Pub Date : 2023-04-02DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01648
G. O. Jara
In Ethiopia, many initiatives have been implemented to empower smallholder dairy farmers to develop viable livelihoods from the sector. The problem with these policies is the inability to reach farmers at large, and dairy farmers in rural areas are always challenged to deliver milk and milk products faster to the final market. The study was aimed at investigating factors that influence market channel choices among dairy producers in Ada’a Berga district Ethiopia. This paper uses data from a survey of 123 dairy producer households in four rural kebeles to analyse the factors that influence the choice of a milk marketing channel. Multivariate probit econometric model results show that income from dairy source, market information and educational level of household affected wholesaler outlet. The choice of consumer outlet is influenced by family size, membership in a dairy cooperative, market information, non-dairy income and income from dairy source. Number of milking cows, membership in a dairy cooperative and non-dairy income determined the choice of dairy cooperative outlet. The choice of district retailer’s market outlet was affected by sex of households, membership in a dairy cooperative and income from dairy sources. Choice of rural collector outlet is negatively influenced by non-dairy income and access to an extension contact. Therefore, policies should be designed that encourage farmers’ cooperatives, contract farming and collective action in order to lower transaction costs, expand market information for dairy producers, expand extension services and expand infrastructures such as road and transportation facilities, which are needed to promote the effective marketing of milk through all outlets.
在埃塞俄比亚，已经实施了许多举措，使小农奶农能够从该部门发展可行的生计。这些政策的问题在于无法覆盖到广大的农民，农村地区的奶农总是面临着将牛奶和奶制品更快地送到最终市场的挑战。该研究旨在调查影响埃塞俄比亚Ada 'a Berga地区乳制品生产商市场渠道选择的因素。本文利用对四个农村乡镇的123户乳制品生产家庭的调查数据来分析影响牛奶营销渠道选择的因素。多元probit计量模型结果表明，乳制品来源收入、市场信息和家庭受教育程度影响批发网点。消费渠道的选择受家庭规模、乳品合作社成员、市场信息、非乳品收入和乳品来源收入的影响。奶牛的数量、奶牛合作社的成员数量和非乳制品收入决定了奶牛合作社出口的选择。地区零售商的市场网点选择受家庭性别、乳品合作社成员资格和乳品来源收入的影响。农村采集点的选择受到非乳制品收入和获得推广联系的负面影响。因此，应制定鼓励农民合作社、合同农业和集体行动的政策，以降低交易成本，扩大乳品生产者的市场信息，扩大推广服务，扩大道路和运输设施等基础设施，这些都是促进牛奶通过所有渠道有效销售所必需的。
{"title":"DETERMINANTS OF FARMERS’ DECISION TO CHOICE MARKET OUTLETS: EVIDENCE FROM MILK PRODUCER FARMERS IN ADA’A BERGA DISTRICT ETHIOPIA","authors":"G. O. Jara","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01648","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, many initiatives have been implemented to empower smallholder dairy farmers to develop viable livelihoods from the sector. The problem with these policies is the inability to reach farmers at large, and dairy farmers in rural areas are always challenged to deliver milk and milk products faster to the final market. The study was aimed at investigating factors that influence market channel choices among dairy producers in Ada’a Berga district Ethiopia. This paper uses data from a survey of 123 dairy producer households in four rural kebeles to analyse the factors that influence the choice of a milk marketing channel. Multivariate probit econometric model results show that income from dairy source, market information and educational level of household affected wholesaler outlet. The choice of consumer outlet is influenced by family size, membership in a dairy cooperative, market information, non-dairy income and income from dairy source. Number of milking cows, membership in a dairy cooperative and non-dairy income determined the choice of dairy cooperative outlet. The choice of district retailer’s market outlet was affected by sex of households, membership in a dairy cooperative and income from dairy sources. Choice of rural collector outlet is negatively influenced by non-dairy income and access to an extension contact. Therefore, policies should be designed that encourage farmers’ cooperatives, contract farming and collective action in order to lower transaction costs, expand market information for dairy producers, expand extension services and expand infrastructures such as road and transportation facilities, which are needed to promote the effective marketing of milk through all outlets.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42430102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-02DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01675
M. Antoniak, A. Szymkowiak, Benedykt Pepliński
Health claims increase consumer awareness, knowledge, and health consciousness. However, front and back labels, which are widely used for marketing purposes, raise doubts about consumer tendencies towards paying attention to health claims and reasons for their placement. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate, using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the extent to which intention to pay attention to health claims is determined by its predictors. An extended model based on the theory was used to identify factors that shape attitudes towards health claims and the intention to pay attention to them. In order to achieve this, we conducted a study on 552 people, and the data allowed us to verify the statistically proposed theoretical model. The study revealed that while trust is the main factor determining attitude towards health claims, the impact of subjective knowledge is negative. Research is important from the perspective of the theoretical understanding of consumer attitudes but can also be practically used to properly influence consumers in terms of consumption of healthy products.
{"title":"Shaping intention to pay attention to health claims","authors":"M. Antoniak, A. Szymkowiak, Benedykt Pepliński","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01675","url":null,"abstract":"Health claims increase consumer awareness, knowledge, and health consciousness. However, front and back labels, which are widely used for marketing purposes, raise doubts about consumer tendencies towards paying attention to health claims and reasons for their placement. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate, using the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the extent to which intention to pay attention to health claims is determined by its predictors. An extended model based on the theory was used to identify factors that shape attitudes towards health claims and the intention to pay attention to them. In order to achieve this, we conducted a study on 552 people, and the data allowed us to verify the statistically proposed theoretical model. The study revealed that while trust is the main factor determining attitude towards health claims, the impact of subjective knowledge is negative. Research is important from the perspective of the theoretical understanding of consumer attitudes but can also be practically used to properly influence consumers in terms of consumption of healthy products.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44984768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-02DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01670
Ademe Mihiretu, Netsant Assefa, A. Wubet
Pearl millet has great potential to withstand climate-related risks in marginal areas. However, much remains unknown as to how it contributes to income and food security at the smallholder level. As a result, this study assessed the contributions of pearl millet to the farmers’ income and food security, its production constraints, and connections between stakeholders in the marginal arid tropics of Northeast Amhara. The technology was promoted for five (2015–2019) production years, and data from 223 samples were analyzed. The new pearl millet technology provided better yield (1420 kg·ha-1) and net return (42328 ETB ha-1) than sorghum, even in difficult climatic conditions. Despite the higher cost of production, its additional returns (31638) and effective gains (28838) were higher across the years. The results of the sensory evaluation revealed that “Enjera”, “Tella”, Bread, and Porridge were the farmers’ 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th food type choices of pearl millet, respectively. The trend towards acceptance of the technology made up a large number of the farmers, as 79.5% of those who participated applied the full technology package. Those who did not apply the full package did so due to labor shortages, technological complexity, and insufficient practical training. Therefore, climate-smart pearl millet crop technology is recommended for better and consistent production in marginal arid-tropical areas.
{"title":"PEARL MILLET, THE HOPE OF FOOD SECURITY IN MARGINAL ARID TROPICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIVERSIFYING LIMITED CROPPING SYSTEMS","authors":"Ademe Mihiretu, Netsant Assefa, A. Wubet","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01670","url":null,"abstract":"Pearl millet has great potential to withstand climate-related risks in marginal areas. However, much remains unknown as to how it contributes to income and food security at the smallholder level. As a result, this study assessed the contributions of pearl millet to the farmers’ income and food security, its production constraints, and connections between stakeholders in the marginal arid tropics of Northeast Amhara. The technology was promoted for five (2015–2019) production years, and data from 223 samples were analyzed. The new pearl millet technology provided better yield (1420 kg·ha-1) and net return (42328 ETB ha-1) than sorghum, even in difficult climatic conditions. Despite the higher cost of production, its additional returns (31638) and effective gains (28838) were higher across the years. The results of the sensory evaluation revealed that “Enjera”, “Tella”, Bread, and Porridge were the farmers’ 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th food type choices of pearl millet, respectively. The trend towards acceptance of the technology made up a large number of the farmers, as 79.5% of those who participated applied the full technology package. Those who did not apply the full package did so due to labor shortages, technological complexity, and insufficient practical training. Therefore, climate-smart pearl millet crop technology is recommended for better and consistent production in marginal arid-tropical areas.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43604835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01625
J. Ojediran, K. Ogunleye, R. Adeola
This study examined the utilization of soil fertility management practices (SFMPs) among arable crop farmers in Osun state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used to select 160 arable crop farmers. Data were collected using a well-structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Person Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The results revealed that the majority of the farmers are married males, mostly aged 51 years old, with an average farm size of 2.6ha, and mainly growing maize (96.9%), cassava (91.9%) and yam (68.1%). The respondents use cultural methods, synthetic fertilizers and organic manure in that order as SFMPs. SFMPs are used at the following levels: cultural methods: ridging across the slope with a weighted mean score (WMS) of 2.81, rotational cropping (WMS = 2.66) and mulching (WMS = 2.47); synthetic fertilizers: NPK (WMS = 1.75) and urea (WMS = 1.27); organic manure: poultry manure (WMS = 0.77) and animal dung (WMS = 0.76). The major source of information for SFMPs was radio (95.6%). PPMC analysis showed that age (r = 0.20*; p = 0.01) and farm size (r = 0.16*; p = 0.04) are significantly related to the utilisation of SFMPs. In conclusion, the respondents were small scale farmers who mostly utilize cultural methods of SFMPs and are mainly influenced by crop type as a function of age and farm size.
{"title":"UTILIZATION OF SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA","authors":"J. Ojediran, K. Ogunleye, R. Adeola","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01625","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the utilization of soil fertility management practices (SFMPs) among arable crop farmers in Osun state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used to select 160 arable crop farmers. Data were collected using a well-structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Person Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The results revealed that the majority of the farmers are married males, mostly aged 51 years old, with an average farm size of 2.6ha, and mainly growing maize (96.9%), cassava (91.9%) and yam (68.1%). The respondents use cultural methods, synthetic fertilizers and organic manure in that order as SFMPs. SFMPs are used at the following levels: cultural methods: ridging across the slope with a weighted mean score (WMS) of 2.81, rotational cropping (WMS = 2.66) and mulching (WMS = 2.47); synthetic fertilizers: NPK (WMS = 1.75) and urea (WMS = 1.27); organic manure: poultry manure (WMS = 0.77) and animal dung (WMS = 0.76). The major source of information for SFMPs was radio (95.6%). PPMC analysis showed that age (r = 0.20*; p = 0.01) and farm size (r = 0.16*; p = 0.04) are significantly related to the utilisation of SFMPs. In conclusion, the respondents were small scale farmers who mostly utilize cultural methods of SFMPs and are mainly influenced by crop type as a function of age and farm size.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49479391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01672
J. Kau, V. Mmbengwa
The macroeconomic policies enacted by the South African government after democracy and their effects on the welfare of resource-poor farmers remains a subject of scholarly interest. It is not known if farmers are cushioned against exogenous macroeconomic shocks. The aim of this study was to analyse citrus price volatility in National Fresh Produce Markets and to study the effects of macroeconomic policy shocks. Secondary data for prices was sourced from the Johannesburg National Market. GARCH was employed as an empirical model to estimate price volatility. According to the results, price volatility for lemon and soft citrus is statistically insignificant. Price volatility for oranges was statistically significant at a 99% persistence level (α = 0.39, p = 0.0030) and (β = 060, p = 0.0000). The exchange rate (α = 0.05, p = 0.0000), CPI (α = –0.26, p = 0.0035) and prime lending rates (α = 0.12, p = 0.0026) were significant in explaining price volatility in oranges. Added values of the coefficient of α and β for Grapefruit amounted to 1.1, which means the price volatility was explosive. High levels of price volatility mean farmers are faced with the difficulty of projecting expected levels for farm income and profitability. The results provide insights into farm planning and decision making. It is recommended that the government provide farmers with resources that can cushion against price instability and enable them to access export markets.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ON CITRUS PRICE VOLATILITY IN SOUTH AFRICA: A REFLECTION ON EXPERIENCES OF FARMER SUPPORT","authors":"J. Kau, V. Mmbengwa","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01672","url":null,"abstract":"The macroeconomic policies enacted by the South African government after democracy and their effects on the welfare of resource-poor farmers remains a subject of scholarly interest. It is not known if farmers are cushioned against exogenous macroeconomic shocks. The aim of this study was to analyse citrus price volatility in National Fresh Produce Markets and to study the effects of macroeconomic policy shocks. Secondary data for prices was sourced from the Johannesburg National Market. GARCH was employed as an empirical model to estimate price volatility. According to the results, price volatility for lemon and soft citrus is statistically insignificant. Price volatility for oranges was statistically significant at a 99% persistence level (α = 0.39, p = 0.0030) and (β = 060, p = 0.0000). The exchange rate (α = 0.05, p = 0.0000), CPI (α = –0.26, p = 0.0035) and prime lending rates (α = 0.12, p = 0.0026) were significant in explaining price volatility in oranges. Added values of the coefficient of α and β for Grapefruit amounted to 1.1, which means the price volatility was explosive. High levels of price volatility mean farmers are faced with the difficulty of projecting expected levels for farm income and profitability. The results provide insights into farm planning and decision making. It is recommended that the government provide farmers with resources that can cushion against price instability and enable them to access export markets.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41878550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01473
A. Mayekiso, A. Belete, J. Hlongwane
This study aimed to analyse the determinants of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to the household income of rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study covered three district municipalities within the province. Multistage Sampling and Proportional Random Sampling techniques were used to select rural households, with the household heads as the unit of analysis. A sample size of 407 households was considered for the study and a questionnaire was used to collect data. Regression estimates discovered that the amount spent on ILV production and the price of ILV per kg positively influence the income generated from ILVs.
{"title":"ANALYSING CONTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES (ILVS) TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA","authors":"A. Mayekiso, A. Belete, J. Hlongwane","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01473","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyse the determinants of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to the household income of rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study covered three district municipalities within the province. Multistage Sampling and Proportional Random Sampling techniques were used to select rural households, with the household heads as the unit of analysis. A sample size of 407 households was considered for the study and a questionnaire was used to collect data. Regression estimates discovered that the amount spent on ILV production and the price of ILV per kg positively influence the income generated from ILVs.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41487251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01576
A. Kehinde, A. Bamire
With the help of microcredit, a farmer’s way of life could be transformed from one of utter destitution to one of greater dignity. For the poor and disadvantaged, especially rural farmers, it unlocks potential and increases productivity and well-being. This study investigated the determinants of demand and supply of microcredit among fish farmers in Osun State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 150 fish farmers and 50 microcredit providers for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a simultaneous equation model. The result revealed that many fish farmers are males (86.5%), married (77%), and educated (95%). Simultaneous equation estimates revealed that farmers’ income, age, interest rate, and educational level determine microcredit demand among fish farmers whereas liquidity, experience in lending, and interest rate determine the microcredit supply in the study area. The findings of the study revealed that microcredit suppliers consider several factors before supplying credit to fish farmers.
{"title":"DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF MICROCREDIT AMONG FISH FARMERS IN OSUN STATE","authors":"A. Kehinde, A. Bamire","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01576","url":null,"abstract":"With the help of microcredit, a farmer’s way of life could be transformed from one of utter destitution to one of greater dignity. For the poor and disadvantaged, especially rural farmers, it unlocks potential and increases productivity and well-being. This study investigated the determinants of demand and supply of microcredit among fish farmers in Osun State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 150 fish farmers and 50 microcredit providers for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a simultaneous equation model. The result revealed that many fish farmers are males (86.5%), married (77%), and educated (95%). Simultaneous equation estimates revealed that farmers’ income, age, interest rate, and educational level determine microcredit demand among fish farmers whereas liquidity, experience in lending, and interest rate determine the microcredit supply in the study area. The findings of the study revealed that microcredit suppliers consider several factors before supplying credit to fish farmers.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47836496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01588
M. .
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a program for poverty alleviation and an employment generation which provides employment to rural unskilled labourers. It can provide a guarantee of 100 days’ paid employment in a financial year to a rural unskilled labourer who demands it. The program also helps to reduce hunger in rural India. It is different from earlier wage employment programs because it provides a guarantee for work, whereas earlier programs had no such provisions. This paper analyses the employment, consumption and income effects of MGNREGA, including the resulting increase in the purchasing power of rural labourers, after its introduction in the rural area. It also examines the economic and social impact of the scheme in rural areas due to asset creation as result of employment provided by MGNREGA. Lastly, the paper examines the impact of MGNREGA on women’s employment and how MGNREGA changed women’s income, employment and consumption patterns, which can be argued to be indicative of female empowerment. This study concludes that MGNREGA brought positive change to the lives of people in the rural area that was examined. MGNREGA, a landmark in the history of social security legislation in India or indeed anywhere in the world, promises to be a major tool in the struggle for securing employment guarantees in rural areas. The 100-day employment scheme, which came as a bolt from the blue, raised the living standards of rural India in terms of income, employment and consumption. Overall, the study found that MGNREGA has significantly improved the social and economic well-being of its beneficiaries in rural India.
{"title":"THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT: A CASE STUDY OF THE BAJJU SUB-DIVISION OF BIKANER DISTRICT IN RAJASTHAN","authors":"M. .","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01588","url":null,"abstract":"The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a program for poverty alleviation and an employment generation which provides employment to rural unskilled labourers. It can provide a guarantee of 100 days’ paid employment in a financial year to a rural unskilled labourer who demands it. The program also helps to reduce hunger in rural India. It is different from earlier wage employment programs because it provides a guarantee for work, whereas earlier programs had no such provisions. This paper analyses the employment, consumption and income effects of MGNREGA, including the resulting increase in the purchasing power of rural labourers, after its introduction in the rural area. It also examines the economic and social impact of the scheme in rural areas due to asset creation as result of employment provided by MGNREGA. Lastly, the paper examines the impact of MGNREGA on women’s employment and how MGNREGA changed women’s income, employment and consumption patterns, which can be argued to be indicative of female empowerment. This study concludes that MGNREGA brought positive change to the lives of people in the rural area that was examined. MGNREGA, a landmark in the history of social security legislation in India or indeed anywhere in the world, promises to be a major tool in the struggle for securing employment guarantees in rural areas. The 100-day employment scheme, which came as a bolt from the blue, raised the living standards of rural India in terms of income, employment and consumption. Overall, the study found that MGNREGA has significantly improved the social and economic well-being of its beneficiaries in rural India.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43272415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01640
D. Gautam, S. Dhakal, R. Kattel, N. Khanal
A value chain approach is the most viable and pragmatic strategy to develop an effective, inclusive, competitive and sustainable seed system for many crops globally. This study was conducted in the Kailali, Dang and Siraha districts of the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal to map and thoroughly analyze the value chain of the lentil seed system. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions. Altogether, 300 lentil grain-producing and 100 seed-producing farmers were selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, value chain mapping, stakeholder price spread calculation and return on investment were the major tools for the study. Conventional cultivation practices along with incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses ensured non-significant differences in yield, income and benefit-cost ratio (B:C) between local seed users and improved seed users, resulting in a distorted demand pull chain and eventually leading to the lamentable lentil seed system. Total value addition from farm gate to end user was 63.84% of the total retail price. Seed conditioners and processors contributed 28.38% of total value addition. Return on Investment (ROI) per total cost was higher for seed-producing farmers (59.3%). However, ROI per added cost was higher (214.8%) for retailers followed by seed conditioners and processors (96.37%). The total price spread along the chain was 45.21% of the total consumer price, revealing the inefficient marketing system. Scaling up the major factors behind improved seed adoption, like package of practices, use of a specialized production area, the development of stress resilient varieties, technical assistance, training, and subsidy schemes based on production and efficient market system development, can economically benefit lentil-producing farmers, thereby reinforcing the major pulling force of the lentil seed value chain. Appropriate infrastructure, government prioritization, a coordinated policy environment and innovative public-private partnership models across the seed value chain are necessary for overall sectoral growth.
{"title":"STRENGTHENING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE LENTIL SEED SYSTEM OF NEPAL: A VALUE CHAIN APPROACH","authors":"D. Gautam, S. Dhakal, R. Kattel, N. Khanal","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01640","url":null,"abstract":"A value chain approach is the most viable and pragmatic strategy to develop an effective, inclusive, competitive and sustainable seed system for many crops globally. This study was conducted in the Kailali, Dang and Siraha districts of the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal to map and thoroughly analyze the value chain of the lentil seed system. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions. Altogether, 300 lentil grain-producing and 100 seed-producing farmers were selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, value chain mapping, stakeholder price spread calculation and return on investment were the major tools for the study. Conventional cultivation practices along with incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses ensured non-significant differences in yield, income and benefit-cost ratio (B:C) between local seed users and improved seed users, resulting in a distorted demand pull chain and eventually leading to the lamentable lentil seed system. Total value addition from farm gate to end user was 63.84% of the total retail price. Seed conditioners and processors contributed 28.38% of total value addition. Return on Investment (ROI) per total cost was higher for seed-producing farmers (59.3%). However, ROI per added cost was higher (214.8%) for retailers followed by seed conditioners and processors (96.37%). The total price spread along the chain was 45.21% of the total consumer price, revealing the inefficient marketing system. Scaling up the major factors behind improved seed adoption, like package of practices, use of a specialized production area, the development of stress resilient varieties, technical assistance, training, and subsidy schemes based on production and efficient market system development, can economically benefit lentil-producing farmers, thereby reinforcing the major pulling force of the lentil seed value chain. Appropriate infrastructure, government prioritization, a coordinated policy environment and innovative public-private partnership models across the seed value chain are necessary for overall sectoral growth.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41669293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.17306/j.jard.2023.01671
M. Chitete, W. Mgomezulu, H. Phiri, J. Dzanja, Kennedy Machira
Poorly performing markets are one of the major limitations to achieving high farm income and ultimately poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa. Using the structure, conduct, and performance approach applied to bean markets in Malawi, we bring to light the status and performance of the smallholder marketing system. Multiple methods were employed in this study: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to evaluate the market structure; adopted pricing strategies and affiliation with large companies or associations to assess conduct; and marketing margins to measure market performance. Our results show that 39 percent of markets are imperfectly competitive. Also, the lack of reliable markets, purchase prices, access to credit, operating capital, and transaction costs were major factors that undermined the potential for bean traders to operate at a higher scale. The commonly adopted pricing mechanisms include cost-plus pricing, dynamic pricing, and quality-dependent pricing. Very few bean traders (7%) are affiliated with large trading companies and associations. Seven bean marketing channels were observed. We recommend that policies favoring improvements in rural road networks and market infrastructure should be encouraged to reduce transaction costs. In order to eliminate barriers to increasing quantities of beans handled by traders, the government should provide soft loans with low interest rates to traders. Deliberate actions to promote the affiliation of small traders with larger companies and associations involved in bean trading should be promoted.
{"title":"STRUCTURE, CONDUCT, AND PERFORMANCE OF BEANS MARKETING IN MALAWI: A CASE STUDY OF LILONGWE DISTRICT","authors":"M. Chitete, W. Mgomezulu, H. Phiri, J. Dzanja, Kennedy Machira","doi":"10.17306/j.jard.2023.01671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2023.01671","url":null,"abstract":"Poorly performing markets are one of the major limitations to achieving high farm income and ultimately poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa. Using the structure, conduct, and performance approach applied to bean markets in Malawi, we bring to light the status and performance of the smallholder marketing system. Multiple methods were employed in this study: the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index to evaluate the market structure; adopted pricing strategies and affiliation with large companies or associations to assess conduct; and marketing margins to measure market performance. Our results show that 39 percent of markets are imperfectly competitive. Also, the lack of reliable markets, purchase prices, access to credit, operating capital, and transaction costs were major factors that undermined the potential for bean traders to operate at a higher scale. The commonly adopted pricing mechanisms include cost-plus pricing, dynamic pricing, and quality-dependent pricing. Very few bean traders (7%) are affiliated with large trading companies and associations. Seven bean marketing channels were observed. We recommend that policies favoring improvements in rural road networks and market infrastructure should be encouraged to reduce transaction costs. In order to eliminate barriers to increasing quantities of beans handled by traders, the government should provide soft loans with low interest rates to traders. Deliberate actions to promote the affiliation of small traders with larger companies and associations involved in bean trading should be promoted.","PeriodicalId":30385,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47053214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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