Lack of understanding of the ideas of quantum physics leads to the fact that the very word "quantum" begins to be perceived as a synonym for something mysterious, incomprehensible, and even doubtful. The arising errors sometimes lead to inadequate media coverage of the development of quantum technologies, as the case with the ignorant reaction of the press in June 2016 to the statement of the Russian authorities about the prospects of quantum teleportation, which some media presented as teleportation from science fiction. Such misunderstandings can impede the formation of the necessary trust in quantum technologies on the part of the business community, politicians and the public. In part, the reason for this state of the art may be the insufficient attention of physicists themselves to the development of popular scientific and pedagogical discourse, which makes it possible to correctly introduce the ideas of quantum mechanics into the context of general culture. For decades, physicists have flaunted the kind of esotericism of quantum mechanics. Journalists love to quote the classics of quantum physics: “Those who are not shocked when they first come across quantum theory cannot possibly have understood it” (Niels Bohr); “I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics” (Richard Feynman); “Quantum mechanics is absolutely meaningless” (Roger Penrose) [1]. Indeed, for many quantum-scale phenomena, no analogues have yet been found in the everyday world, and they are difficult to express in our everyday language. As a result, the introduction to quantum mechanics begins with a description of the mathematical formalism, which becomes an obstacle for the untrained listener and is not suitable for popularization. Moreover, such an approach creates problems for physicists themselves: many of them, studying the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and being convinced in practice of its effectiveness, do not ask the question of how the founders of this science were able to go in the opposite direction and, starting from experience, find the required formalism. As a result, important problematic and heuristic aspects of the development of science may drop off even professional physicists’ radar. In view of the above, an important task is to find effective explanatory techniques that allow one to talk about quantum phenomena without resorting to mathematical apparatus and without abuse of doubtful metaphors. This article attempts to find such an approach to explaining quantum cryptography. The choice in its favor is determined by the fact that it is one of the most mature quantum technologies of the second generation, which is already beginning to generate a demand for technical specialists to set up and maintain secure quantum communication lines. This activity requires a general understanding of the ideas of quantum mechanics underlying the technology, but at the same time, it does not require full knowledge of the mathematical ap
{"title":"Quantum cryptography in the aspect of popularization of science and development of professional and technical qualifications","authors":"V.E. Rodimin, L.I. Stefanenko, A.G. Sergeev, Yu.V. Kurochkin","doi":"10.18127/j22250980-202102-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250980-202102-01","url":null,"abstract":"Lack of understanding of the ideas of quantum physics leads to the fact that the very word \"quantum\" begins to be perceived as a synonym for something mysterious, incomprehensible, and even doubtful. The arising errors sometimes lead to inadequate media coverage of the development of quantum technologies, as the case with the ignorant reaction of the press in June 2016 to the statement of the Russian authorities about the prospects of quantum teleportation, which some media presented as teleportation from science fiction. Such misunderstandings can impede the formation of the necessary trust in quantum technologies on the part of the business community, politicians and the public. In part, the reason for this state of the art may be the insufficient attention of physicists themselves to the development of popular scientific and pedagogical discourse, which makes it possible to correctly introduce the ideas of quantum mechanics into the context of general culture. For decades, physicists have flaunted the kind of esotericism of quantum mechanics. Journalists love to quote the classics of quantum physics: “Those who are not shocked when they first come across quantum theory cannot possibly have understood it” (Niels Bohr); “I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics” (Richard Feynman); “Quantum mechanics is absolutely meaningless” (Roger Penrose) [1]. Indeed, for many quantum-scale phenomena, no analogues have yet been found in the everyday world, and they are difficult to express in our everyday language. As a result, the introduction to quantum mechanics begins with a description of the mathematical formalism, which becomes an obstacle for the untrained listener and is not suitable for popularization. Moreover, such an approach creates problems for physicists themselves: many of them, studying the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and being convinced in practice of its effectiveness, do not ask the question of how the founders of this science were able to go in the opposite direction and, starting from experience, find the required formalism. As a result, important problematic and heuristic aspects of the development of science may drop off even professional physicists’ radar. In view of the above, an important task is to find effective explanatory techniques that allow one to talk about quantum phenomena without resorting to mathematical apparatus and without abuse of doubtful metaphors. This article attempts to find such an approach to explaining quantum cryptography. The choice in its favor is determined by the fact that it is one of the most mature quantum technologies of the second generation, which is already beginning to generate a demand for technical specialists to set up and maintain secure quantum communication lines. This activity requires a general understanding of the ideas of quantum mechanics underlying the technology, but at the same time, it does not require full knowledge of the mathematical ap","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126714418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j22250980-202102-05
V. Nazarov, I. I. Danilov, N. Nazarov, D. Dmitriev, N. A. Vetrova
The design of technological processes for the manufacture of gas-dynamic supports (GDO) of gyroscopes is traditionally based on the use of finishing operations with the use of free abrasive. This leads to a high complexity of manufacturing such devices and complicates mass production. Reducing the labor intensity is possible when the labor-intensive finishing operation with a more productive operation of honing the holes of the GDO is replacing. But such a replacement requires the development of high-precision technology, which implies mathematical modeling of the process of honing the holes of GDO gyroscopes made of ceramic CM-332. Objective – a mathematical model of the process of honing the holes of GDO gyroscopes made of ceramic CM-332 is developed, which allows for the known shape of the workpiece, the tool used and the technological modes to calculate the geometric shape of the processed hole, and the value of any error. A mathematical model of honing of precision holes of GDO gyroscopes is developed, which takes into account the main factors of the process, the characteristics of the tool and the technological modes of processing. The dependence of the accuracy of the geometric shape of the processed hole on the characteristics of the tool is determined. The use of the results of the study made it possible to reduce the labor intensity of finishing operations for processing GDO holes by 10-15 times in the conditions of mass production of gyroscopes.
{"title":"Mathematical model of honing of gas-dynamic supports","authors":"V. Nazarov, I. I. Danilov, N. Nazarov, D. Dmitriev, N. A. Vetrova","doi":"10.18127/j22250980-202102-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250980-202102-05","url":null,"abstract":"The design of technological processes for the manufacture of gas-dynamic supports (GDO) of gyroscopes is traditionally based on the use of finishing operations with the use of free abrasive. This leads to a high complexity of manufacturing such devices and complicates mass production. Reducing the labor intensity is possible when the labor-intensive finishing operation with a more productive operation of honing the holes of the GDO is replacing. But such a replacement requires the development of high-precision technology, which implies mathematical modeling of the process of honing the holes of GDO gyroscopes made of ceramic CM-332. Objective – a mathematical model of the process of honing the holes of GDO gyroscopes made of ceramic CM-332 is developed, which allows for the known shape of the workpiece, the tool used and the technological modes to calculate the geometric shape of the processed hole, and the value of any error. A mathematical model of honing of precision holes of GDO gyroscopes is developed, which takes into account the main factors of the process, the characteristics of the tool and the technological modes of processing. The dependence of the accuracy of the geometric shape of the processed hole on the characteristics of the tool is determined. The use of the results of the study made it possible to reduce the labor intensity of finishing operations for processing GDO holes by 10-15 times in the conditions of mass production of gyroscopes.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129009604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j22250980-202102-04
V. G. Nazarov, S. Agasieva, M. Sedankin, S. Vesnin, V. Leushin, D. Dudkin, I.I. Myshletsov
The development of an intracavitary multichannel diagnostic radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits will allow creating a medical device that allows diagnosing diseases of internal organs of the human body. Purpose: to consider the option of constructing a diagnostic intracavity antenna with several measurement channels for a multichannel radiothermograph built on the basis of monolithic integrated circuits. A variant of constructing a multichannel radiothermograph for intracavity thermometry, implemented in the form of an intracavity antenna with five channels, a microwave switch and a microwave single-channel radiometer, is proposed. The intracavity antenna allows you to measure the temperature at five points of the biological cavity. The antennas are switched using a multi-channel switch integrated with the microwave radiometer. The conducted theoretical studies confirm the possibility of using multichannel microwave radiometry in medicine for intracavitary thermometry The basis for creating a model of a multichannel microwave radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits for intracavitary examination is laid.
{"title":"Intracavity antenna for multichannel radiothermograph","authors":"V. G. Nazarov, S. Agasieva, M. Sedankin, S. Vesnin, V. Leushin, D. Dudkin, I.I. Myshletsov","doi":"10.18127/j22250980-202102-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250980-202102-04","url":null,"abstract":"The development of an intracavitary multichannel diagnostic radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits will allow creating a medical device that allows diagnosing diseases of internal organs of the human body. Purpose: to consider the option of constructing a diagnostic intracavity antenna with several measurement channels for a multichannel radiothermograph built on the basis of monolithic integrated circuits. A variant of constructing a multichannel radiothermograph for intracavity thermometry, implemented in the form of an intracavity antenna with five channels, a microwave switch and a microwave single-channel radiometer, is proposed. The intracavity antenna allows you to measure the temperature at five points of the biological cavity. The antennas are switched using a multi-channel switch integrated with the microwave radiometer. The conducted theoretical studies confirm the possibility of using multichannel microwave radiometry in medicine for intracavitary thermometry The basis for creating a model of a multichannel microwave radiothermograph based on monolithic integrated circuits for intracavitary examination is laid.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121182077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j00338486-202007(14)-01
O. Glukhova, M. Slepchenkov
This paper is devoted to the study of the dynamic processes that occur in the carbon nanotorus during localized breaking of interatomic bonds, and to the analysis of the influence of these processes on the electronic properties of carbon nanotorus. The object of research is a carbon nanotorus with chirality indices (13, 0) with a diameter of 20 nm and a thickness of 1 nm obtained as a result of defect-free folding of a zigzag carbon nanotube of appropriate geometric dimensions into a ring. The behavior of the nanotorus is modeled by the molecular dynamics method using a modified Brenner potential to describe the interaction between atoms. It is shown that over time, the nanotorus straightens into a nanotube, while maintaining energy stability. It is found that the process of nanotorus straightening is accompanied by the appearance of deformation wave-like bends propagating at a speed of 200 m/s along the atomic network of the structure. These bends lead to deformation of the nanotorus and numerous local breaks in the bonds between atoms. However, broken bonds are restored within a few femtoseconds before the structure relaxes in energy, therefore, in general, the atomic framework of the nanotorus remains defect-free after rectification. The results of calculating the distribution of the density of electronic states (DOS) of a nanotorus by the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) quantum method showed that at the moment of localized breaking of interatomic bonds around the circumference of the tubular framework, the nanotorus loses its semiconductor properties, becoming a gapless conductor. The discovered physical phenomenon explains the process of nanotorus formation during synthesis accompanied by multiple ruptures of the nanotori and reverse closure of the nanotubes into the nanotori.
{"title":"Energy stability and electronic properties of carbon nanotorus at a localized breaking of interatomic bonds: computer modeling","authors":"O. Glukhova, M. Slepchenkov","doi":"10.18127/j00338486-202007(14)-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j00338486-202007(14)-01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to the study of the dynamic processes that occur in the carbon nanotorus during localized breaking of interatomic bonds, and to the analysis of the influence of these processes on the electronic properties of carbon nanotorus. The object of research is a carbon nanotorus with chirality indices (13, 0) with a diameter of 20 nm and a thickness of 1 nm obtained as a result of defect-free folding of a zigzag carbon nanotube of appropriate geometric dimensions into a ring. The behavior of the nanotorus is modeled by the molecular dynamics method using a modified Brenner potential to describe the interaction between atoms. It is shown that over time, the nanotorus straightens into a nanotube, while maintaining energy stability. It is found that the process of nanotorus straightening is accompanied by the appearance of deformation wave-like bends propagating at a speed of 200 m/s along the atomic network of the structure. These bends lead to deformation of the nanotorus and numerous local breaks in the bonds between atoms. However, broken bonds are restored within a few femtoseconds before the structure relaxes in energy, therefore, in general, the atomic framework of the nanotorus remains defect-free after rectification. The results of calculating the distribution of the density of electronic states (DOS) of a nanotorus by the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) quantum method showed that at the moment of localized breaking of interatomic bonds around the circumference of the tubular framework, the nanotorus loses its semiconductor properties, becoming a gapless conductor. The discovered physical phenomenon explains the process of nanotorus formation during synthesis accompanied by multiple ruptures of the nanotori and reverse closure of the nanotubes into the nanotori.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129612537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j22250980-202102-03
А. М. Mikhalko, A. Rogachev, M. Yarmolenko, Xuhui Jin, Hongliang Zhang, H. Cao, P. A. Lychnikov, А.V. Rogachev
Doping of polyaniline (PANI) coatings by metal nanoparticles is a highly effective method for increasing their electrically conductive (EC), photovoltaic, and catalytic properties. In this case, the particular interest is the formation of metal-filled polyaniline coatings during their synthesis by the vacuum method. The growth of the polymer chain and the processes of structure formation proceed simultaneously and it becomes possible to vary the degree of doping, protonation, and ordering of the formed thin-film systems in a wide range. The purpose of the development is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of electron-beam dispersion from volatile products, the molecular structure of polyaniline-based layers containing noble metal nanoparticles, and to establish the effect of dopants on the molecular organization of the formed layers. The features of deposition from volatile products of electron-beam dispersion of nanocomposite polyaniline-based coatings and metal nanoparticles (silver, gold) are determined. The features of the molecular structure of the layers and the influence and its change upon the introduction of dopants by the methods of Raman and IR Fourier spectroscopy have been established. It is shown that the coatings have a conformational state of macromolecules in the form of flat extended chains, and a more oxidized structure of polyaniline layers is observed when silver chloride is used. It is shown that the features of the molecular structure of the formed polymer matrix based on polyaniline are due to the manifestation of a specific non-covalent interaction of macromolecules with metal nanoparticles. Analysis of the study results indicates the deposition possibility from the gas phase of nanocomposite conducting coatings based on polyaniline, which are a system of protonated conducting polymer chains and metal clusters. Such coatings are promising elements of sensor devices for various purposes; they can be used, in particular, in the creation of electrochromic devices.
{"title":"Vapor deposition of metal-doped polyaniline coatings, their molecular structure","authors":"А. М. Mikhalko, A. Rogachev, M. Yarmolenko, Xuhui Jin, Hongliang Zhang, H. Cao, P. A. Lychnikov, А.V. Rogachev","doi":"10.18127/j22250980-202102-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250980-202102-03","url":null,"abstract":"Doping of polyaniline (PANI) coatings by metal nanoparticles is a highly effective method for increasing their electrically conductive (EC), photovoltaic, and catalytic properties. In this case, the particular interest is the formation of metal-filled polyaniline coatings during their synthesis by the vacuum method. The growth of the polymer chain and the processes of structure formation proceed simultaneously and it becomes possible to vary the degree of doping, protonation, and ordering of the formed thin-film systems in a wide range. The purpose of the development is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of electron-beam dispersion from volatile products, the molecular structure of polyaniline-based layers containing noble metal nanoparticles, and to establish the effect of dopants on the molecular organization of the formed layers. The features of deposition from volatile products of electron-beam dispersion of nanocomposite polyaniline-based coatings and metal nanoparticles (silver, gold) are determined. The features of the molecular structure of the layers and the influence and its change upon the introduction of dopants by the methods of Raman and IR Fourier spectroscopy have been established. It is shown that the coatings have a conformational state of macromolecules in the form of flat extended chains, and a more oxidized structure of polyaniline layers is observed when silver chloride is used. It is shown that the features of the molecular structure of the formed polymer matrix based on polyaniline are due to the manifestation of a specific non-covalent interaction of macromolecules with metal nanoparticles. Analysis of the study results indicates the deposition possibility from the gas phase of nanocomposite conducting coatings based on polyaniline, which are a system of protonated conducting polymer chains and metal clusters. Such coatings are promising elements of sensor devices for various purposes; they can be used, in particular, in the creation of electrochromic devices.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129138353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j22250980-202102-02
S.I. Agasieva, E. A. Smetanin, A. Vechkanov, A. Gubanov
Statement of the problem of this article - one of the most important problems is protection from especially dangerous infectious diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical trials will significantly reduce the time for obtaining the results of analyzes, thereby speeding up the appointment of treatment to patients. The purpose of the article is to present modern designs of biosensors based on gallium nitride, the possibilities of their application and characteristics. Consider the principles of operation, areas of application and characteristics. As a result, the design of modern biosensors and modern trends in their use from various sources of literature in recent years are shown. Biosensors, principles of their action, areas of application and characteristics are considered, which will reduce the possible socio-economic damage from temporary disability for sick citizens due to the rapid and timely implementation of anti-epidemic measures. Practical value: the proposed biosensors are of interest as devices for detecting diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical disease research has several potential advantages over other clinical analysis methods, including increased analysis speed and flexibility, multipurpose analysis capability, automation, reduced diagnostic testing costs, and the ability to integrate molecular diagnostic tests into local healthcare systems.
{"title":"Analysis of the tendency of development of biosensors based on GaN","authors":"S.I. Agasieva, E. A. Smetanin, A. Vechkanov, A. Gubanov","doi":"10.18127/j22250980-202102-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250980-202102-02","url":null,"abstract":"Statement of the problem of this article - one of the most important problems is protection from especially dangerous infectious diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical trials will significantly reduce the time for obtaining the results of analyzes, thereby speeding up the appointment of treatment to patients. The purpose of the article is to present modern designs of biosensors based on gallium nitride, the possibilities of their application and characteristics. Consider the principles of operation, areas of application and characteristics. As a result, the design of modern biosensors and modern trends in their use from various sources of literature in recent years are shown. Biosensors, principles of their action, areas of application and characteristics are considered, which will reduce the possible socio-economic damage from temporary disability for sick citizens due to the rapid and timely implementation of anti-epidemic measures. Practical value: the proposed biosensors are of interest as devices for detecting diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical disease research has several potential advantages over other clinical analysis methods, including increased analysis speed and flexibility, multipurpose analysis capability, automation, reduced diagnostic testing costs, and the ability to integrate molecular diagnostic tests into local healthcare systems.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115279303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j15604136-202005-05
N. Loginova, E. Loseva, A. V. Kryuchkova, L. Russu, M. Mezentseva
The unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) (increased strength, flexibility, electrical and thermal conductivity) make them very promising for use in various fields of human activity. But the question of their toxic effects on the body is actively discussed in the literature. There is a lot of body toxicity data of large doses of CNT, but the question of the potential danger of small doses of CNT is a practically unexplored issue. Earlier, we showed that a single intranasal injection of single-walled CNT (SWCNT) in a small dose (4 μg / kg) to rats inhibited the mRNA production of most cytokines in both spleen and brain. At the same time, the expression of the early c-fos gene in the olfactory bulb and the pyriform cortex was increased [Loseva E.V. et al., 2016]. It is known very little about the effect of low doses of SWCNT on animal behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a small doses of SWCNT with subacute intranasal administration of different duration on the behavior of rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, which is used to estimate the anxiety. Male Wistar rats were daily intranasal administrated 100 μl of SWCNT suspensions in physiological saline (PS) in small (5.2 μg / kg, n = 9) dose for 4 (n = 9) or 13 (n = 9) days. Control rats were administrated analogically 100 μl of PS (n = 19). A statistical analysis of indicators of rats' behavior in EPM (5 minutes each) was performed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, and then using the comparison on the non-parametric criterion of Mann-Whitney for independent features by the program STATISTICA 7.0. It was shown that in the EPM test in rats after 4-fold injection of a small dose of SWCNT, as compared with the control group, there was observed the behavior activation in the center and open arm, what was expressed in frequent and lengthy visits, but with a reduction of the average time of such visits. These animals also had increased the vertical exploratory activity (rears), horizontal exploratory activity (head dips) and motor activity, but the grooming indicators were decreased. After chronic administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 13 days, the direction of some of these changes was maintained, but was expressed to a much lesser degree (only at the level of the tendency in comparison to the control group). So, these rats, compared with the control, more often and longer visited the central site, more often visited open arms and less time were in closed arms. At the same time, the average time of the dark visits was smaller, and the average time of grooming, on the contrary, was longer than in the control. Thus, the intranasal administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 4 days in rats had provoked atypical symptoms of anxiety, which were expressed in an agitated behavior in the EPM, as evidenced by the strong activation of most behavioral reactions. The intranasal administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 13 days also has led to some activa
{"title":"Comparative analysis of rats’ behavior in the «elevated plus maze» after the intranasal administration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small dose in subacute experiments of different duration","authors":"N. Loginova, E. Loseva, A. V. Kryuchkova, L. Russu, M. Mezentseva","doi":"10.18127/j15604136-202005-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j15604136-202005-05","url":null,"abstract":"The unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) (increased strength, flexibility, electrical and thermal conductivity) make them very promising for use in various fields of human activity. But the question of their toxic effects on the body is actively discussed in the literature. There is a lot of body toxicity data of large doses of CNT, but the question of the potential danger of small doses of CNT is a practically unexplored issue. Earlier, we showed that a single intranasal injection of single-walled CNT (SWCNT) in a small dose (4 μg / kg) to rats inhibited the mRNA production of most cytokines in both spleen and brain. At the same time, the expression of the early c-fos gene in the olfactory bulb and the pyriform cortex was increased [Loseva E.V. et al., 2016]. It is known very little about the effect of low doses of SWCNT on animal behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a small doses of SWCNT with subacute intranasal administration of different duration on the behavior of rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, which is used to estimate the anxiety. Male Wistar rats were daily intranasal administrated 100 μl of SWCNT suspensions in physiological saline (PS) in small (5.2 μg / kg, n = 9) dose for 4 (n = 9) or 13 (n = 9) days. Control rats were administrated analogically 100 μl of PS (n = 19). A statistical analysis of indicators of rats' behavior in EPM (5 minutes each) was performed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, and then using the comparison on the non-parametric criterion of Mann-Whitney for independent features by the program STATISTICA 7.0. It was shown that in the EPM test in rats after 4-fold injection of a small dose of SWCNT, as compared with the control group, there was observed the behavior activation in the center and open arm, what was expressed in frequent and lengthy visits, but with a reduction of the average time of such visits. These animals also had increased the vertical exploratory activity (rears), horizontal exploratory activity (head dips) and motor activity, but the grooming indicators were decreased. After chronic administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 13 days, the direction of some of these changes was maintained, but was expressed to a much lesser degree (only at the level of the tendency in comparison to the control group). So, these rats, compared with the control, more often and longer visited the central site, more often visited open arms and less time were in closed arms. At the same time, the average time of the dark visits was smaller, and the average time of grooming, on the contrary, was longer than in the control. Thus, the intranasal administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 4 days in rats had provoked atypical symptoms of anxiety, which were expressed in an agitated behavior in the EPM, as evidenced by the strong activation of most behavioral reactions. The intranasal administration of SWCNT in a small dose for 13 days also has led to some activa","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115009560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j22250999-201902-01
L. Aref`eva, I. G. Shebzukhova
The interface energy is general factor, which has determined the critical size and equilibrium shape of nanoparticles, velocity of its growth and stability. The electron-statistical method, based on the Thomas-Fermi theory taking into account its current state, allows one to calculate the interfacial energy of metallic objects of different dimensions at the boundary with various media. Based on this method, we have developed a variant for calculating the interfacial energy of the system « low-dimensional metallic phase - polar dielectric film». The polyatomic alcohols (diols), used, for example, as non-aqueous media for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, were chosen as the external medium. Also we have chosen cobalt nanocrystals as a low-dimensional metallic phase. Expressions are obtained for the external and internal contributions to the interfacial energy of the system, including the polarization correction, due to the presence of a dielectric fluid in the external region of the system. The effect of a limited dielectric fluid layer on the Gibbs boundary coordinate is analyzed. The presence of a dielectric leads to a shift of the Gibbs boundary to the external region of the system, that is, the so-called effect of «pulling the tail» of the electron density is observed. It is shown that with increasing dielectric constant, the magnitude of the polarization contribution increases rapidly in magnitude. The interface energy of a cobalt nanocrystal at the interface with polar polyatomic alcohols is calculated. The interfacial energy of the faces of cobalt nanocrystals decreases nonlinearly with an increase in the linear dimensions of the metal phase. It is shown that the dielectric coating changes the character of the dimensional and orientational dependence in comparison with the interfacial energy of macrocrystals and thin films at the interface with vacuum. With a constant size of the metal phase and an increase in the thickness of the dielectric coating, the interface energy of faces and anisotropy increase. It has been established that 1,2-ethanediol is the most effective surfactant for cobalt particles of the polyatomic alcohols considered in this paper. The dependencies obtained in this work are consistent with the literature data for the thin films of alkaline metals and other system.
{"title":"The interfacial energy of metallic nanoparticles on the boundary with polyatomic alcohols","authors":"L. Aref`eva, I. G. Shebzukhova","doi":"10.18127/j22250999-201902-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j22250999-201902-01","url":null,"abstract":"The interface energy is general factor, which has determined the critical size and equilibrium shape of nanoparticles, velocity of its growth and stability. The electron-statistical method, based on the Thomas-Fermi theory taking into account its current state, allows one to calculate the interfacial energy of metallic objects of different dimensions at the boundary with various media. Based on this method, we have developed a variant for calculating the interfacial energy of the system « low-dimensional metallic phase - polar dielectric film». The polyatomic alcohols (diols), used, for example, as non-aqueous media for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, were chosen as the external medium. Also we have chosen cobalt nanocrystals as a low-dimensional metallic phase. Expressions are obtained for the external and internal contributions to the interfacial energy of the system, including the polarization correction, due to the presence of a dielectric fluid in the external region of the system. The effect of a limited dielectric fluid layer on the Gibbs boundary coordinate is analyzed. The presence of a dielectric leads to a shift of the Gibbs boundary to the external region of the system, that is, the so-called effect of «pulling the tail» of the electron density is observed. It is shown that with increasing dielectric constant, the magnitude of the polarization contribution increases rapidly in magnitude. The interface energy of a cobalt nanocrystal at the interface with polar polyatomic alcohols is calculated. The interfacial energy of the faces of cobalt nanocrystals decreases nonlinearly with an increase in the linear dimensions of the metal phase. It is shown that the dielectric coating changes the character of the dimensional and orientational dependence in comparison with the interfacial energy of macrocrystals and thin films at the interface with vacuum. With a constant size of the metal phase and an increase in the thickness of the dielectric coating, the interface energy of faces and anisotropy increase. It has been established that 1,2-ethanediol is the most effective surfactant for cobalt particles of the polyatomic alcohols considered in this paper. The dependencies obtained in this work are consistent with the literature data for the thin films of alkaline metals and other system.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125097917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j19998465-201907-02
A. Belyanin, A. Bagdasarian, S. Nalimov
For the manufacture of electronic devices, layered structures based on substances characterized by a complex of unique properties are promising. These substances include AlN, which has the property of field emission, is a piezoelectric and wide-gap semiconductor material and has high hardness, thermal conductivity, sound speed, stability at high temperatures. To create microwave acoustoelectronic devices, AlN is promising as a piezoelectric material with a strong piezoelectric effect. The main factor determining the achievement and reproducibility of the necessary physicochemical properties of AlN films, in particular, piezoelectric ones, is the ordered structure of the film. To solve the problem of producing films with an ordered atomic structure, sputtering methods are promising, in particular, magnetron sputtering, the application of which has no restrictions on the synthesis temperature and requirements for the substrate material. The disadvantage of growing films by magnetron sputtering is the production of multiphase material, which requires careful refinement of the synthesis conditions and control of the properties of the resulting substances. The method of reactive RF magnetron sputtering on substrates of amorphous and crystalline materials grown AlN films with a thickness of 10 nm to 10 μm. It was established that AlN films consist of X-ray-amorphous and axially textured <0001> crystalline phases. Using electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, we studied the influence of synthesis conditions on the composition and structure of AlN films. The Raman spectra of light of AlN films with different contents and structure of the crystalline phase are shown. The piezoelectric efficiency of the films was determined on the models of delay lines on surface acoustic waves. Understanding the features of crystallization and phase transformations during film growth by spraying methods helps to create layered structures with controlled values of functional properties and operational characteristics. The ability to control the piezoelectric efficiency of AlN films by Raman spectra is shown.
{"title":"Piezoelectric films of AlN grown by reactive high-frequency magnetron sputtering","authors":"A. Belyanin, A. Bagdasarian, S. Nalimov","doi":"10.18127/j19998465-201907-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j19998465-201907-02","url":null,"abstract":"For the manufacture of electronic devices, layered structures based on substances characterized by a complex of unique properties are promising. These substances include AlN, which has the property of field emission, is a piezoelectric and wide-gap semiconductor material and has high hardness, thermal conductivity, sound speed, stability at high temperatures. To create microwave acoustoelectronic devices, AlN is promising as a piezoelectric material with a strong piezoelectric effect. The main factor determining the achievement and reproducibility of the necessary physicochemical properties of AlN films, in particular, piezoelectric ones, is the ordered structure of the film. To solve the problem of producing films with an ordered atomic structure, sputtering methods are promising, in particular, magnetron sputtering, the application of which has no restrictions on the synthesis temperature and requirements for the substrate material. The disadvantage of growing films by magnetron sputtering is the production of multiphase material, which requires careful refinement of the synthesis conditions and control of the properties of the resulting substances. The method of reactive RF magnetron sputtering on substrates of amorphous and crystalline materials grown AlN films with a thickness of 10 nm to 10 μm. It was established that AlN films consist of X-ray-amorphous and axially textured <0001> crystalline phases. Using electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, we studied the influence of synthesis conditions on the composition and structure of AlN films. The Raman spectra of light of AlN films with different contents and structure of the crystalline phase are shown. The piezoelectric efficiency of the films was determined on the models of delay lines on surface acoustic waves. Understanding the features of crystallization and phase transformations during film growth by spraying methods helps to create layered structures with controlled values of functional properties and operational characteristics. The ability to control the piezoelectric efficiency of AlN films by Raman spectra is shown.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121764068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.18127/j15604128-202001-2-08
V.S. Zayonchkovsky, Aung Kyaw Kyaw, A. Andreev
Films containing layers of dispersion-hardening alloys (LDHA) based on the Fe-Cr-Co system were obtained by magnetron sputtering. LDHA acquire the properties of film permanent magnets after a single-stage «fast» high-vacuum annealing. Bulk materials acquire such properties only after many hours of multi-stage heat treatment. The film samples acquire these properties in tens of seconds. The morphology of their surface was studied to determine the origin of the coercive force of film samples. The surface morphology was studied using high resolution scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. We studied two compositions that, in bulk, have a different tendency to form many phases during crystallization. In magnetron sputtering, the alloy in which a multiphase state is easily formed is polycrystalline. The antipode alloy in magnetron sputtering is realized in an amorphous state. After annealing, both alloys are in a polycrystalline state. Electron microscopic examination showed that as a result of annealing, crystallites are formed with a large projection onto the substrate plane, which grow due to the nearest neighbors. Moreover, these crystallites have not only a large area, but also a height. After annealing, both alloys are in a polycrystalline state. Electron microscopic examination showed that as a result of annealing, crystallites are formed with a large projection onto the substrate plane, which grow due to the nearest neighbors. Moreover, these crystallites have not only a large area, but also a height. What is determined by atomic force microscopy. High crystallites are also faceted. This may indicate that the composition of these crystallites differs from the composition of the surrounding layer, which may be the reason for the increase in coercive force as a result of annealing.
{"title":"Investigation of surface morphology of thin metal films with magnetic layers Fe-Cr-Co","authors":"V.S. Zayonchkovsky, Aung Kyaw Kyaw, A. Andreev","doi":"10.18127/j15604128-202001-2-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18127/j15604128-202001-2-08","url":null,"abstract":"Films containing layers of dispersion-hardening alloys (LDHA) based on the Fe-Cr-Co system were obtained by magnetron sputtering. LDHA acquire the properties of film permanent magnets after a single-stage «fast» high-vacuum annealing. Bulk materials acquire such properties only after many hours of multi-stage heat treatment. The film samples acquire these properties in tens of seconds. The morphology of their surface was studied to determine the origin of the coercive force of film samples. The surface morphology was studied using high resolution scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. We studied two compositions that, in bulk, have a different tendency to form many phases during crystallization. In magnetron sputtering, the alloy in which a multiphase state is easily formed is polycrystalline. The antipode alloy in magnetron sputtering is realized in an amorphous state. After annealing, both alloys are in a polycrystalline state. Electron microscopic examination showed that as a result of annealing, crystallites are formed with a large projection onto the substrate plane, which grow due to the nearest neighbors. Moreover, these crystallites have not only a large area, but also a height. After annealing, both alloys are in a polycrystalline state. Electron microscopic examination showed that as a result of annealing, crystallites are formed with a large projection onto the substrate plane, which grow due to the nearest neighbors. Moreover, these crystallites have not only a large area, but also a height. What is determined by atomic force microscopy. High crystallites are also faceted. This may indicate that the composition of these crystallites differs from the composition of the surrounding layer, which may be the reason for the increase in coercive force as a result of annealing.","PeriodicalId":299896,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology : the development , application - XXI Century","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127038407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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