A common worry expressed about the use of pharmacological cognitive enhancements such as Modafinil and Ritalin is that using them constitutes cheating (Fukuyama 2002; henderson 2008). Those who enhance in this way are better placed to beat their unenhanced peers to the top educational qualifications and jobs; accordingly, enhancing is unfair. Is this worry justi-fied?The worry about cheating is often bound up with other worries about enhancement. These include concerns about safety, addictiveness, and acces-sibility. These concerns can be addressed independently of the concern about cheating, and so, to avoid complicating matters, let us assume that cognitive enhancement is safe to use, that it is non-addictive, and that it is accessible to everyone, not just the rich. ought we still to be worried about the fairness of cognitive enhancement? Well, in the absence of these ancillary concerns, one of the issues that remain is that those who choose not to enhance will be at a disadvantage, left behind in the race for the best qualifications and jobs by their enhanced peers. Is this fair? Should people be free to use drugs like Modafinil and Ritalin to get ahead, or should education authorities and employers ban such enhancement, perhaps introducing urine tests to ensure that this ban is enforced, as cambridge neuroscientist Sir Gabriel horn has recently been quoted to suggest (henderson 2008)?We can start with a terminological point. Whether or not the use of cogni-tive enhancement drugs constitutes cheating depends on whether the use of such drugs is forbidden in the rules of the game. currently, the rules to which students and employees must adhere typically forbid activities like plagia-rism, forging references, and lying about one’s educational and employment history—and those students and employees who break these rules can expect to be punished. Rules against the use of cognitive enhancement drugs are not currently widespread. ought they to be?The answer to this question depends on what we think is more important: a level playing field on which students and employees can compete equally for
对于使用诸如莫达非尼和利他林之类的认知增强药物，人们普遍担心使用它们会构成欺骗(Fukuyama 2002;亨德森2008)。那些以这种方式获得提升的人更有能力击败那些没有得到提升的同龄人，获得最高的教育资格和工作;因此，增强是不公平的。这种担心有道理吗?对作弊的担忧常常与其他对提高的担忧联系在一起。这些问题包括对安全性、成瘾性和可及性的担忧。这些担忧可以独立于对作弊的担忧来解决，因此，为了避免使问题复杂化，让我们假设认知增强是安全的，它不会上瘾，并且每个人都可以使用，而不仅仅是富人。我们还应该担心认知增强的公平性吗?好吧，如果没有这些辅助性的担忧，仍然存在的一个问题是，那些选择不提升的人将处于不利地位，在争夺最佳资格和工作的竞争中被提升的同龄人甩在后面。这公平吗?人们应该自由地使用莫达非尼和利他林之类的药物来获得成功，还是应该像剑桥神经学家加布里埃尔·霍恩爵士(Sir Gabriel horn)最近被引用的建议那样，教育当局和雇主禁止这种兴奋剂，或许引入尿检来确保禁令得到执行?我们可以从一个术语点开始。使用认知增强药物是否构成作弊取决于此类药物的使用是否在游戏规则中被禁止。目前，学生和员工必须遵守的规定通常是禁止抄袭、伪造推荐信、在教育和工作经历上撒谎等行为，违反这些规定的学生和员工可能会受到惩罚。目前，反对使用认知增强药物的规定并不普遍。应该这样吗?这个问题的答案取决于我们认为什么更重要:一个让学生和员工平等竞争的公平竞争环境
{"title":"Enhancement and Cheating","authors":"Rebecca Roache","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.153","url":null,"abstract":"A common worry expressed about the use of pharmacological cognitive enhancements such as Modafinil and Ritalin is that using them constitutes cheating (Fukuyama 2002; henderson 2008). Those who enhance in this way are better placed to beat their unenhanced peers to the top educational qualifications and jobs; accordingly, enhancing is unfair. Is this worry justi-fied?The worry about cheating is often bound up with other worries about enhancement. These include concerns about safety, addictiveness, and acces-sibility. These concerns can be addressed independently of the concern about cheating, and so, to avoid complicating matters, let us assume that cognitive enhancement is safe to use, that it is non-addictive, and that it is accessible to everyone, not just the rich. ought we still to be worried about the fairness of cognitive enhancement? Well, in the absence of these ancillary concerns, one of the issues that remain is that those who choose not to enhance will be at a disadvantage, left behind in the race for the best qualifications and jobs by their enhanced peers. Is this fair? Should people be free to use drugs like Modafinil and Ritalin to get ahead, or should education authorities and employers ban such enhancement, perhaps introducing urine tests to ensure that this ban is enforced, as cambridge neuroscientist Sir Gabriel horn has recently been quoted to suggest (henderson 2008)?We can start with a terminological point. Whether or not the use of cogni-tive enhancement drugs constitutes cheating depends on whether the use of such drugs is forbidden in the rules of the game. currently, the rules to which students and employees must adhere typically forbid activities like plagia-rism, forging references, and lying about one’s educational and employment history—and those students and employees who break these rules can expect to be punished. Rules against the use of cognitive enhancement drugs are not currently widespread. ought they to be?The answer to this question depends on what we think is more important: a level playing field on which students and employees can compete equally for","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"13 1","pages":"153-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82451887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Socrates on Drugs: The Controversy over Cognitive Enhancement","authors":"B. Prusak","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"128 1","pages":"133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76393634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Translating the Bible: A New Approach to an Old Task","authors":"Richard A. Taylor","doi":"10.1558/expo.v2i2.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/expo.v2i2.239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"25 1","pages":"239-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82878293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adjusting the Body-Clock: Archaic Aspirations and Contemporary Chemicals","authors":"W. LaFleur","doi":"10.1558/expo.v2i2.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/expo.v2i2.147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"1 1","pages":"147-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80330275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The success of a translation, in my view, is defined by the extent to which it is able to move an audience closer to its source text. The integrity of a translation, on the other hand, lies in the faithfulness with which the translator adheres to his or her particular principles. Since these principles—especially in the case of English translations of the Bible—are usually spelled out, serious readers are able to gauge just what a translator has accomplished. In robert Alter’s case, he has made his goal clear in the articulate introductions to his Bible translations. In one passage, he characterizes his work as “an experiment in re-presenting the Bible—and, above all, biblical narrative prose—in a language that conveys with some precision the semantic nuances and the lively orchestration of literary effects of the Hebrew and at the same time has stylistic and rhythmic integrity as literary English” (Alter 2004, xvi). Alter has long demonstrated that he is a perceptive reader of the Hebrew text, and his explanatory notes are often illuminating in their discussion of the text’s rhetoric, style, and tone. But literary criticism is not the same as translation. to put it another way, being a perceptive reader is not the same as being an accomplished performer in print. I have tried on numerous occasions to sit down with Alter’s translations and read them aloud, and to date I rarely experience them as echoes of the Hebrew text. My specific objections fall into several related categories. I will begin by examining narrative, focusing on The Five Books of Moses and The David Story. Alter frequently speaks of “cadence” in both languages, which raises the question of how he hears the text. From the layout in these books, he appears to perceive it in fairly long blocs of material, occasionally broken up into paragraphs, not unlike narrative texts in English. Here is an example from the opening pages of Genesis (1:7-10), within the creation story:
{"title":"Robert Alter and the Art of Bible Translation","authors":"E. Fox","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.231","url":null,"abstract":"The success of a translation, in my view, is defined by the extent to which it is able to move an audience closer to its source text. The integrity of a translation, on the other hand, lies in the faithfulness with which the translator adheres to his or her particular principles. Since these principles—especially in the case of English translations of the Bible—are usually spelled out, serious readers are able to gauge just what a translator has accomplished. In robert Alter’s case, he has made his goal clear in the articulate introductions to his Bible translations. In one passage, he characterizes his work as “an experiment in re-presenting the Bible—and, above all, biblical narrative prose—in a language that conveys with some precision the semantic nuances and the lively orchestration of literary effects of the Hebrew and at the same time has stylistic and rhythmic integrity as literary English” (Alter 2004, xvi). Alter has long demonstrated that he is a perceptive reader of the Hebrew text, and his explanatory notes are often illuminating in their discussion of the text’s rhetoric, style, and tone. But literary criticism is not the same as translation. to put it another way, being a perceptive reader is not the same as being an accomplished performer in print. I have tried on numerous occasions to sit down with Alter’s translations and read them aloud, and to date I rarely experience them as echoes of the Hebrew text. My specific objections fall into several related categories. I will begin by examining narrative, focusing on The Five Books of Moses and The David Story. Alter frequently speaks of “cadence” in both languages, which raises the question of how he hears the text. From the layout in these books, he appears to perceive it in fairly long blocs of material, occasionally broken up into paragraphs, not unlike narrative texts in English. Here is an example from the opening pages of Genesis (1:7-10), within the creation story:","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"231-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88367100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Me, Enhancing You: Academic Enhancement as a Moral Duty","authors":"M. Quigley","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"1 1","pages":"157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75908287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philip Roth’s novel The Human Stain recounts an instance of racial passing: its protagonist, Coleman Silk, is African-American but light-skinned enough to pass as white. Coleman’s decision to pass and his subsequent violent death, I argue, confront us with complex ethical questions regarding unjust social roles, loyalty, and moral luck. I also argue, building on Hegel’s definition of tragedy, that The Human Stain is a particularly modern tragedy. The novel highlights conflicting role obligations, inadequate conceptions of freedom, and the tensions of cultural paradigm shifts—all characteristics typical of modern tragedy. I claim that parsing The Human Stain as a tragedy deepens our understanding of the novel as well as drawing our attention to its philosophical significance.
菲利普·罗斯(Philip Roth)的小说《人类的污点》(The Human Stain)讲述了一个种族灭绝的例子:主人公科尔曼·西尔克(Coleman Silk)是非裔美国人，但皮肤很浅，可以冒充白人。我认为，科尔曼的自杀决定和他随后的暴力死亡，让我们面对了关于不公正的社会角色、忠诚和道德运气的复杂伦理问题。我还认为，基于黑格尔对悲剧的定义，《人性的污点》是一部特别现代的悲剧。这部小说强调了角色义务的冲突、自由观念的不充分以及文化范式转换的紧张关系——这些都是现代悲剧的典型特征。我认为把《人性的污点》作为一部悲剧来分析可以加深我们对这部小说的理解，同时也能引起我们对它的哲学意义的注意。
{"title":"Grasping the 'Raw I': Race and Tragedy in Philip Roth's 'The Human Stain'","authors":"L. Moland","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V2I2.189","url":null,"abstract":"Philip Roth’s novel The Human Stain recounts an instance of racial passing: its protagonist, Coleman Silk, is African-American but light-skinned enough to pass as white. Coleman’s decision to pass and his subsequent violent death, I argue, confront us with complex ethical questions regarding unjust social roles, loyalty, and moral luck. I also argue, building on Hegel’s definition of tragedy, that The Human Stain is a particularly modern tragedy. The novel highlights conflicting role obligations, inadequate conceptions of freedom, and the tensions of cultural paradigm shifts—all characteristics typical of modern tragedy. I claim that parsing The Human Stain as a tragedy deepens our understanding of the novel as well as drawing our attention to its philosophical significance.","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"128 1","pages":"189-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88706580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For Augustine, following Genesis, it is a bedrock belief that creation is good. Perhaps this is the Augustinian belief. But it immediately gives rise to what is perhaps the Augustinian problem, namely, the problem of evil. For “[w]here then does evil come from, seeing that God is good and made all things good?” (Augustine 1992, 76; 1963, 130). In book 7 of the Confessions, Augustine famously denies that evil exists. His argument (book 7, chapter 12) takes the form of a reductio ad absurdum. On examination, however, Augustine's argument does not prove to be logically compelling.
{"title":"An Analysis of Augustine's Argument in Confessions That Evil Does Not Exist","authors":"B. Prusak","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.73","url":null,"abstract":"For Augustine, following Genesis, it is a bedrock belief that creation is good. Perhaps this is the Augustinian belief. But it immediately gives rise to what is perhaps the Augustinian problem, namely, the problem of evil. For “[w]here then does evil come from, seeing that God is good and made all things good?” (Augustine 1992, 76; 1963, 130). In book 7 of the Confessions, Augustine famously denies that evil exists. His argument (book 7, chapter 12) takes the form of a reductio ad absurdum. On examination, however, Augustine's argument does not prove to be logically compelling.","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"31 1","pages":"73-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72896268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Paradiso 26, St. John tells the blinded Dante that Beatrice’s gaze has the power to restore his sight. Paradoxically, Beatrice’s gaze does not directly heal the poet; rather, Dante sees anew when the blessed souls sing, Santo, santo, santo! These words and other clues in the canto evoke the biblical theophanies of Isaiah, Paul, and John. Dante’s direct vision of God does not come for another seven cantos; why then does he allude to several theophanies at the significant moment when he regains his vision? Focusing on one source for the Santo verse—the Sanctus in the Mass—I propose that Dante does depict a theophany. He has a revelation of God—as the Mystical Body of Christ—and of himself as a member of it. Dante is united to his own theophany.
{"title":"Santo, santo, santo: Dante’s Union of Prophet and Theophany in Paradiso 26","authors":"S. Little","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.41","url":null,"abstract":"In Paradiso 26, St. John tells the blinded Dante that Beatrice’s gaze has the power to restore his sight. Paradoxically, Beatrice’s gaze does not directly heal the poet; rather, Dante sees anew when the blessed souls sing, Santo, santo, santo! These words and other clues in the canto evoke the biblical theophanies of Isaiah, Paul, and John. Dante’s direct vision of God does not come for another seven cantos; why then does he allude to several theophanies at the significant moment when he regains his vision? Focusing on one source for the Santo verse—the Sanctus in the Mass—I propose that Dante does depict a theophany. He has a revelation of God—as the Mystical Body of Christ—and of himself as a member of it. Dante is united to his own theophany.","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"30 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78775378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Charles Taylor and the Future of Secularism","authors":"Bruce S. Ledewitz","doi":"10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/EXPO.V3I1.106","url":null,"abstract":"A review of Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge: Bellknap Press, 2007. HB. $39.95, ISBN 9780674026766","PeriodicalId":30121,"journal":{"name":"Expositions Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities","volume":"330 1","pages":"106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76570580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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