parents clearly influenced his interests and later career choices. As a boy, Carter often accompanied his father on hikes in the West Virginia countryside, forays that led to his profound interest in natural history at a young age. His boyhood fascination with fishes was inspired from perusing his father’s copy of Jordan and Evermann’s American Food and Game Fishes. In 1942, the Gilbert family moved to Columbus, Ohio, where Carter’s father served as a Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army during World War II. Upon graduation from Upper Arlington High School in 1947, Carter immediately enrolled at Ohio State University (OSU), also in Columbus. At OSU, Carter obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1951 and Master of Science degree in 1953. The subject of Carter’s M.Sc. thesis was age and growth of Stonecat Noturus flavus in Lake Erie, a population where individuals of this species attain much larger body size than those found in inland streams. Throughout Carter’s long and productive scientific career, he interacted with and was influenced by many notable educators, professors, fellow students, and various peers. Carter’s thesis adviser at OSU was John W
C ARTER ROWELL GILBERT，佛罗里达自然历史博物馆(FLMNH)鱼类学前名誉馆长和佛罗里达大学(UF)动物学教授，于2022年1月6日在佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔去世，享年91岁。在2003年6月于巴西马瑙斯举行的美国鱼类学和爬虫学协会(ASIH)会议上，我们中的一位(DGS)和Inci A. Bowman对卡特进行了一次深度采访，卡特的个人生活和职业生涯的详细概述出现在Copeia的“历史展望”系列文章中(Smith, 2004)。卡特在佛罗里达大学担任研究员和教师长达37年。他的父母离他而去，在他63年的爱妻南希、儿子约翰·m·吉尔伯特(配偶玛丽·C.)和斯蒂芬·s·吉尔伯特(配偶米歇尔)、兄弟罗伯特·f·吉尔伯特博士(配偶伊恩·杰)和威廉·m·吉尔伯特博士、6个孙子、2个侄子、6个侄女和几个外甥和外甥女身后。卡特出身于一个杰出的生物学家家族。他于1930年5月23日出生于西弗吉尼亚州的亨廷顿，是弗兰克·阿尔伯特·吉尔伯特(1900-1989)和埃莉诺·马歇尔·吉尔伯特(1900-1987)的长子。卡特的父亲是一名植物学家，在哈佛大学获得硕士和博士学位，随后在美国农业部工作。1927年，弗兰克搬到亨廷顿，成为马歇尔学院(现在的大学)植物系的教授和主任，同时他也是植物标本室的馆长。卡特的母亲在特拉华大学学习生物学，并在马萨诸塞州的伍兹霍尔度过了一个夏天，在那里她遇到了大卫·斯塔尔·乔丹。她有一张乔丹的签名照片，后来她把它送给了卡特，卡特经常自豪地向同事和朋友展示这件东西。卡特的父母显然影响了他的兴趣和后来的职业选择。小时候，卡特经常陪同父亲去西弗吉尼亚州的乡村远足，这让他在很小的时候就对自然历史产生了浓厚的兴趣。童年时，他对鱼类的迷恋来自于阅读父亲的乔丹和艾弗曼的《美国食物和猎鱼》。1942年，吉尔伯特一家搬到了俄亥俄州的哥伦布市。二战期间，卡特的父亲在那里担任美国陆军中校。1947年，卡特从上阿灵顿高中毕业后，立即就读于同样位于哥伦布的俄亥俄州立大学(OSU)。在俄勒冈州立大学，卡特于1951年获得理学学士学位，1953年获得理学硕士学位。卡特的硕士论文的主题是伊利湖黄石猫的年龄和生长，这个种群的个体比内陆河流中的个体要大得多。在卡特漫长而富有成效的科学生涯中，他与许多著名的教育家、教授、同学和各种同龄人互动并受到他们的影响。卡特在俄勒冈州立大学的论文导师是动物学教授约翰·w·普莱斯。在俄勒冈州立大学读书期间，卡特还受到托马斯·h·朗格卢瓦和米尔顿·b·特劳特曼的指导。朗格卢瓦教授一门鱼类学课程，卡特于1952年夏天在伊利湖的普内湾野外实验室参加了这门课程。正是在那里，卡特结识了经典著作《俄亥俄的鱼》(the Fishes of Ohio)的作者特劳特曼(Trautman)，并与他成为了朋友。特劳特曼的热情激发了卡特考虑将系统鱼类学作为自己的职业。在俄亥俄州自然保护部做了一段短暂的研究生工作后，在特劳特曼的鼓励下，卡特决定攻读博士学位，并于1954年秋天进入密歇根大学。当时密歇根大学动物博物馆的馆长是里夫·m·贝利和罗伯特·r·米勒。由于卡特对研究北美东部的淡水鱼很感兴趣，他选择贝利作为他的研究生导师。在卡特的博士研究过程中，贝利和米勒对他影响很大。他还受益于与卡尔·f·拉格和约翰·e·巴达奇的密切互动，两人都与渔业局在安图1上有联系。卡特·r·吉尔伯特，1956年左右。
{"title":"Carter Rowell Gilbert (1930–2022)","authors":"Stephen J. Walsh, D. G. Smith","doi":"10.1643/t2022060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/t2022060","url":null,"abstract":"C ARTER ROWELL GILBERT, former Emeritus Curator of Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) and Professor of Zoology at the University of Florida (UF), passed away in Gainesville, Florida, on 6 January 2022 at age 91. A detailed synopsis of Carter’s personal and professional life appeared in the ‘‘Historical Perspectives’’ series of Copeia, based on an indepth interview with Carter by one of us (DGS) and Inci A. Bowman during the meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) held in Manaus, Brazil in June 2003 (Smith, 2004). Carter’s professional service as a researcher and teacher at UF spanned 37 years. He was predeceased by his parents and is survived by Nancy, his loving wife of 63 years, sons John M. Gilbert (spouse Marie C.) and Stephen S. Gilbert (spouse Michelle), brothers Dr. Robert F. Gilbert (spouse Ihn Jae) and Dr. William M. Gilbert, six grandchildren, two nephews, six nieces, and several grandnephews and -nieces. Carter descended from a distinguished lineage of biologists. He was born on 23 May 1930 in Huntington, West Virginia, the oldest son of Frank Albert Gilbert (1900–1989) and Eleanor Marshall Gilbert (1900–1987). Carter’s father was a botanist who earned an M.A. and Ph.D. at Harvard University and subsequently worked for the US Department of Agriculture. In 1927, Frank moved to Huntington to become professor and head of the Botany Department at Marshall College (now University), where he also was Curator of the herbarium. Carter’s mother studied biology at the University of Delaware and spent a summer at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where she met David Starr Jordan. She possessed an autographed photograph of Jordan that she later gave to Carter, an item that Carter frequently and proudly displayed to colleagues and friends. Carter’s parents clearly influenced his interests and later career choices. As a boy, Carter often accompanied his father on hikes in the West Virginia countryside, forays that led to his profound interest in natural history at a young age. His boyhood fascination with fishes was inspired from perusing his father’s copy of Jordan and Evermann’s American Food and Game Fishes. In 1942, the Gilbert family moved to Columbus, Ohio, where Carter’s father served as a Lieutenant Colonel in the US Army during World War II. Upon graduation from Upper Arlington High School in 1947, Carter immediately enrolled at Ohio State University (OSU), also in Columbus. At OSU, Carter obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1951 and Master of Science degree in 1953. The subject of Carter’s M.Sc. thesis was age and growth of Stonecat Noturus flavus in Lake Erie, a population where individuals of this species attain much larger body size than those found in inland streams. Throughout Carter’s long and productive scientific career, he interacted with and was influenced by many notable educators, professors, fellow students, and various peers. Carter’s thesis adviser at OSU was John W","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"780 - 786"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45040955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T HE ASIH created the annual Spiritus award to recognize excellence in service and support of natural history collections of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. The award alternates between disciplines from year to year with the 2022 Spiritus Award going to an ichthyologist. The winner of the 2022 Spiritus Award is H.J. Walker, Jr., retired collection manager of the Marine Vertebrate Collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. H.J. served as Museum Scientist/Collection Manager of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Marine Vertebrate Collection (MVC) for over 33 years. He retired in 2015 and continues to volunteer his time in the collection. During his tenure as collection manager, H.J. oversaw tremendous growth of the fish collection, including collections from around San Diego, Mexico, Taiwan, and numerous freshwater collections. H.J. also worked to accession fishes from the National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, orphaned collections from the UCLA fish collection, and pelagic specimens collected by Bob Pittman across the Tropical Eastern Pacific. As one of his nominators stated, ‘‘the accessioning, identification, curation, and databasing of these newly collected and orphaned collections have made vast amounts of material available to other ichthyological researchers.’’ In collaboration with Cindy Klepadlo, H.J. was responsible for digitizing the Scripps collection in the mid 1990s, and during this time he established a vast tissue collection which has been cited in over 100 publications. In addition to his service to Scripps, H.J. coauthored Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity and has described over a dozen species of fishes new to science from a variety of groups. He has been honored with two species of fishes named after him: the hagfish Eptetretus walkeri McMillan and Wisner 2004 and the cuskeel Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen and Møller 2011. H.J. has also been instrumental in education and outreach during his career, which all of his numerous nominators highlighted. One nominator wrote that ‘‘he enthusiastically hosted numerous research visitors to the collection facilitating their ichthyological research . . . conducted tours of the collection for school groups inspiring generations of wouldbe ichthyologists . . . [and] was a strong advocate for the importance of natural history collections to the SIO administration.’’ He has also mentored undergraduates, graduate students, and postdocs. He ‘‘did everything he could to make me a better scientist, curator, and colleague . . . H.J. reached across labs and across career stages to help everyone that he met to the best of his ability,’’ wrote one of his colleagues. Natural history collections and the field of ichthyology generally have benefited greatly from H.J.’s enthusiasm, kindness, and generosity. H.J. has also dedicated his time and energy in service of the ASIH. Every ASIH meeting is livelier and more welcoming when H.J. is in attendance,
T HE ASIH设立了年度Spiritus奖，以表彰在鱼类、两栖动物和爬行动物自然历史收藏方面的卓越服务和支持。该奖项每年在不同学科之间交替颁发，2022年Spiritus奖将授予一位鱼类学家。2022年Spiritus奖的获得者是斯克里普斯海洋研究所海洋脊椎动物收藏馆的退休收藏经理小H.J.Walker。H.J.在斯克里普斯海洋研究所海洋脊椎动物收藏馆（MVC）担任博物馆科学家/收藏经理超过33年。他于2015年退休，并继续自愿参与收藏。在担任鱼类收藏经理期间，H.J.监督了鱼类收藏的巨大增长，包括来自圣地亚哥、墨西哥、台湾和许多淡水收藏。H.J.还参与了位于拉霍亚的国家海洋渔业局西南渔业科学中心的入籍鱼类、加州大学洛杉矶分校鱼类收藏中心的孤儿收藏，以及Bob Pittman在热带东太平洋收集的远洋标本。正如他的一位提名人所说，“对这些新收集的和孤立的藏品的加入、鉴定、策展和数据库化为其他鱼类研究人员提供了大量材料。”20世纪90年代中期，H.J.与Cindy Klepadlo合作，负责将斯克里普斯的藏品数字化，在此期间，他建立了一个庞大的组织收藏，已被100多份出版物引用。除了为斯克里普斯服务外，H.J.还与人合著了《鱼类：多样性指南》，并描述了来自不同群体的十几种新鱼类。他获得了两种以他的名字命名的鱼类的荣誉：2004年的海鳗Eptetretus walkeri McMillan和Wisner，以及2011年的cuskeel Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen和Møller。H.J.在其职业生涯中也在教育和外联方面发挥了重要作用，他的众多提名人都强调了这一点。一位提名者写道：“他热情地接待了许多研究访客，为他们的鱼类研究提供便利……”。为学校团体进行藏品之旅，激励了几代未来的鱼类学家。[并且]强烈主张自然历史收藏对SIO管理的重要性。”他还指导本科生、研究生和博士后。他竭尽全力让我成为一名更好的科学家、策展人和同事。他的一位同事写道：“H.J.跨越了实验室和职业生涯的各个阶段，尽其所能帮助他遇到的每一个人。”。自然史收藏和鱼类学领域普遍受益于H.J.的热情、善良和慷慨。H.J.也将自己的时间和精力奉献给了ASIH。自从1977年在佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔举行第一次会议以来，H.J.几乎每年都会出席ASIH的每一次会议。H.J.曾在ASIH理事会、Copeia/Ichthyology&Herpetology编辑委员会担任过多届学会成员，也是ASIH-American Fisheries Society Joint Committee on Common and Scientific Names of Fishes的成员。他一直是ASIH鱼类和Herpetology收藏委员会的长期活跃成员，他对IHCC的贡献非同寻常。该奖项表彰了藏品管理方面的卓越表现，但重要的是，H.J.一直是ASIH家族的核心成员，让新成员感到受欢迎，让长期成员感到宾至如归。作为一个社团，我们很幸运有H.J.在我们的队伍中。
{"title":"H.J. Walker, Jr.","authors":"H. J. Walker","doi":"10.1643/t2022093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/t2022093","url":null,"abstract":"T HE ASIH created the annual Spiritus award to recognize excellence in service and support of natural history collections of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. The award alternates between disciplines from year to year with the 2022 Spiritus Award going to an ichthyologist. The winner of the 2022 Spiritus Award is H.J. Walker, Jr., retired collection manager of the Marine Vertebrate Collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. H.J. served as Museum Scientist/Collection Manager of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Marine Vertebrate Collection (MVC) for over 33 years. He retired in 2015 and continues to volunteer his time in the collection. During his tenure as collection manager, H.J. oversaw tremendous growth of the fish collection, including collections from around San Diego, Mexico, Taiwan, and numerous freshwater collections. H.J. also worked to accession fishes from the National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, orphaned collections from the UCLA fish collection, and pelagic specimens collected by Bob Pittman across the Tropical Eastern Pacific. As one of his nominators stated, ‘‘the accessioning, identification, curation, and databasing of these newly collected and orphaned collections have made vast amounts of material available to other ichthyological researchers.’’ In collaboration with Cindy Klepadlo, H.J. was responsible for digitizing the Scripps collection in the mid 1990s, and during this time he established a vast tissue collection which has been cited in over 100 publications. In addition to his service to Scripps, H.J. coauthored Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity and has described over a dozen species of fishes new to science from a variety of groups. He has been honored with two species of fishes named after him: the hagfish Eptetretus walkeri McMillan and Wisner 2004 and the cuskeel Bassogigas walkeri Nielsen and Møller 2011. H.J. has also been instrumental in education and outreach during his career, which all of his numerous nominators highlighted. One nominator wrote that ‘‘he enthusiastically hosted numerous research visitors to the collection facilitating their ichthyological research . . . conducted tours of the collection for school groups inspiring generations of wouldbe ichthyologists . . . [and] was a strong advocate for the importance of natural history collections to the SIO administration.’’ He has also mentored undergraduates, graduate students, and postdocs. He ‘‘did everything he could to make me a better scientist, curator, and colleague . . . H.J. reached across labs and across career stages to help everyone that he met to the best of his ability,’’ wrote one of his colleagues. Natural history collections and the field of ichthyology generally have benefited greatly from H.J.’s enthusiasm, kindness, and generosity. H.J. has also dedicated his time and energy in service of the ASIH. Every ASIH meeting is livelier and more welcoming when H.J. is in attendance, ","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"787 - 797"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48818234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pelagic larvae of coral reef fishes can detect and discriminate among different types of sounds suggesting that they may be able to localize acoustic cues and thus identify suitable settlement sites on reefs. It has been suggested that a description of ear development may provide clues about the importance of sound in larval behavior. Here we provide the first description of the ontogeny of the ear in the pelagic larvae and juveniles of representatives of three important families of coral reef fishes: Gobiidae (Elacatinus lori, E. colini), Apogonidae (Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus), and Pomacentridae (Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, Amphiprion polymnus). Histological analysis revealed that the ear of the larvae and juveniles of the five study species lack any of the morphological specializations known in percomorph fishes. However, it showed that the ears of the two gobies are quite similar with respect to size and shape of the three otolithic organs, but that ears of the cardinalfish and damselfishes are different with respect to the absolute and relative sizes and position of the otolithic organs, as well as the timing of the appearance of the lagena; however, the functional significance of these features are unknown. It is concluded that if hearing plays a role in orientation behavior in the pelagic larvae of coral reef fishes then their “unremarkable” ears are sufficient to allow these diminutive fishes to carry out the extraordinary feat of navigating the open ocean and successfully locating coral reefs on which to settle.
珊瑚礁鱼类的远洋幼体可以探测和区分不同类型的声音，这表明它们可能能够定位声音线索，从而确定珊瑚礁上合适的定居地点。有人认为，对耳朵发育的描述可能为声音在幼虫行为中的重要性提供线索。本文首次描述了三个重要的珊瑚礁鱼类的代表科:对虾科(Elacatinus lori, E. colini)、拟虾科(Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus)和Pomacentridae科(Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, Amphiprion polymnus)的中远洋幼鱼和幼鱼的耳朵发育。组织学分析显示，五个研究物种的幼虫和幼鱼的耳朵缺乏任何已知的形态特化。然而，研究表明，两种虾虎鱼的耳朵在三个耳石器官的大小和形状方面非常相似，而红雀鱼和豆娘鱼的耳朵在耳石器官的绝对大小和相对位置以及lagena出现的时间方面则不同;然而，这些特征的功能意义尚不清楚。结论是，如果听觉在珊瑚礁鱼类的远洋幼体的定向行为中起作用，那么它们“不起眼”的耳朵足以让这些小鱼完成在开阔海洋中航行的非凡壮举，并成功地找到要定居的珊瑚礁。
{"title":"Ear Development in Select Coral Reef Fishes: Clues for the Role of Hearing in Larval Orientation Behavior?","authors":"Yinan Hu, J. Majoris, P. Buston, J. Webb","doi":"10.1643/i2022029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/i2022029","url":null,"abstract":"The pelagic larvae of coral reef fishes can detect and discriminate among different types of sounds suggesting that they may be able to localize acoustic cues and thus identify suitable settlement sites on reefs. It has been suggested that a description of ear development may provide clues about the importance of sound in larval behavior. Here we provide the first description of the ontogeny of the ear in the pelagic larvae and juveniles of representatives of three important families of coral reef fishes: Gobiidae (Elacatinus lori, E. colini), Apogonidae (Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus), and Pomacentridae (Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, Amphiprion polymnus). Histological analysis revealed that the ear of the larvae and juveniles of the five study species lack any of the morphological specializations known in percomorph fishes. However, it showed that the ears of the two gobies are quite similar with respect to size and shape of the three otolithic organs, but that ears of the cardinalfish and damselfishes are different with respect to the absolute and relative sizes and position of the otolithic organs, as well as the timing of the appearance of the lagena; however, the functional significance of these features are unknown. It is concluded that if hearing plays a role in orientation behavior in the pelagic larvae of coral reef fishes then their “unremarkable” ears are sufficient to allow these diminutive fishes to carry out the extraordinary feat of navigating the open ocean and successfully locating coral reefs on which to settle.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"759 - 775"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43061116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf litter is an important input to a variety of freshwater ecosystems. The species of leaf litter affects water chemistry, ecosystem processes, and the survival and growth of aquatic organisms. Given the potential fitness consequences, it is likely that aquatic organisms have preferences for aquatic habitats with particular species of leaf litter input. To investigate this, we placed shallow experimental pools at a field-forest edge in northern Louisiana, USA as potential sites for Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) oviposition with leaf litter from one of 14 different tree species in each pool. Tree species included 13 native trees and one invasive species, Bradford Pear (Pyrus calleryana). We measured the concentrations of tannins and 12 elements in leaf tissue, along with water quality and water depth in the pools. We used an information-theoretic approach and created different models to determine what variables best predict the number of treefrog eggs laid in each pool and thus may serve as a cue for female treefrogs during oviposition site selection. We found that tree species treatment was by far the best predictor of the number of eggs Cope's Gray Treefrogs laid in the pools. Treefrogs laid more eggs in pools with Post Oak and Sweetgum leaves and fewer eggs in pools with Southern Red Oak and Southern Magnolia leaves. It is unclear how female treefrogs are able to differentiate among these tree species or what cue they are using to make their choices. Our results highlight the importance of tree species to aquatic community assembly.
{"title":"Effects of Leaf Litter Species on Cope's Gray Treefrog Oviposition Site Selection","authors":"Rebekah E. Magee-Christian, J. Earl","doi":"10.1643/h2021096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021096","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf litter is an important input to a variety of freshwater ecosystems. The species of leaf litter affects water chemistry, ecosystem processes, and the survival and growth of aquatic organisms. Given the potential fitness consequences, it is likely that aquatic organisms have preferences for aquatic habitats with particular species of leaf litter input. To investigate this, we placed shallow experimental pools at a field-forest edge in northern Louisiana, USA as potential sites for Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) oviposition with leaf litter from one of 14 different tree species in each pool. Tree species included 13 native trees and one invasive species, Bradford Pear (Pyrus calleryana). We measured the concentrations of tannins and 12 elements in leaf tissue, along with water quality and water depth in the pools. We used an information-theoretic approach and created different models to determine what variables best predict the number of treefrog eggs laid in each pool and thus may serve as a cue for female treefrogs during oviposition site selection. We found that tree species treatment was by far the best predictor of the number of eggs Cope's Gray Treefrogs laid in the pools. Treefrogs laid more eggs in pools with Post Oak and Sweetgum leaves and fewer eggs in pools with Southern Red Oak and Southern Magnolia leaves. It is unclear how female treefrogs are able to differentiate among these tree species or what cue they are using to make their choices. Our results highlight the importance of tree species to aquatic community assembly.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"750 - 758"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41628616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uriel Hernández‐Salinas, A. Ramírez‐Bautista, Raciel Cruz‐Elizalde, Lizzeth A. Torres-Hernández
We explore the feeding habits of two populations of the lizard Aspidoscelis lineattissima from two localities (Cocinas = island and Xametla = mainland) under the hypothesis that in an insular environment, there is less selection of food, because it is a relatively comfortable environment to forage due to the presence of few competitors and predators. We also examine the predator–prey size relationship in this lizard species with the intention of distinguishing possible ontogenetic changes in the choice of prey sizes in the two localities. In stomach contents of the lizards from mainland, a total of 2,616 prey items were recorded, while on the island, 1,357 prey items were found. This number of prey was divided into 18 categories for the mainland and 20 for the island. In general terms, the most important prey in the diet of lizards from both localities were Isoptera, Coleoptera (adult and larvae), Araneae, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera (ants and others), Blattodea, and Diptera. Island lizards presented a greater amount of plant material in their stomach contents. The breadth of the food niche was greater on the island than on the mainland. Although statistically there were no differences regarding food overlap between localities, the highest overlap values between groups (age classes and sexes) were found on the mainland. We found a positive relationship between morphological variables of the lizards (snout–vent length, head width, and head length) with the maximum and mean values of the prey volume in both localities. This reveals an ontogenetic change that indicates that as lizards grow, they add a greater quantity of large prey to their diet and at the same time eat smaller prey. These results showed that the diet of the lizards from both localities was similar to other species of the genus. The feeding habits of a species in contrasting environments is evidence that is helpful for understanding the foraging patterns more clearly, and the possible connection with its life history characteristics, shedding more light on the hypothesis of niche amplitude and the optimal foraging theory.
{"title":"Feeding Niche and Predator–Prey Size Relationship in the Whiptail Lizard Aspidoscelis lineattissima (Squamata: Teiidae) in Insular and Continental Populations of the Mexican Pacific","authors":"Uriel Hernández‐Salinas, A. Ramírez‐Bautista, Raciel Cruz‐Elizalde, Lizzeth A. Torres-Hernández","doi":"10.1643/h2021062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021062","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the feeding habits of two populations of the lizard Aspidoscelis lineattissima from two localities (Cocinas = island and Xametla = mainland) under the hypothesis that in an insular environment, there is less selection of food, because it is a relatively comfortable environment to forage due to the presence of few competitors and predators. We also examine the predator–prey size relationship in this lizard species with the intention of distinguishing possible ontogenetic changes in the choice of prey sizes in the two localities. In stomach contents of the lizards from mainland, a total of 2,616 prey items were recorded, while on the island, 1,357 prey items were found. This number of prey was divided into 18 categories for the mainland and 20 for the island. In general terms, the most important prey in the diet of lizards from both localities were Isoptera, Coleoptera (adult and larvae), Araneae, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera (ants and others), Blattodea, and Diptera. Island lizards presented a greater amount of plant material in their stomach contents. The breadth of the food niche was greater on the island than on the mainland. Although statistically there were no differences regarding food overlap between localities, the highest overlap values between groups (age classes and sexes) were found on the mainland. We found a positive relationship between morphological variables of the lizards (snout–vent length, head width, and head length) with the maximum and mean values of the prey volume in both localities. This reveals an ontogenetic change that indicates that as lizards grow, they add a greater quantity of large prey to their diet and at the same time eat smaller prey. These results showed that the diet of the lizards from both localities was similar to other species of the genus. The feeding habits of a species in contrasting environments is evidence that is helpful for understanding the foraging patterns more clearly, and the possible connection with its life history characteristics, shedding more light on the hypothesis of niche amplitude and the optimal foraging theory.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"737 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46399647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Davenport, David A Beamer, Cody L. Long, J. Waltz, Shelby A. Wren, D. Siegel
Eurycea chamberlaini (Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander) is a small spelerpine salamander with scant reproductive and life-history data available. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to examine the reproductive life history and population structure of E. chamberlaini from a North Carolina population. From February 2008 to February 2009, monthly collections were made in Craven County, North Carolina. All specimens (n = 392) were histologically examined for reproductive life history and population characteristics by month. Overall, male and female E. chamberlaini follow a reproductive cycle similar to other spelerpine species with sperm in the Wolffian ducts of specimens from September to February; however, spermatidogenesis was delayed until August and September with the presence of mature sperm in testes from August through November. We captured 201 female salamanders of which 36 were considered immature. We caught 191 males of which 27 were considered immature. The mean snout–vent length (SVL±1 SD) of mature females (27.13±2.33 mm) and males (25.84±2.03 mm) was statistically different from one another. Females tended to be larger than males from our monthly samples, with a greater proportion of the largest specimens being female. Overall, population structure of E. chamblerlaini appears similar to other coastal plain salamander species.
{"title":"Reproductive Biology and Population Structure of Eurycea chamberlaini in North Carolina","authors":"J. Davenport, David A Beamer, Cody L. Long, J. Waltz, Shelby A. Wren, D. Siegel","doi":"10.1643/h2021085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021085","url":null,"abstract":"Eurycea chamberlaini (Chamberlain's Dwarf Salamander) is a small spelerpine salamander with scant reproductive and life-history data available. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to examine the reproductive life history and population structure of E. chamberlaini from a North Carolina population. From February 2008 to February 2009, monthly collections were made in Craven County, North Carolina. All specimens (n = 392) were histologically examined for reproductive life history and population characteristics by month. Overall, male and female E. chamberlaini follow a reproductive cycle similar to other spelerpine species with sperm in the Wolffian ducts of specimens from September to February; however, spermatidogenesis was delayed until August and September with the presence of mature sperm in testes from August through November. We captured 201 female salamanders of which 36 were considered immature. We caught 191 males of which 27 were considered immature. The mean snout–vent length (SVL±1 SD) of mature females (27.13±2.33 mm) and males (25.84±2.03 mm) was statistically different from one another. Females tended to be larger than males from our monthly samples, with a greater proportion of the largest specimens being female. Overall, population structure of E. chamblerlaini appears similar to other coastal plain salamander species.","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"728 - 736"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44882224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. F. Hidalgo-Licona, María Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Mayén, C. Sandoval-Ruiz, Aníbal Helios Díaz de la Vega-Pérez, J. G. Chollet-Villalpando
We assessed whether morphological variability in populations of Pituophis deppei is related to the ecogeographic conditions of the biogeographic provinces they inhabit. This study includes four biogeographic provinces where the Mexican Pine Snake is reported: the Mexican Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Specimens from the four biogeographic provinces were selected to analyze ecogeographic and morphological variation in the Mexican Pine Snake. A total of 789 occurrence records and 20 climatic and environmental variables were used to evaluate the overlap, conservatism, and divergence of ecological niches among the four provinces using an ecological niche model (ENM) for each one. Morphological variability was analyzed using geometric morphometrics with linear and discrete data from 262 specimens. The ENM results indicate that the distribution area of P. deppei is subdivided into four well-defined regions of habitat suitability associated with the Mexican Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Sierra Madre Oriental, and the Sierra Madre Occidental, with contact zones at their borders. These results indicate low overlap among the four provinces. Niche conservatism and niche divergence were supported by three and two pairwise comparisons, respectively. At the morphological level, linear morphometrics, scutellation, and black spot pattern accounted for enough variability to discriminate the specimens found in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt from those of the other three provinces. As expected, the pattern of variation in head shape consists of well-defined character states exclusive to each of the four provinces inhabited by P. deppei. All the comparisons from the multivariate analyses of variance of landmark configurations with CVA were statistically significant, and the rates of correct posterior classifications were all above 35.5%. The ecogeographic variables used show reduced explanatory and predictive power for the variation in the morphological characters analyzed. The morphological variation in P. deppei could result from factors not considered in the present study, such as differences in trophic ecology, limited gene flow, non-adaptative variation, or phylogeographic implications. In the latter case, the morphological results obtained are consistent with one southern lineage previously reported using the haplotype configuration of species of P. deppei. Finally, our geometric morphometric approach allowed us to analyze head shape variability in P. deppei. Se evaluó si la variabilidad morfológica de las poblaciones de Pituophis deppei está relacionada con las condiciones ecogeográficas de las provincias biogeográficas que habita. Este estudio incluye cuatro provincias biogeográficas donde se reporta a la serpiente de pino mexicana: El Altiplano Mexicano, la Faja Volcánica Trans-Mexicana, la Sierra Madre Occidental y la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Se selecciona
{"title":"Ecogeographic and Morphometric Variation in the Mexican Pine Snake, Pituophis deppei (Squamata: Colubridae)","authors":"L. F. Hidalgo-Licona, María Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Mayén, C. Sandoval-Ruiz, Aníbal Helios Díaz de la Vega-Pérez, J. G. Chollet-Villalpando","doi":"10.1643/h2021105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1643/h2021105","url":null,"abstract":"We assessed whether morphological variability in populations of Pituophis deppei is related to the ecogeographic conditions of the biogeographic provinces they inhabit. This study includes four biogeographic provinces where the Mexican Pine Snake is reported: the Mexican Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Sierra Madre Occidental, and the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Specimens from the four biogeographic provinces were selected to analyze ecogeographic and morphological variation in the Mexican Pine Snake. A total of 789 occurrence records and 20 climatic and environmental variables were used to evaluate the overlap, conservatism, and divergence of ecological niches among the four provinces using an ecological niche model (ENM) for each one. Morphological variability was analyzed using geometric morphometrics with linear and discrete data from 262 specimens. The ENM results indicate that the distribution area of P. deppei is subdivided into four well-defined regions of habitat suitability associated with the Mexican Plateau, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Sierra Madre Oriental, and the Sierra Madre Occidental, with contact zones at their borders. These results indicate low overlap among the four provinces. Niche conservatism and niche divergence were supported by three and two pairwise comparisons, respectively. At the morphological level, linear morphometrics, scutellation, and black spot pattern accounted for enough variability to discriminate the specimens found in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt from those of the other three provinces. As expected, the pattern of variation in head shape consists of well-defined character states exclusive to each of the four provinces inhabited by P. deppei. All the comparisons from the multivariate analyses of variance of landmark configurations with CVA were statistically significant, and the rates of correct posterior classifications were all above 35.5%. The ecogeographic variables used show reduced explanatory and predictive power for the variation in the morphological characters analyzed. The morphological variation in P. deppei could result from factors not considered in the present study, such as differences in trophic ecology, limited gene flow, non-adaptative variation, or phylogeographic implications. In the latter case, the morphological results obtained are consistent with one southern lineage previously reported using the haplotype configuration of species of P. deppei. Finally, our geometric morphometric approach allowed us to analyze head shape variability in P. deppei. Se evaluó si la variabilidad morfológica de las poblaciones de Pituophis deppei está relacionada con las condiciones ecogeográficas de las provincias biogeográficas que habita. Este estudio incluye cuatro provincias biogeográficas donde se reporta a la serpiente de pino mexicana: El Altiplano Mexicano, la Faja Volcánica Trans-Mexicana, la Sierra Madre Occidental y la Sierra Madre Oriental, México. Se selecciona","PeriodicalId":29892,"journal":{"name":"Ichthyology and Herpetology","volume":"110 1","pages":"690 - 704"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49267610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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