Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.008
M. T. D. L. Flor, M. A. Romero
Species distribution modeling is presented as an analytical tool for biogeography and the study of climate change impact on biodiversity. Key modeling concepts and applications are reviewed; the maximum entropy principle is described as well as its implementation in the Maxent software. Lastly, two demonstrative examples of species modeling are presented using two plant species: Pycnophyllum spathulatum (Caryophyllaceae) and Prosopis pallida (Fabaceae). Bothe species were modeled using current climate data and under a future climatic change scenario based on RCP8.5 to examine the potential impact of global warming on the species’ distribution.
{"title":"Biogeografía predictiva: técnicas de modelamiento de distribución de especies y su aplicación en el impacto del cambio climático","authors":"M. T. D. L. Flor, M. A. Romero","doi":"10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.008","url":null,"abstract":"Species distribution modeling is presented as an analytical tool for biogeography and the study of climate change impact on biodiversity. Key modeling concepts and applications are reviewed; the maximum entropy principle is described as well as its implementation in the Maxent software. Lastly, two demonstrative examples of species modeling are presented using two plant species: Pycnophyllum spathulatum (Caryophyllaceae) and Prosopis pallida (Fabaceae). Bothe species were modeled using current climate data and under a future climatic change scenario based on RCP8.5 to examine the potential impact of global warming on the species’ distribution.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67860841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.005
Ann-Kathrin Bersch
It appears that the situation of spatial planning policies in Peru is complicated. Several attempts to simplify legislations have failed. However, a coherent policy framework is necessary in order to efficiently implement a comprehensive spatial planning strategy. Therefore this paper considers the question of spatial planning through an analysis of public policy, in order to understand who has the power to make changes to create a common vision of spatial planning in Peru. It analyzes which were the obstacles of change so far to illustrate how change did not happen (or happened only in a limited way). The first part sheds light on the conflicts between different levels of government. The second, analyzes how to conflicts of interest between actors within the government impede the elaboration of a coherent legislative framework. The last part discusses the possibility of a paradigm shift in Peruvian spatial planning policy and possible alternatives to the current model.
{"title":"La transformación de la acción pública - un nuevo paradigma de ordenamiento territorial en el Perú","authors":"Ann-Kathrin Bersch","doi":"10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.005","url":null,"abstract":"It appears that the situation of spatial planning policies in Peru is complicated. Several attempts to simplify legislations have failed. However, a coherent policy framework is necessary in order to efficiently implement a comprehensive spatial planning strategy. Therefore this paper considers the question of spatial planning through an analysis of public policy, in order to understand who has the power to make changes to create a common vision of spatial planning in Peru. It analyzes which were the obstacles of change so far to illustrate how change did not happen (or happened only in a limited way). The first part sheds light on the conflicts between different levels of government. The second, analyzes how to conflicts of interest between actors within the government impede the elaboration of a coherent legislative framework. The last part discusses the possibility of a paradigm shift in Peruvian spatial planning policy and possible alternatives to the current model.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67860782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.003
R. Arias
Characterization of an ancestral territory of the indigenous community of Macedonia was performed (Colombian Amazon located 57 km upstream from Leticia); through the cultural maps analysis obtained of ethnographic methodology based on social mapping and one analysis through intersubjective processes of consensus. As a result, georeferenced maps that generate an approximation of non-places that give access to shamanistic macro-space were obtained, which in turn is used to generate a local cultural revaluation that encourage glocalization processes in the context of globalization.
{"title":"Los no lugares y el mundo de las aguas: Aproximación al territorio ancestral de una comunidad amazónica","authors":"R. Arias","doi":"10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.003","url":null,"abstract":"Characterization of an ancestral territory of the indigenous community of Macedonia was performed (Colombian Amazon located 57 km upstream from Leticia); through the cultural maps analysis obtained of ethnographic methodology based on social mapping and one analysis through intersubjective processes of consensus. As a result, georeferenced maps that generate an approximation of non-places that give access to shamanistic macro-space were obtained, which in turn is used to generate a local cultural revaluation that encourage glocalization processes in the context of globalization.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67860768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.006
Katiusca Susana Yakabi Bedriñana
Highland terracing systems are a technology used in the ancient Andes to expand the agricultural frontier; then, that technology became an important source of food for the Incas. Research shows that the productivity of land was due to the form of construction of the platforms, but there are few studies that analyze soil fertility. In order to demonstrate the fertility in the terraces, soil physical and chemical properties were compared in three different sectors: terraces at rest, abandoned terraces and a hillside with no technology. They all belong to the terracing system of San Pedro de Laraos town, in Huarochiri, Lima. In all three sectors loam predominates. The soil pH is within the range of high bioavailability of most nutrients (5.5 to 7.5), except for two points on the slope without platforms. The soil electrical conductivity presents ranges that qualify the three areas as "no saline" (< 2 dS / m). The organic matter is in the appropriate percentages (3-5%), especially on the terraces at rest, which also have the highest content of NPK. In conclusion, the soil of the three zones does not differ significantly in their physical parameters, but it differs in the chemical parameters, especially in the content of macronutrients; the better range is in terraces at rest. However, the community of Laraos does not take advantage of it soil fertility; actually, most of their terracing system is abandoned and the structures are in a deterioration process.
高地梯田系统是古代安第斯山脉用于扩大农业边界的一种技术;然后，这项技术成为印加人重要的食物来源。研究表明，土地的生产力是由于平台的建设形式，但很少有研究分析土壤肥力。为了证明梯田的肥力，土壤的物理和化学性质在三个不同的区域进行了比较:静止的梯田，废弃的梯田和没有技术的山坡。它们都属于利马Huarochiri的San Pedro de Laraos镇的梯田系统。在这三个部门中，壤土占主导地位。土壤pH值在大多数养分的高生物利用度范围内(5.5 ~ 7.5)，除了斜坡上没有台地的两点。土壤电导率呈现出“无盐”(< 2 dS / m)的范围，有机质含量在适当的百分比(3-5%)，特别是在休息的梯田上，NPK含量也最高。综上所述，三区土壤在物理参数上无显著差异，但在化学参数上存在显著差异，尤其是在常量营养素含量上;最好的范围是在静止的梯田。然而，Laraos社区没有利用它的土壤肥力;实际上，他们的梯田系统大多被废弃，结构也处于退化过程中。
{"title":"El sub-aprovechamiento del suelo del sistema de andenería de la comunidad campesina San Pedro de Laraos, Huarochirí, Lima","authors":"Katiusca Susana Yakabi Bedriñana","doi":"10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.006","url":null,"abstract":"Highland terracing systems are a technology used in the ancient Andes to expand the agricultural frontier; then, that technology became an important source of food for the Incas. Research shows that the productivity of land was due to the form of construction of the platforms, but there are few studies that analyze soil fertility. In order to demonstrate the fertility in the terraces, soil physical and chemical properties were compared in three different sectors: terraces at rest, abandoned terraces and a hillside with no technology. They all belong to the terracing system of San Pedro de Laraos town, in Huarochiri, Lima. In all three sectors loam predominates. The soil pH is within the range of high bioavailability of most nutrients (5.5 to 7.5), except for two points on the slope without platforms. The soil electrical conductivity presents ranges that qualify the three areas as \"no saline\" (< 2 dS / m). The organic matter is in the appropriate percentages (3-5%), especially on the terraces at rest, which also have the highest content of NPK. In conclusion, the soil of the three zones does not differ significantly in their physical parameters, but it differs in the chemical parameters, especially in the content of macronutrients; the better range is in terraces at rest. However, the community of Laraos does not take advantage of it soil fertility; actually, most of their terracing system is abandoned and the structures are in a deterioration process.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67860790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.007
G. Ramírez
In the last 50 years, the population growth of urban areas has increased significantly in Latin America. While this growth is mainly concentrated in coastal cities, places that were less populated before and even misperceived as uninhabited, as the Amazonia, also present an urban population increase. The cities of Lamas and Santa Maria de Nieva belong to the network of Peruvian northern cities: they are located in a transverse axis connecting the coast (Piura, Chiclayo) with the lower Amazonia (Iquitos). Taking into account the characteristics of land occupation, using cartographic sources (maps and satellite images) and gathering data from field research conducted during the month of August 2015, a first analysis of the urban water cycle was performed. It is based on the idea that this cycle is not only carry out in urban areas but rather has a close relationship with the territory (and resources) surrounding both locations. The results show that both cities have a significant impact (negative and positive) in the water sources and wastewater discharges of the territory. It has also been found that inside the urban space, water is an element that configures or sets sub-zones.
在过去的50年里，拉丁美洲城市地区的人口增长显著增加。虽然这种增长主要集中在沿海城市，但以前人口较少甚至被误认为无人居住的地方，如亚马逊河流域，也出现了城市人口的增长。Lamas和Santa Maria de Nieva的城市属于秘鲁北部城市网络:它们位于连接海岸(Piura, Chiclayo)和亚马逊河下游(Iquitos)的横轴上。考虑到土地占用的特征，利用地图资源(地图和卫星图像)并收集2015年8月进行的实地调查数据，对城市水循环进行了首次分析。它基于这样一种理念，即这种循环不仅在城市地区进行，而且与两个地点周围的领土(和资源)有着密切的关系。结果表明，两个城市对该地区的水源和废水排放均有显著影响(负影响和正影响)。研究还发现，在城市空间内部，水是配置或设置分区的要素。
{"title":"Los territorios del agua en dos localidades de la Amazonía norte del Perú: los casos de Lamas (San Martín) y Santa María de Nieva (Amazonas)","authors":"G. Ramírez","doi":"10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18800/ESPACIOYDESARROLLO.201501.007","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 50 years, the population growth of urban areas has increased significantly in Latin America. While this growth is mainly concentrated in coastal cities, places that were less populated before and even misperceived as uninhabited, as the Amazonia, also present an urban population increase. The cities of Lamas and Santa Maria de Nieva belong to the network of Peruvian northern cities: they are located in a transverse axis connecting the coast (Piura, Chiclayo) with the lower Amazonia (Iquitos). Taking into account the characteristics of land occupation, using cartographic sources (maps and satellite images) and gathering data from field research conducted during the month of August 2015, a first analysis of the urban water cycle was performed. It is based on the idea that this cycle is not only carry out in urban areas but rather has a close relationship with the territory (and resources) surrounding both locations. The results show that both cities have a significant impact (negative and positive) in the water sources and wastewater discharges of the territory. It has also been found that inside the urban space, water is an element that configures or sets sub-zones.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67860832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-20DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27200.84481
Sandra Villacorta, J. Úbeda
In this paper we present a joint initiative of the Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico (Ingemmet) and the Research Group of Physical Geography in High Mountains of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (GFAM-UCM), to promote at Peru the research on geomorphology and climate change. The plan is to elaborate geomorphological maps of Lima Metropolitana and header watersheds (Chillon, Rimac and Lurin), to generating analytical instruments to achieve the following objectives: 1) Decoding the record of climatic changes in landforms. 2) Delimit water reserves stored as ice masses (cryosphere). 3) Recognize the relationship between the geomorphology and the geological hazards which may affect to people and their economic activities. 4) Design a methodology that can be extrapolated to other Peruvian regions. To this end, geomorphological mapping will be integrated into geographic information systems (GIS): will be identified the morphoclimatic units and the related genetic processes. Also, their relative chronologies will be proposed. Then, the absolute dating of key units will be established to confirm or correct the relative chronologies. The information will be compiled in databases to be contrasted with other evidences and paleoclimatic proxies. This is intended to produce models of climate evolution, to contribute to the assessment of geological hazards, and the knowledge of current state of cryosphere, including recent trends and future forecasts.
{"title":"El mapa geomorfológico de Lima Metropolitana y sus cuencas hidrográficas, una herramienta para la gestión sostenible del territorio","authors":"Sandra Villacorta, J. Úbeda","doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.27200.84481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27200.84481","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a joint initiative of the Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico (Ingemmet) and the Research Group of Physical Geography in High Mountains of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (GFAM-UCM), to promote at Peru the research on geomorphology and climate change. The plan is to elaborate geomorphological maps of Lima Metropolitana and header watersheds (Chillon, Rimac and Lurin), to generating analytical instruments to achieve the following objectives: 1) Decoding the record of climatic changes in landforms. 2) Delimit water reserves stored as ice masses (cryosphere). 3) Recognize the relationship between the geomorphology and the geological hazards which may affect to people and their economic activities. 4) Design a methodology that can be extrapolated to other Peruvian regions. To this end, geomorphological mapping will be integrated into geographic information systems (GIS): will be identified the morphoclimatic units and the related genetic processes. Also, their relative chronologies will be proposed. Then, the absolute dating of key units will be established to confirm or correct the relative chronologies. The information will be compiled in databases to be contrasted with other evidences and paleoclimatic proxies. This is intended to produce models of climate evolution, to contribute to the assessment of geological hazards, and the knowledge of current state of cryosphere, including recent trends and future forecasts.","PeriodicalId":30443,"journal":{"name":"Espacio y Desarrollo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66244491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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