Uwe Pohlmann, Matthias Meyer, A. Dann, Christopher Brink
Future cyber-physical systems will behave smart, i.e., they will provide self-* properties and collaborate with each other. Software realizes this smart behavior. In modern cars, a hardware platform consists of up to 100 networked electronic control units (ECUs) that execute the software. As the amount of safety-critical software increases, the task of describing a suitable hardware platform for deploying safety-critical software components to ECUs becomes more complicated. Existing approaches for the definition of a hardware platform do not address the different stakeholder's concerns and do not provide a systematic method. This leads to an error-prone development. In this paper, we identify viewpoints for the stakeholder's concerns and provide a method for the multi-view modeling of hardware platforms. In addition, we support hierarchical and variable horizontal composition of hardware platforms by transferring concepts from component-based software engineering. To test our method, we use an Arduino-based cooperative adaptive cruise control system.
{"title":"Viewpoints and Views in Hardware Platform Modeling for Safe Deployment","authors":"Uwe Pohlmann, Matthias Meyer, A. Dann, Christopher Brink","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631682","url":null,"abstract":"Future cyber-physical systems will behave smart, i.e., they will provide self-* properties and collaborate with each other. Software realizes this smart behavior. In modern cars, a hardware platform consists of up to 100 networked electronic control units (ECUs) that execute the software. As the amount of safety-critical software increases, the task of describing a suitable hardware platform for deploying safety-critical software components to ECUs becomes more complicated. Existing approaches for the definition of a hardware platform do not address the different stakeholder's concerns and do not provide a systematic method. This leads to an error-prone development. In this paper, we identify viewpoints for the stakeholder's concerns and provide a method for the multi-view modeling of hardware platforms. In addition, we support hierarchical and variable horizontal composition of hardware platforms by transferring concepts from component-based software engineering. To test our method, we use an Arduino-based cooperative adaptive cruise control system.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129781447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although there is growing consensus on the need to move to comprehensive, view-based approaches to software engineering, there is much less consensus on what views and viewpoints should be used to do this and what relationship they should have to the system being viewed. One approach that aims to provide a simple yet powerful approach to view-based software engineering is the orthographic modeling approach inspired by the orthographic projection technique used in CAD systems. However, the criteria that a set of views and viewpoints should fulfill to be regarded as orthographic have never been clearly defined. Nor have the criteria that a set of dimensions should fulfill in order to be regarded as orthogonal. In this paper we aim to take some initial steps towards defining such criteria. After first identifying some of the main weaknesses in existing view-based modeling approaches we provide an overview of orthographic modeling and clarify some of the principles that underpin it.
{"title":"Criteria for Orthographic Viewpoints","authors":"C. Atkinson, Christian Tunjic","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631680","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is growing consensus on the need to move to comprehensive, view-based approaches to software engineering, there is much less consensus on what views and viewpoints should be used to do this and what relationship they should have to the system being viewed. One approach that aims to provide a simple yet powerful approach to view-based software engineering is the orthographic modeling approach inspired by the orthographic projection technique used in CAD systems. However, the criteria that a set of views and viewpoints should fulfill to be regarded as orthographic have never been clearly defined. Nor have the criteria that a set of dimensions should fulfill in order to be regarded as orthogonal. In this paper we aim to take some initial steps towards defining such criteria. After first identifying some of the main weaknesses in existing view-based modeling approaches we provide an overview of orthographic modeling and clarify some of the principles that underpin it.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114906188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing popularity of model-driven engineering, reusability and compositionality of model-management operations, including model transformations, becomes more important. One way of addressing this problem is through generic typing mechanisms for the parameters and outputs of such operations---essentially, introducing operation-specific views. There are two competing proposals for such type mechanisms available in the literature. However, it is not clear how they compare, whether they are complete or if they are indeed correct. In this paper, I present a generalisation of the notion of a model type. I show how this notion can be used to define a type system for model-management operations and how the two existing proposals for generic model typing (model (sub-) typing and model concepts) can be encoded in the general notion. I believe that this general notion can provide the basis for a systematic study, comparison, and unification of the existing pragmatic proposals.
{"title":"Towards Constraint-Based Model Types: A Generalised Formal Foundation for Model Genericity","authors":"S. Zschaler","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631678","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing popularity of model-driven engineering, reusability and compositionality of model-management operations, including model transformations, becomes more important. One way of addressing this problem is through generic typing mechanisms for the parameters and outputs of such operations---essentially, introducing operation-specific views. There are two competing proposals for such type mechanisms available in the literature. However, it is not clear how they compare, whether they are complete or if they are indeed correct.\u0000 In this paper, I present a generalisation of the notion of a model type. I show how this notion can be used to define a type system for model-management operations and how the two existing proposals for generic model typing (model (sub-) typing and model concepts) can be encoded in the general notion. I believe that this general notion can provide the basis for a systematic study, comparison, and unification of the existing pragmatic proposals.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115196122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, cloud computing gained more and more traction, not only in fast moving domains such as private and enterprise software, but also in more traditional domains such as industrial automation. To some extent this is also driven by the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) which encompasses aspects from both automation as well as cloud computing. However, for rolling out automation software as a service solutions to low-end, long-tail markets with thousands of small customers important aspects for cloud scalability such as easy self service for the customer are still missing. There exists a large gap between the engineering efforts required to configure an automation system and the effort automation companies and their customers can afford. At the same time, tools for implementing Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) have recently become more and more efficient and easy to use. Tailored DSLs that make use of abstractions for the particular (sub-)domains and omitting other complexities would allow customers to handle their applications in a SaaS-oriented, self-service manner. In this paper we present a view-based approach for engineering languages for a multi-domain automation cloud platform that facilitates modern DSL frameworks. This will allow automation SaaS providers to rapidly design sub-domain specific engineering tools based on a common platform. End-customers can then use these tailored languages to engineer their specific applications in an efficient manner.
{"title":"A View-based Approach Towards an Engineering Platform for Industrial Automation in the Cloud","authors":"Thomas Goldschmidt","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631679","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, cloud computing gained more and more traction, not only in fast moving domains such as private and enterprise software, but also in more traditional domains such as industrial automation. To some extent this is also driven by the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) which encompasses aspects from both automation as well as cloud computing. However, for rolling out automation software as a service solutions to low-end, long-tail markets with thousands of small customers important aspects for cloud scalability such as easy self service for the customer are still missing. There exists a large gap between the engineering efforts required to configure an automation system and the effort automation companies and their customers can afford. At the same time, tools for implementing Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) have recently become more and more efficient and easy to use. Tailored DSLs that make use of abstractions for the particular (sub-)domains and omitting other complexities would allow customers to handle their applications in a SaaS-oriented, self-service manner. In this paper we present a view-based approach for engineering languages for a multi-domain automation cloud platform that facilitates modern DSL frameworks. This will allow automation SaaS providers to rapidly design sub-domain specific engineering tools based on a common platform. End-customers can then use these tailored languages to engineer their specific applications in an efficient manner.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131959409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Model-Driven Security (Mds) has emerged for more than a decade to propose sound Md methodologies for supporting secure systems development. Yet, there is still a big gap before making Mds more easily applicable, and adoptable by industry. Most current Mds approaches have not extensively dealt with multiple security concerns but rather a specific one, e.g. authorization. Besides, security patterns which are based on domain-independent, time-proven security knowledge and expertise, can be considered as reusable security bricks upon which sound and secure systems can be built. But security patterns are not applied as much as they could be because developers have problems in selecting them and applying them in the right places, especially at the design phase. In this position paper, we propose an exploratory Mds approach based on a System of aspect-oriented Security design Patterns (shortly called SoSPa) in which security design patterns are collected, specified as reusable aspect models to form a coherent system of them that guides developers in systematically selecting the right security design patterns for the job. Our Mds approach allows the selected security design patterns to be automatically composed with the target system model. The woven secure system model can then be used for (partial) code generation, including (configured) security infrastructures.
{"title":"Model-Driven Security with A System of Aspect-Oriented Security Design Patterns","authors":"P. Nguyen, Jacques Klein, Yves Le Traon","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631683","url":null,"abstract":"Model-Driven Security (Mds) has emerged for more than a decade to propose sound Md methodologies for supporting secure systems development. Yet, there is still a big gap before making Mds more easily applicable, and adoptable by industry. Most current Mds approaches have not extensively dealt with multiple security concerns but rather a specific one, e.g. authorization. Besides, security patterns which are based on domain-independent, time-proven security knowledge and expertise, can be considered as reusable security bricks upon which sound and secure systems can be built. But security patterns are not applied as much as they could be because developers have problems in selecting them and applying them in the right places, especially at the design phase. In this position paper, we propose an exploratory Mds approach based on a System of aspect-oriented Security design Patterns (shortly called SoSPa) in which security design patterns are collected, specified as reusable aspect models to form a coherent system of them that guides developers in systematically selecting the right security design patterns for the job. Our Mds approach allows the selected security design patterns to be automatically composed with the target system model. The woven secure system model can then be used for (partial) code generation, including (configured) security infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133338084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the design and development of complex systems, multiple modelling languages are often necessary in order to describe a system for specific tasks and users. The resulting models can show parts of the same system from different perspectives or views, which is described by the term multi-view modelling. The overlap between individual views presents fundamental challenges, e.g. for sustaining consistency among views or for the creation of new views. A common multi-view modelling case study that covers essential challenges and requirements can be used as a basis for the comparison of approaches that address these challenges. In this paper, we propose such a case study in the context of component-based software engineering with UML composite diagrams, Eclipse plug-ins, and Java code. We explain the overlap between the different views, propose new view types that aggregate information from several sources, and discuss essential challenges of multi-view modelling that are posed by this case study. These challenges are, for example, one-to-many and partial relations between elements of different views, and the constraint combination effects of different views. Our proposal contributes to the community effort that is required to obtain a common case study that enables an efficient comparison of multi-view modelling approaches.
{"title":"Proposal for a Multi-View Modelling Case Study: Component-Based Software Engineering with UML, Plug-ins, and Java","authors":"Max E. Kramer, M. Langhammer","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631676","url":null,"abstract":"During the design and development of complex systems, multiple modelling languages are often necessary in order to describe a system for specific tasks and users. The resulting models can show parts of the same system from different perspectives or views, which is described by the term multi-view modelling. The overlap between individual views presents fundamental challenges, e.g. for sustaining consistency among views or for the creation of new views. A common multi-view modelling case study that covers essential challenges and requirements can be used as a basis for the comparison of approaches that address these challenges.\u0000 In this paper, we propose such a case study in the context of component-based software engineering with UML composite diagrams, Eclipse plug-ins, and Java code. We explain the overlap between the different views, propose new view types that aggregate information from several sources, and discuss essential challenges of multi-view modelling that are posed by this case study. These challenges are, for example, one-to-many and partial relations between elements of different views, and the constraint combination effects of different views. Our proposal contributes to the community effort that is required to obtain a common case study that enables an efficient comparison of multi-view modelling approaches.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115983586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Csaba Debreceni, Á. Horváth, Ábel Hegedüs, Z. Ujhelyi, I. Ráth, Dániel Varró
Views are key concepts of domain-specific modeling in order to provide specific focus of the designers by abstracting from unnecessary details of the underlying abstract model. Usually, these views are represented as models themselves (view models), computed from the source model. However, the efficient maintenance of views when the source model changes is challenging, as recalculation from scratch has to be avoided to achieve scalability. In the paper, we propose an approach to define view models in a highly automated way, based on declarative model queries. The views are automatically populated in accordance with the lifecycle of regular model elements - however, their existence is entirely bound to the underlying abstract model. This means that view models are automatically and incrementally maintained. Our contribution can also be interpreted as extending the concepts of derived features to derived objects, specified and maintained by incremental queries.
{"title":"Query-driven incremental synchronization of view models","authors":"Csaba Debreceni, Á. Horváth, Ábel Hegedüs, Z. Ujhelyi, I. Ráth, Dániel Varró","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631677","url":null,"abstract":"Views are key concepts of domain-specific modeling in order to provide specific focus of the designers by abstracting from unnecessary details of the underlying abstract model. Usually, these views are represented as models themselves (view models), computed from the source model. However, the efficient maintenance of views when the source model changes is challenging, as recalculation from scratch has to be avoided to achieve scalability.\u0000 In the paper, we propose an approach to define view models in a highly automated way, based on declarative model queries. The views are automatically populated in accordance with the lifecycle of regular model elements - however, their existence is entirely bound to the underlying abstract model. This means that view models are automatically and incrementally maintained. Our contribution can also be interpreted as extending the concepts of derived features to derived objects, specified and maintained by incremental queries.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132218173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reiner Jung, R. Heinrich, Eric Schmieders, M. Strittmatter, W. Hasselbring
Long-living systems face many modifications and extensions over time due to changing technology and requirements. This causes changes in the models reflecting the systems, and subsequently in the underlying meta-models, as their structure and semantics are adapted to adhere these changes. Modifying meta-models requires adaptations in all tools realizing their semantics. This is a costly endeavor, especially for complex meta-models. To solve this problem we propose a method to construct and refactor meta-models to be concise and focused on a small set of concerns. The method results in simpler metamodel modification scenarios and fewer modifications, as new concerns and aspects are encapsulated in separate meta-models. Furthermore, we define design patterns based on the different roles meta-models play in software. Thus, we keep large and complex modeling projects manageable due to the improved adaptability of their meta-model basis.
{"title":"A Method for Aspect-oriented Meta-Model Evolution","authors":"Reiner Jung, R. Heinrich, Eric Schmieders, M. Strittmatter, W. Hasselbring","doi":"10.1145/2631675.2631681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2631675.2631681","url":null,"abstract":"Long-living systems face many modifications and extensions over time due to changing technology and requirements. This causes changes in the models reflecting the systems, and subsequently in the underlying meta-models, as their structure and semantics are adapted to adhere these changes. Modifying meta-models requires adaptations in all tools realizing their semantics. This is a costly endeavor, especially for complex meta-models.\u0000 To solve this problem we propose a method to construct and refactor meta-models to be concise and focused on a small set of concerns. The method results in simpler metamodel modification scenarios and fewer modifications, as new concerns and aspects are encapsulated in separate meta-models. Furthermore, we define design patterns based on the different roles meta-models play in software. Thus, we keep large and complex modeling projects manageable due to the improved adaptability of their meta-model basis.","PeriodicalId":302777,"journal":{"name":"VAO '14","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129032802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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