Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00016
G. Kalem, Fofy Setaki, A. Georgakopoulos, Serhat Col, Sotiris Messinis, Tahir Sari, Maciej Muehleisen, K. Katsaros, Arda Taha Candan
5G becomes a key enabler for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM), due to its unprecedented performance characteristics. For CAM services extending across national borders, the crossing between two countries is still challenging, as it is extremely hard to guarantee the connectivity service and application session continuity when Handing Over (HO) from one Mobile Network Operator (MNO) to the other. 5G-MOBIX sets out to investigate service assurance aspects and perform large-scale field trials on real Cross-Border Crossing (CBC). This paper presents the Greece-Turkey CBC 5G Deployment, discussing the roaming options in relation to technology capabilities, limitations and optimisations, and then summarises the key results from the extensive trials on four use cases that have been selected to be investigated in the GR-TR CBC.
{"title":"5G-MOBIX: The Greece–Turkey Cross–Border Corridor 5G Deployment and Use Cases Results","authors":"G. Kalem, Fofy Setaki, A. Georgakopoulos, Serhat Col, Sotiris Messinis, Tahir Sari, Maciej Muehleisen, K. Katsaros, Arda Taha Candan","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00016","url":null,"abstract":"5G becomes a key enabler for Connected and Automated Mobility (CAM), due to its unprecedented performance characteristics. For CAM services extending across national borders, the crossing between two countries is still challenging, as it is extremely hard to guarantee the connectivity service and application session continuity when Handing Over (HO) from one Mobile Network Operator (MNO) to the other. 5G-MOBIX sets out to investigate service assurance aspects and perform large-scale field trials on real Cross-Border Crossing (CBC). This paper presents the Greece-Turkey CBC 5G Deployment, discussing the roaming options in relation to technology capabilities, limitations and optimisations, and then summarises the key results from the extensive trials on four use cases that have been selected to be investigated in the GR-TR CBC.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131353875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00063
Mohammad Asif Habibi, Adrián Gallego Sánchez, Ignacio Labrador Pavón, B. Han, G. Landi, B. Sayadi, Christos Ntogkas, I. Belikaidis, H. Schotten, P. Serrano, Jesús Pérez-Valero, A. Virdis
Network programmability is crucial for addressing the multiplicity and heterogeneity of Network Services, the diversity of the underlying infrastructure of Sixth-Generation (6G) communication systems, and the requirements for maximum efficiency. The programmability of a service platform enables algorithmic network management by leveraging contemporary software virtualization technologies. Moreover, network programmability will abstract the essential network/service and resource configuration, as well as the production and administration of policy lifecycles, as the number of local breakouts (both public and private) is anticipated to grow exponentially. Network programmability is the central point of interest for Hexa-X, the European 6G flagship project, which aims to facilitate the dynamic adaptation to changing network situations and requirements for the most efficient use of available resources. To explore such a critical enabler of futuristic mobile networks, this article addresses the role of network and service programmability and its impact on various aspects of 6G within the context of Hexa-X. In order to accomplish this, the article begins by discussing Hexa-X's proposed service Management and Orchestration (M&O) framework for 6G. Based on this framework, it identifies and explores in greater detail the programmability of four primary processes in 6G: expressing application and service requirements; service description models and profiling; monitoring and diagnostics; and reasoning. Beyond the scope of the Hexa-X, this article aims to serve as a foundation for future research into network and service programmability in 6G.
{"title":"Enabling Network and Service Programmability in 6G Mobile Communication Systems","authors":"Mohammad Asif Habibi, Adrián Gallego Sánchez, Ignacio Labrador Pavón, B. Han, G. Landi, B. Sayadi, Christos Ntogkas, I. Belikaidis, H. Schotten, P. Serrano, Jesús Pérez-Valero, A. Virdis","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00063","url":null,"abstract":"Network programmability is crucial for addressing the multiplicity and heterogeneity of Network Services, the diversity of the underlying infrastructure of Sixth-Generation (6G) communication systems, and the requirements for maximum efficiency. The programmability of a service platform enables algorithmic network management by leveraging contemporary software virtualization technologies. Moreover, network programmability will abstract the essential network/service and resource configuration, as well as the production and administration of policy lifecycles, as the number of local breakouts (both public and private) is anticipated to grow exponentially. Network programmability is the central point of interest for Hexa-X, the European 6G flagship project, which aims to facilitate the dynamic adaptation to changing network situations and requirements for the most efficient use of available resources. To explore such a critical enabler of futuristic mobile networks, this article addresses the role of network and service programmability and its impact on various aspects of 6G within the context of Hexa-X. In order to accomplish this, the article begins by discussing Hexa-X's proposed service Management and Orchestration (M&O) framework for 6G. Based on this framework, it identifies and explores in greater detail the programmability of four primary processes in 6G: expressing application and service requirements; service description models and profiling; monitoring and diagnostics; and reasoning. Beyond the scope of the Hexa-X, this article aims to serve as a foundation for future research into network and service programmability in 6G.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123638713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00049
Lizeth Lopez-Lopez, Á. G. Andrade, G. Galaviz
Spectrum sensing (SS) is an enabling task for efficient spectrum utilization, which is required by future 6G mobile networks. SS allows cognitive users to dynamically identify the status (present or absent) of primary users (PU) to access the underutilized frequency bands. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms has been proposed to solve the SS problem by treating it as a classification problem. However, this implies the need for vast information for training, which might not be available for all types of PU signals. This paper addresses SS as an anomaly detection (AD) problem, where the “normal” behavior is defined as the absence of the PU. Thus, the presence of the PU is considered an anomaly. The K-nearest neighbors algorithm is implemented after a pre-processing signal stage based on a Decomposition and Recombination algorithm to improve the performance in a cooperative SS (CSS) scenario. Results exhibit the gain in detection performance compared to the conventional energy detector.
{"title":"Cooperative Spectrum Sensing based on Anomaly Detection and K Nearest Neighbors","authors":"Lizeth Lopez-Lopez, Á. G. Andrade, G. Galaviz","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00049","url":null,"abstract":"Spectrum sensing (SS) is an enabling task for efficient spectrum utilization, which is required by future 6G mobile networks. SS allows cognitive users to dynamically identify the status (present or absent) of primary users (PU) to access the underutilized frequency bands. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms has been proposed to solve the SS problem by treating it as a classification problem. However, this implies the need for vast information for training, which might not be available for all types of PU signals. This paper addresses SS as an anomaly detection (AD) problem, where the “normal” behavior is defined as the absence of the PU. Thus, the presence of the PU is considered an anomaly. The K-nearest neighbors algorithm is implemented after a pre-processing signal stage based on a Decomposition and Recombination algorithm to improve the performance in a cooperative SS (CSS) scenario. Results exhibit the gain in detection performance compared to the conventional energy detector.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00071
Walter Tiberti, Eleonora Di Fina, A. Marotta, D. Cassioli
As the mobile traffic increases, mobile networks and user equipment are continuously improved to support higher data rates and newer communication protocols. This constantly evolving scenario represents a big challenge for mobile network operators which paid great effort, in the last years, towards the definition of flexible mobile network architectures able to dynamically adapt to the modern traffic scenarios. This is the mission of the Open-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance, which aims to create an open, interoperable, high-performance and low-cost architecture for the new generation of RANs. Moreover, the O-RAN architecture adopts a Security-by-Design approach, bringing the security-related aspects into consideration at the design phase. In this paper, we contribute to this general effort of securing the O-RAN, by analyzing the vulnerabilities of a critical interface in the current architecture proposed for the O-RAN: it is the communication interface between the two network controllers. We show what is the impact of Man-in-the-Middle attacks on this communication interface. Our test case has been implemented in the official O-RAN software implementation, thus our study accounts for security weaknesses related to the actual implementation of the O-RAN architecture. We also propose possible mitigation strategies to counteract such kind of attacks.
{"title":"Impact of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks to the O-RAN Inter-Controllers Interface","authors":"Walter Tiberti, Eleonora Di Fina, A. Marotta, D. Cassioli","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00071","url":null,"abstract":"As the mobile traffic increases, mobile networks and user equipment are continuously improved to support higher data rates and newer communication protocols. This constantly evolving scenario represents a big challenge for mobile network operators which paid great effort, in the last years, towards the definition of flexible mobile network architectures able to dynamically adapt to the modern traffic scenarios. This is the mission of the Open-Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance, which aims to create an open, interoperable, high-performance and low-cost architecture for the new generation of RANs. Moreover, the O-RAN architecture adopts a Security-by-Design approach, bringing the security-related aspects into consideration at the design phase. In this paper, we contribute to this general effort of securing the O-RAN, by analyzing the vulnerabilities of a critical interface in the current architecture proposed for the O-RAN: it is the communication interface between the two network controllers. We show what is the impact of Man-in-the-Middle attacks on this communication interface. Our test case has been implemented in the official O-RAN software implementation, thus our study accounts for security weaknesses related to the actual implementation of the O-RAN architecture. We also propose possible mitigation strategies to counteract such kind of attacks.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116525222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00061
Kazuki Hayashi, Y. Mori, H. Hasegawa
A cost-effective network capacity expansion method with novel bandwidth-variable virtual direct links (BV-VDLs) is proposed. BV-VDLs are located to traverse physical links expected to be heavily congested and highly dense path accommodation to BV-VDLs is applied. This strategy allows us to efficiently upgrade network capacity while keeping existing facilities unchanged. The capacity enhancement in dynamic path operation scenarios on real topologies can reach 20%.
{"title":"Efficient Network Capacity Expansion by Differentiated WDM-Density with Bandwidth-Variable Virtual Direct Links","authors":"Kazuki Hayashi, Y. Mori, H. Hasegawa","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00061","url":null,"abstract":"A cost-effective network capacity expansion method with novel bandwidth-variable virtual direct links (BV-VDLs) is proposed. BV-VDLs are located to traverse physical links expected to be heavily congested and highly dense path accommodation to BV-VDLs is applied. This strategy allows us to efficiently upgrade network capacity while keeping existing facilities unchanged. The capacity enhancement in dynamic path operation scenarios on real topologies can reach 20%.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124616337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00083
Norshahida Saba, Lauri Mela, K. Ruttik, J. Salo, R. Jäntti
Fifth-generation (5G) fixed wireless access (FWA) at millimeter-wave (mmWave) can be a solution to fulfill the increasing demand of high-speed home broadband service. However, mmWave links have high propagation loss and are susceptible to blockage. In order to estimate mmWave coverage, appropriate radio link models are required. In this paper, we use measurements and geospatial data to analyze how mmWave can be utilized in Finnish rural areas. The measurements were conducted during summertime at 26 GHz. The measurements involved a crane and a mobile measurement van. The crane was used for measuring at three different transmitter heights, 30 m, 50 m and 70 m from the ground. During the summer, Finnish forests are covered with heavy foliage. We use the measurements and geospatial map to derive radio propagation models that are suitable for FWA in Finnish rural areas. The empirically-found vegetation attenuation models, Aalto1 and Aalto2, are compared to other models from the literature. Most of the other models, FITU-R, Weissberger, COST235 and KAIST1, overestimate the vegetation loss. KAIST2 is a good fit with 7.75 dB root mean square error (RMSE) value. The proposed Aalto1 model shows the best fit, with 5.98 dB RMSE. The model fit can further be improved by tuning it for a particular antenna height. Our analysis shows that, despite high vegetation blockage in the range of 40 m to 700 m, the excess loss remains below 40 dB.
{"title":"Millimeter-Wave Radio Link Analysis for 5G FWA by Combining Measurements and Geospatial Data","authors":"Norshahida Saba, Lauri Mela, K. Ruttik, J. Salo, R. Jäntti","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00083","url":null,"abstract":"Fifth-generation (5G) fixed wireless access (FWA) at millimeter-wave (mmWave) can be a solution to fulfill the increasing demand of high-speed home broadband service. However, mmWave links have high propagation loss and are susceptible to blockage. In order to estimate mmWave coverage, appropriate radio link models are required. In this paper, we use measurements and geospatial data to analyze how mmWave can be utilized in Finnish rural areas. The measurements were conducted during summertime at 26 GHz. The measurements involved a crane and a mobile measurement van. The crane was used for measuring at three different transmitter heights, 30 m, 50 m and 70 m from the ground. During the summer, Finnish forests are covered with heavy foliage. We use the measurements and geospatial map to derive radio propagation models that are suitable for FWA in Finnish rural areas. The empirically-found vegetation attenuation models, Aalto1 and Aalto2, are compared to other models from the literature. Most of the other models, FITU-R, Weissberger, COST235 and KAIST1, overestimate the vegetation loss. KAIST2 is a good fit with 7.75 dB root mean square error (RMSE) value. The proposed Aalto1 model shows the best fit, with 5.98 dB RMSE. The model fit can further be improved by tuning it for a particular antenna height. Our analysis shows that, despite high vegetation blockage in the range of 40 m to 700 m, the excess loss remains below 40 dB.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122526234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00045
L. Banda, M. Mzyece, F. Mekuria
Emerging 5G and future networks (5GFNs) will change the mobile communication business ecosystem by introducing multi-service wireless applications with diverse specifications. These smart and future-oriented wireless networks are intended to address not only consumer-based smartphone applications, but also the needs of various vertical industry markets (e.g., education, energy, healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, agriculture, and so forth). 5GFNs are aimed at attaining economic value for all key stakeholders, including customers, mobile network operators (MNOs), equipment vendors, public institutions, private enterprises, digital business start-ups and various third parties. This paper discusses business model options for 5GFNs from the MNOs' perspective. We describe current MNOs' business models and their shortcomings. Thereafter, we present emerging business models for 5GFNs which MNOs should consider when rolling out these networks.
{"title":"Business Models for 5G and Future Mobile Network Operators","authors":"L. Banda, M. Mzyece, F. Mekuria","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging 5G and future networks (5GFNs) will change the mobile communication business ecosystem by introducing multi-service wireless applications with diverse specifications. These smart and future-oriented wireless networks are intended to address not only consumer-based smartphone applications, but also the needs of various vertical industry markets (e.g., education, energy, healthcare, transportation, manufacturing, agriculture, and so forth). 5GFNs are aimed at attaining economic value for all key stakeholders, including customers, mobile network operators (MNOs), equipment vendors, public institutions, private enterprises, digital business start-ups and various third parties. This paper discusses business model options for 5GFNs from the MNOs' perspective. We describe current MNOs' business models and their shortcomings. Thereafter, we present emerging business models for 5GFNs which MNOs should consider when rolling out these networks.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129699272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00052
Jack Davies, Wei Zhang
Bitcoin and blockchain technology allow for value to be transferred in small increments. This property makes Bitcoin suitable for pay-as-you-go data streaming models as an alternative to subscription-based media streaming services. One of the key mechanisms Bitcoin provides to enable such use cases is payment channels. These channels allow two parties to perform value exchanges at high frequency, without settling each individual event on-chain, making them suitable for mediating the purchase of a digital data stream on a packet-by-packet basis. However, some existing designs for Bitcoin payment channels rely on funding transactions to escrow tokens, which increases the operational cost of a data stream and can lead to the funds of peers becoming temporarily stranded in the channel. In this paper, we outline a novel payment channel design that overcomes these challenges. Our construction leverages the inherent malleability of Bitcoin transactions to allow either party to unilaterally terminate the stream at any point, without sacrificing the security of the incremental payments that have occurred up to the termination point.
{"title":"Data Streaming over Bitcoin Payment Channels","authors":"Jack Davies, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00052","url":null,"abstract":"Bitcoin and blockchain technology allow for value to be transferred in small increments. This property makes Bitcoin suitable for pay-as-you-go data streaming models as an alternative to subscription-based media streaming services. One of the key mechanisms Bitcoin provides to enable such use cases is payment channels. These channels allow two parties to perform value exchanges at high frequency, without settling each individual event on-chain, making them suitable for mediating the purchase of a digital data stream on a packet-by-packet basis. However, some existing designs for Bitcoin payment channels rely on funding transactions to escrow tokens, which increases the operational cost of a data stream and can lead to the funds of peers becoming temporarily stranded in the channel. In this paper, we outline a novel payment channel design that overcomes these challenges. Our construction leverages the inherent malleability of Bitcoin transactions to allow either party to unilaterally terminate the stream at any point, without sacrificing the security of the incremental payments that have occurred up to the termination point.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125645121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00084
Zineb Garroussi, Abdoul Wassi Badirou, M. D'Amours, A. Girard, B. Sansò
The current and forthcoming deployment of new cellular base stations provide an opportunity to design networks that are partially or totally fed by green energy. This paper presents the problem of efficient optimal sizing and planning of green cellular networks formulated as a multiobjective optimization with conflicting cellular operators and user interests. The objectives are to simultaneously minimize CAPEX and OPEX costs while ensuring maximum cellular network independence from the power grid network under time-of-use tariffs, operational and technical constraints. An optimal solution may be selected from the Pareto front to provide guidance for further investments in a green cellular network depending on the expected traffic demand and an expected level of quality of service by maximizing autonomy from the electric main grid and thus minimizing cellular power outages of base stations.
{"title":"Multiobjective optimal sizing and energy planning in green cellular base stations","authors":"Zineb Garroussi, Abdoul Wassi Badirou, M. D'Amours, A. Girard, B. Sansò","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00084","url":null,"abstract":"The current and forthcoming deployment of new cellular base stations provide an opportunity to design networks that are partially or totally fed by green energy. This paper presents the problem of efficient optimal sizing and planning of green cellular networks formulated as a multiobjective optimization with conflicting cellular operators and user interests. The objectives are to simultaneously minimize CAPEX and OPEX costs while ensuring maximum cellular network independence from the power grid network under time-of-use tariffs, operational and technical constraints. An optimal solution may be selected from the Pareto front to provide guidance for further investments in a green cellular network depending on the expected traffic demand and an expected level of quality of service by maximizing autonomy from the electric main grid and thus minimizing cellular power outages of base stations.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129943960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00035
Hasan Nayir, G. Kurt, Ali̇ Görçi̇n
Space information networks (SINs) empowered by Terahertz (THz) frequencies are expected to play a vital role in next-generation wireless space networks due to the unique transmission characteristics and coverage extension capabilities of SINs, owing to their high altitudes. Also, utilizing THz frequencies allows the usage of more bandwidth. However, communications in this frequency range come at the cost of extreme path loss, especially for low-orbit implementation of SINs. High gain narrow beamforming utilizing a large number of antennas can be considered to overcome substantial losses at these frequencies. Consequently, highly accurate and efficient angle of arrival (AoA) estimation algorithms are required to achieve successful beamforming and eventually to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in SINs. To this end, we propose the utilization of a two-stage gold-MUSIC algorithm over an array of subarray (AoSA) structure for AoA estimation with lower power consumption and less hardware complexity compared to the contemporary arrays due to the reduced RF-chain in AoSA. Furthermore, we introduce an analysis of AoA estimation performance in terms of residual Doppler spread, which is a realistic metric for SINs since Doppler cannot be accurately estimated in the case of instantaneous rapid motional changes of satellites especially at high frequencies. Results show that the proposed two-staged gold-MUSIC method for AoSA provides accurate AoA estimation while being computationally efficient.
{"title":"Angle of Arrival Estimation for Terahertz-enabled Space Information Networks","authors":"Hasan Nayir, G. Kurt, Ali̇ Görçi̇n","doi":"10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FNWF55208.2022.00035","url":null,"abstract":"Space information networks (SINs) empowered by Terahertz (THz) frequencies are expected to play a vital role in next-generation wireless space networks due to the unique transmission characteristics and coverage extension capabilities of SINs, owing to their high altitudes. Also, utilizing THz frequencies allows the usage of more bandwidth. However, communications in this frequency range come at the cost of extreme path loss, especially for low-orbit implementation of SINs. High gain narrow beamforming utilizing a large number of antennas can be considered to overcome substantial losses at these frequencies. Consequently, highly accurate and efficient angle of arrival (AoA) estimation algorithms are required to achieve successful beamforming and eventually to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in SINs. To this end, we propose the utilization of a two-stage gold-MUSIC algorithm over an array of subarray (AoSA) structure for AoA estimation with lower power consumption and less hardware complexity compared to the contemporary arrays due to the reduced RF-chain in AoSA. Furthermore, we introduce an analysis of AoA estimation performance in terms of residual Doppler spread, which is a realistic metric for SINs since Doppler cannot be accurately estimated in the case of instantaneous rapid motional changes of satellites especially at high frequencies. Results show that the proposed two-staged gold-MUSIC method for AoSA provides accurate AoA estimation while being computationally efficient.","PeriodicalId":300165,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133141595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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