Psychiatry Journal最新文献

Background: Globally, about 450 million people suffer from mental disorders of which about 11% are assumed to be prisoners. The presence of mental illness among prisoners contributes to an increase in the risk of suicide, violence, morbidity, and mortality. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of data particularly from resource-limited areas to assist policy maker's efforts in reforming mental health care.

Objective: This study is aimed at assessing common mental disorders and its associated factors among prisoners in North Wollo zone correctional institutions, Northeastern Ethiopia.

Method: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 401 study participants from January-February 2021. A simple random sampling technique was employed to enroll the study participants. Structured interviewer-administered Self Reporting Questionnaires-20 (SRQ-20) developed by the World Health Organization was used to collect the data. Data were checked for completeness, coded and entered into Epi data version 4.2, and transferred to SPSS version 23.0 for final analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with common mental disorders. Statistical significance was declared at p values < 0.05 in the final model.

Results: The prevalence of common mental disorders was found to be 63.6% (95% CI 58.9, 68.3). After adjusting for confounding factors using multiple logistic regression, having children (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.93, 7.36), poor social support (AOR = 6.6, 95% CI: 2.93, 14.93), history of mental illness (AOR = 6.5, 95% CI: 1.78, 24.3), one- to five-year prison stay (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.38, 5.04), greater than five-year prison stay (AOR = 5.7, 95% CI: 2.05, 16.27), experiencing one stressful life event (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.83, 15.01), experiencing two or more stressful life events (AOR = 7.3, 95% CI: 2.98, 17.9), unavailability of reading materials (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.63, 11.43), and greater than or equal to eleven years of sentences (AOR = 4.4, 95 CI: 1.82, 10.70) were factors significantly associated with common mental disorders.

Conclusion: Common mental disorders are highly prevalent among prisoners in this study area. The result of this study suggests the importance of screening and providing psychiatric counseling to this highly vulnerable population.

Objectives: This study is aimed at comparing the prevalence of suicidal ideation among Iranian medical, dental, and pharmacy students and determining the demographic and basic characteristics and mental and psychological issues associated with suicidal ideation in these students.

Methods: This cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the 2020-2021 academic year on medical, dental, and pharmacy students studying at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). The questionnaire consisted of six sections: Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), UCLA loneliness scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), and a questionnaire that was designed to evaluate students' family history, current psychological status, and basic and demographic characteristics.

Results: In total, 419 students participated in our study, with 133 (31.7%) being medical students, 85 (20.3%) being pharmacy students, and 201 (48%) being dental students. In our study, the prevalence of suicidal ideation was 32%. Family history of psychological issues (OR = 2.186, P =0.012), current or past smoking (OR = 2.155, P = 0.01), parents not living together (OR = 2.512, P = 0.046), and satisfaction with the current field (OR = 0.51, P < 0.001) were all independently associated with the presence of suicidal ideation. Also, higher scores in BHS (OR = 1.167, P < 0.001), PSS (OR = 1.081, P = 0.001), and UCLA loneliness scale (OR = 1.057, P < 0.001) were independently associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation.

Conclusion: The prevalence of suicidal ideation among Iranian medical, dental, and pharmacy students is relatively high and has increased during recent years, which needs emergent action.

Objective: Anxiety and depression have a negative influence in the quality of life. The aim of the study was to determinate the levels of sensitivity and specificity of the Anxiety and Hospital Depression Scale (HADS) and compare the quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression or anxiety.

Methods: This study included 104 patients with diagnosis of IBD. Each patient received psychiatric intervention with SCID-I (Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIV Axis I Disorders) instrument as a gold standard to stablish the cut-off points of HADS. Quality of life was also evaluated with IBDQ-32. Demographic and clinical variables were collected.

Results: Most of the patients reported a high quality of life (73.1%, n = 76), while 25.0% (n = 26) express a moderate quality of life. The ROC curves for both psychiatric entities showed an adequate discriminative capacity of the HADS-anxiety dimension (AUC = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.76-0.92) with a limited discriminability of the HADS-depression dimension (AUC = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.46-0.70) using the proposed scoring of 8 as a cut-off point.

Conclusions: Anxiety and depression impact negatively in the quality of life in Mexican patients with IBD. The Mexican version of HADS had acceptable internal consistency and external validity, with moderate sensitivity and specificity for clearly identifying clinical cases of anxiety and depression in patients with IBD.

This narrative review explores the full scope of harmful psychological effects of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease of 2019) pandemic on FLHCWs (Frontline healthcare workers). Additionally, we highlight the risk factors for worse outcomes. A literature review identified 24 relevant papers included in this synthesis. The majority of studies reported a high number of mental health conditions in HCWs (Healthcare workers) overall. Working in the frontline setting was repeatedly identified as an independent risk factor for poorer mental health. Additional risk factors, such as gender, occupational pressure, and low level of support from hospital administration, family, and the community, were also commonly identified. In the past, defined interventions have been shown to mitigate the psychological impact of high-stress situations on frontline workers. This review is aimed at identifying individuals at higher risk to help effectively target preventative measures in future stress situations in our healthcare system.

Taijin-Kyofu-sho is an East Asian culture-bound anxiety disorder with similarities to social anxiety disorder. However, few studies have examined these two disorders from the perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study is aimed at examining the association of Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trait. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety, Taijin-Kyofu-sho, and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report scales and the 16-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient were administered to 818 university students. Participants were divided into four groups: control (neither Taijin-Kyofu-sho nor social anxiety disorder), pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (Taijin-Kyofu-sho alone), pure social anxiety disorder (social anxiety disorder alone), and mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (both Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder). We used logistic regression analysis to examine whether the ADHD trait and ASD trait were associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder. ASD trait was significantly associated with pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (p = 0.006, odds ratio: 3.99). Female sex and ADHD trait were significantly associated with pure social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.013, odds ratio: 2.61; ADHD trait: p = 0.012, odds ratio: 2.46). Female sex, ADHD trait, and ASD trait were significantly associated with mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.043, odds ratio: 2.16; ADHD trait: p = 0.003, odds ratio: 2.75; ASD trait: p < 0.001, odds ratio: 16.93). Neurodevelopmental disorder traits differed between individuals with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and those with social anxiety disorder. Overall, our study reveals that Japanese individuals with the ADHD or ASD traits are at a heightened risk of developing Taijin-Kyofu-sho or social anxiety disorder.

School closure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pushed children across ages and nationalities into a state of mental health crisis. In Japan, children between the ages of 6 and 18 were ordered to stay at home and observe social distancing for several months. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of quarantine due to COVID-19 on children belonging to different developmental stages in life. Data were collected from mothers of typically developing children aged between 6 and 18 years. The differences in psychological and behavioral changes following school closure during the COVID-19 pandemic were explored. A total of 535 children, including 145 students in lower grades of elementary school (6-9 years), 124 students in higher grades of elementary school (9-12 years), 132 students in junior high school (12-15 years), and 134 students in high school (15-18 years), were recruited. Children in lower grades of elementary school (lower grades group) gained significantly lower understanding about COVID-19 and the necessity of COVID-19 restrictions than children in the other groups. Moreover, they had more psychological problems: they easily cried and complained, were unable to keep calm, and were dependent on parents and family members. Changes in sleep patterns were more prevalent in junior and senior high school students. We concluded that mental health care should be provided based on the growth period of each child not only during school closure but also after school reopening.

Background: To identify the association between elderly abuse and depression among elderly living in old age homes of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 5 old age homes of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The Geriatric Mistreatment Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale were used to collect information from 220 elderly aged 65 or above, and face-to-face interviews were conducted. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the association between elderly abuse and geriatric depression.

Results: Among the different types of abuse analyzed, the multivariate analysis showed that neglect (AOR = 2.995; CI: 1.249-7.181) and economical abuse (AOR = 4.728, CI: 1.836-12.173) were significantly associated with increased risk of geriatric depression. Furthermore, the study identified that future saving and absence of chronic disease significantly reduced the risk of psychological abuse, neglect, and geriatric depression.

Conclusions: Neglect and economical abuse are a predictor of geriatric depression. Efforts should be directed to increase awareness about the different forms of abuse among the primary caregivers of the elderly. Counseling services and support programs should be introduced in old age homes to address the high burden of geriatric depression.

Background: Mental illness affects over one-third of the Indian population, and only a little is known about the exact situation of health systems in Madhya Pradesh, India. Therefore, the present research work provides an assessment of state mental health systems in Madhya Pradesh.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of National Mental Health Survey 2015-16 in 48 districts of Madhya Pradesh, to provide an overview of the status of mental health systems. Secondary data was also retrieved from the state office so as to present the situational analysis in a more comprehensive and inferential way. The proforma for the study was developed based on the experience gained from studies conducted earlier with World Health Organization's Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) and with WHO's Mental Health Atlas as the base for thematic analysis.

Results: Out of 51 districts, 13.7% of the districts of the state have been covered under District Mental Health Program (DMHP) in 2015-16. Around 11.8% of district/general hospitals were involved in providing mental health services. The availability of psychiatrist was 0.05 per Lakh population. Around 0.2% of the total health budget was allocated by the state for the last financial year for mental health. The overall average score of Madhya Pradesh in the assessment of qualitative indicators was 31 out of 100 in the year 2015-16.

Conclusion: There is huge scope and an urgent need to increase mental healthcare facilities (with upgradation of existing one) along the availability of mental healthcare staff.

Background: Tramadol has gained popularity among the drugs of the most active population especially the respondents in Ghana abuse especially farmers who nicknamed as "farm and buy cow." It has recently become a public health concern, and stakeholders are worried about tramadol abuse and its implications on health in the Upper West Region. The study sought to measure the prevalence of tramadol/related substance abuse and the associated factors.

Methods: A community-based analytic cross-sectional study involving 420 respondents was conducted. The participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Semistructured questionnaire was used to generate the data.

Results: About 77.6% of the respondents abuse tramadol while 83.9% of the participants take at least one other related substance or drug. Participants with history of any substance abuse were 5 times more likely to abuse tramadol [AOR = 5.15; 95% CI (1.501-17.656); p = 0.009], compared to respondents with no history of any substance abuse. Respondents who take tramadol to enhance sex were 4 times more likely to abuse tramadol [AOR = 3.776; 95% CI (1.352-10.545); p = 0.011]. Formal sector employment was protective against tramadol abuse [AOR = 0.100; 95% CI (0.017-0.595); p = 0.011] compared to self-employment and the unemployed. In addition, use of nonopioid prescription drugs for posttraumatic/pain management reduced the risk of tramadol abuse [AOR = 0.237; 95% CI (0088-0.640); p = 0.004] compared to the posttraumatic/pain management dependence on prescription of only opioid like tramadol.

Conclusion: An infantile municipality like Jirapa is challenged with high level of tramadol and related substance which has serious repercussion on the health system in the Jirapa district. It is important that measures are taken by the stakeholders to stop tramadol and related substance and mitigate the impact of drug abuse in the district.

Background: Bipolar disorder is a severe mental illness and has huge morbidity and mortality. Relapse is a challenging treatment failure in patients with mental illness, especially in patients with bipolar which causes high economic and social burdens. In the mental health delivery system, relapse is common and can be defined as becoming ill again after apparent recovery and a worsening condition of psychiatric patients. Due to psychiatric patients that may stop medication on their own in contrary to the advice of mental health professionals, relapse of mood episodes, delayed remission, and residual symptoms usually leads to hospitalization, increased suicide risk, and/or impede psychosocial recover. Therefore, understanding the nature of relapse in patients in low-income countries helps to prevent recurrence and related health care expenses.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with relapse among patients with bipolar disorders in central Ethiopia.

Method: Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital. Relapse was calculated among 400 samples of people with bipolar disorder, and systematic random sampling was used to select the study participants. Oslo's social support scale and ASSIST were used to identify factors with relapse, and a binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis model was performed to control the confounding factors. Odds ratios (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were determined to evaluate the strength of association.

Results: The prevalence of relapse was 71% among patients with bipolar disorder. The longer morbidity (longer than 5 years) had a higher risk of relapse [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 3.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.44 to 6.27], while good medication adherence found to be a protective factor for relapse [AOR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.72].

Conclusion: The prevalence of relapse was found pretty high among patients with bipolar disorders (71%). Working on treatment adherence and controlling the psychopathology is important to prevent relapse among bipolar patients.