Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/02
Michela Catto
It was not difficult for a foreigner in China to get killed. China was the country that resembled Ancient Pagan Europe most closely and thus it was the perfect place for martyrs. Nevertheless, among the many Jesuits who suffered persecution, tribulation, imprisonment and torture, few of them suffered death for hatred of their religion. Such an absence became a matter for disputation among the religious orders over the Chinese Rites. If bloodshed was a requisite for the spread of Christianity, the lack of martyrs of the Society of Jesus was proof that the type of Christianity they preached in China was not the true faith, but an adapted and compromised version. Among the first observers of this peculiar absence of Jesuit martyrs in China was Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza (1600-1659), one of the main opponents of the Jesuit method adopted in China. In his writings, the absence of Jesuit martyrs became the confirmation that the adaptation practised by the Jesuits had denied the Christian message its most subversive power and witness to the faith.
外国人在中国被杀并不难。中国是与古代异教欧洲最相似的国家，因此是殉道者的理想之地。然而，在许多遭受迫害、苦难、监禁和酷刑的耶稣会士中，很少有人因对其宗教的仇恨而死亡。这样的缺位成为了宗教团体之间对中国礼制的争论。如果说流血是基督教传播的必要条件，那么耶稣会没有殉道者就证明了他们在中国传播的基督教并不是真正的信仰，而是一个经过改编和妥协的版本。最早观察到中国没有耶稣会殉道者的是主教胡安·德·帕拉福克斯·门多萨(Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, 1600-1659)，他是中国采用耶稣会方法的主要反对者之一。在他的著作中，耶稣会士殉道者的缺席证实了耶稣会士所实行的适应剥夺了基督教信息最具颠覆性的力量和对信仰的见证。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/27
Sonia Isidori
The Jesuit theological reflection has played an important role in the long process of redefining the semantic extension of the term ‘martyrdom’. The originality of the Jesuit contribution on the topic is evident in the reflection on the “martyrio per pestem”. Through the study of two consolatory letters written by General Muzio Vitelleschi and the analysis of the “litterae indipetae” it is possible to trace the fourth directive of action of the Jesuit missionary magisterium, the “Indies of the plague”, and to clarify the importance and vividness of Jesuit discussion on the martyrdom for charity.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/10
Manuela Caianiello
The article highlights the political view in the novella L’Albergo by the Ferrarese author Maiolino Bisaccioni. The analysed text, unpublished in an annotated edition, gives a tacit view on the relationship between the sovereign and his collaborators. Generally, it offers a portrait of the 17th-century court. In this work we wanted to emphasise how fundamental is the testimony of Bisaccioni, who, as a politician and secretary at the service of many, on several occasions he expressed a personal opinion about the art of governing.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/50
Beatrice Tioli
This essay is divided into 2 sections. The first one is about the storytelling broadcasted by Italian television from its origin to nowadays about Italy’s fascist era, investigating what and how has been broadcasted, and which are the following interpretations. The second one is a quantitative analysis, based on archival research on the Teche Rai, about the presence of fascism in Rai’s programming of the last 20 years, with a focus on 4 programs, to map the episodes dedicated to fascism (and related concepts).
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/34
F. Alfieri
Prostitution has been traditionally treated as a phenomenon related to marginality, both by scholars and by observers contemporary to the periods considered in the volume. As Marzio Barbagli shows, however, it is central, intertwined with the organisation of communities. This essay reads the history of prostitution and the history of marriage from a comparative perspective, highlighting unexpected connections. Marriage is the institution that legitimises sexuality, making it decent and productive. Prostitution, too, with the various forms of regulation produced over a centuries-long history, has been the object of an economy of money and morality that incardinates social organisation.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/44
Silvia Notarfonso
In this essay, I investigate the Paulician communities that lived in Ottoman Bulgaria between the 17th and 18th centuries. At the end of the 16th century, a group of Bosnian Franciscans founded a Catholic mission there and began to convert the Paulicians. However, Paulician religious conduct remained tied to ancient customs, traditions and rituals perceived by the missionaries as superstitions. In particular, the vast majority of Paulician converts continued to practise animal sacrifice (commonly known as ‘Kurban’). Catholic missionaries and bishops active in the area tried to manage this controversial custom and sometimes ended up tolerating it. The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, on the other hand, ended up anathematising the tradition as a superstitious and pagan ritual in the second half of the 18th century: did they succeed in achieving these goals permanently?
在这篇文章中，我调查了17至18世纪生活在奥斯曼帝国保加利亚的保利西亚社区。16世纪末，一群波斯尼亚方济各会士在那里建立了一个天主教传教会，并开始使保利派教徒皈依。然而，保利西亚人的宗教行为仍然与传教士认为是迷信的古老习俗、传统和仪式联系在一起。特别是，绝大多数保利西亚皈依者继续实行动物祭祀(俗称“Kurban”)。活跃在该地区的天主教传教士和主教试图管理这一有争议的习俗，有时最终会容忍它。另一方面，在18世纪下半叶，信仰传播圣会(The Sacred Congregation for The Propagation of The Faith)最终将这一传统斥为迷信和异教仪式:他们成功地永久实现了这些目标吗?
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.52056/9791254691984/45
C. Facchini
Theories of religion, which appeared in the second half of the Nineteenth century, focused their attention on the analysis of sacrifice. The theorizing process that is so distinctive of this period contributed to define a number of relevant concepts that exerted a relevant influence in the Twentieth century. This article aims to illustrate the path which led to relevant theories of sacrifice unearthing the conversation among some scholars and intellectuals of different European countries whose work contributed to the rise and institutionalization of new disciplinary fields: sociology, anthropology, ethnology, history of religions, psychoanalysis.
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