A. Jarullah, A. N. Ahmed, Banafsha Ahmed, Abdullah M. Ahmed
The naphtha catalytic reforming process is evaluated by designing new composite nano-catalysts. Three catalysts were prepared for this process. The first catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over HY zeolite (Mo2C.Pt/HY zeolite), the second catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over modified zeolite by cerium nitrate (Mo2C.Pt/CeY zeolite), and the last catalyst was bimetallic titanium and platinum with a titanium content of 1% and platinum content of 0.11% over HY zeolite (Pt.Ti/HY zeolite). All catalysts were tested with several tests, mainly X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, and pore volume. All these substances were applied as catalysts for the reforming process of Iraqi heavy naphtha at the following operating conditions: reaction temperature (480, 500, and 520 ), reaction pressure (10, 12.5, and 15 bar), liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at 2 hr-1, and constant hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio (H2/ HC) of 4. All the reforming reactions occurred in a packed bed pilot plant reactor to investigate its stability and activity during the reforming process. All the developed catalyst samples showed sensational stability even at operating under difficult circumstances. The best catalyst was Pt.Ti/HY zeolite based on the results obtained with respect to the octane number (86.2) at 520 and 15 bar. Also, a mathematical model to describe the reforming process with high accuracy was built and simulated using gPROMS software. The results were very satisfying since the most significant error with the wt% of reformate was 4.9% (the experimental aromatics content was 23.94 wt.%, while the predicted result was 21.67 wt.%), while Research Octane Number (RON) error was 4.7% (the experimental RON was 81, whereas the predicted value of RON was 85) among all the results meaning that the simulating was valid to describe the process.
{"title":"Design of New Composites Nano-Catalysts for Naphtha Reforming Process: Experiments and Process Modeling","authors":"A. Jarullah, A. N. Ahmed, Banafsha Ahmed, Abdullah M. Ahmed","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"The naphtha catalytic reforming process is evaluated by designing new composite nano-catalysts. Three catalysts were prepared for this process. The first catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over HY zeolite (Mo2C.Pt/HY zeolite), the second catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over modified zeolite by cerium nitrate (Mo2C.Pt/CeY zeolite), and the last catalyst was bimetallic titanium and platinum with a titanium content of 1% and platinum content of 0.11% over HY zeolite (Pt.Ti/HY zeolite). All catalysts were tested with several tests, mainly X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, and pore volume. All these substances were applied as catalysts for the reforming process of Iraqi heavy naphtha at the following operating conditions: reaction temperature (480, 500, and 520 ), reaction pressure (10, 12.5, and 15 bar), liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at 2 hr-1, and constant hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio (H2/ HC) of 4. All the reforming reactions occurred in a packed bed pilot plant reactor to investigate its stability and activity during the reforming process. All the developed catalyst samples showed sensational stability even at operating under difficult circumstances. The best catalyst was Pt.Ti/HY zeolite based on the results obtained with respect to the octane number (86.2) at 520 and 15 bar. Also, a mathematical model to describe the reforming process with high accuracy was built and simulated using gPROMS software. The results were very satisfying since the most significant error with the wt% of reformate was 4.9% (the experimental aromatics content was 23.94 wt.%, while the predicted result was 21.67 wt.%), while Research Octane Number (RON) error was 4.7% (the experimental RON was 81, whereas the predicted value of RON was 85) among all the results meaning that the simulating was valid to describe the process.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48480453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A coupled artificial neural network model with a genetic algorithm optimization model is developed for a practical case of a single cutoff. The proposed cutoff is of a soil-embedded vertical part with an inclined extension. The model successfully found the optimum dimensions of the vertical and inclined parts, the optimum angle of inclination, and the optimum length of protection downstream of the cutoff for a factor of safety of 3 against piping. Two thousand one hundred cases are modeled first using Geo-studio software to find the required length of downstream protection against piping for different lengths of the vertical, inclined lengths of the cutoff, its angle of inclination, soil layer depth, and degree of anisotropy. Then the created data set was used to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for finding the length of protection required. The ANN model showed high performance with a determination coefficient of (0.922). The genetic algorithm model needs a minimum number of randomly generated populations of 100000 and three crossover iterations to produce a stable optimum solution. Running the model for different practical cases showed that the optimum angle variation was low and fluctuated around 30o. This low angle variation was due to its lower effect on the downstream soil protection length compared to the other decision variables. At the same time, the other dimensions varied with input variables, such as the depth of the soil layer, the seepage driving head, and the degree of isotropy. For a degree of anisotropy (ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic gradient) less than 0.5, the results showed no need for protection against piping; hence it is recommended to use minimum dimensions for such a case. The coupled model can easily obtain the optimum dimensions for any given input. Importance analysis showed that the optimum length of the downstream protection was highly affected by the vertical and inclined length of the cutoff, while it was less affected by the angle of inclination. Correlation analysis supported the importance analysis.
{"title":"A Genetic Algorithm Optimization Model for Stability of an Inclined Cutoff with Soil-Embedded Depth","authors":"Rafea Al-Suhili, R. Karim","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"A coupled artificial neural network model with a genetic algorithm optimization model is developed for a practical case of a single cutoff. The proposed cutoff is of a soil-embedded vertical part with an inclined extension. The model successfully found the optimum dimensions of the vertical and inclined parts, the optimum angle of inclination, and the optimum length of protection downstream of the cutoff for a factor of safety of 3 against piping. Two thousand one hundred cases are modeled first using Geo-studio software to find the required length of downstream protection against piping for different lengths of the vertical, inclined lengths of the cutoff, its angle of inclination, soil layer depth, and degree of anisotropy. Then the created data set was used to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for finding the length of protection required. The ANN model showed high performance with a determination coefficient of (0.922). The genetic algorithm model needs a minimum number of randomly generated populations of 100000 and three crossover iterations to produce a stable optimum solution. Running the model for different practical cases showed that the optimum angle variation was low and fluctuated around 30o. This low angle variation was due to its lower effect on the downstream soil protection length compared to the other decision variables. At the same time, the other dimensions varied with input variables, such as the depth of the soil layer, the seepage driving head, and the degree of isotropy. For a degree of anisotropy (ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic gradient) less than 0.5, the results showed no need for protection against piping; hence it is recommended to use minimum dimensions for such a case. The coupled model can easily obtain the optimum dimensions for any given input. Importance analysis showed that the optimum length of the downstream protection was highly affected by the vertical and inclined length of the cutoff, while it was less affected by the angle of inclination. Correlation analysis supported the importance analysis.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48701287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work studies the effect of adding woven E-glass fibers [0°/90°], 16 layers with 50% weight fraction to pure epoxy (matrix) on fatigue behavior under constant and variable loadings. The CNC water jet cutting machine was used to cut the composite samples with five fiber direction angles, such as (0°, 5°, 15°, 30°, and 45°). The tensile test was used to determine the composite material’s mechanical properties. The results showed that the composite material with 5° of fiber direction had the highest ultimate tensile stress, i.e., 353 MPa, and the highest Young's Modulus, i.e., 11940 MPa, compared to other samples with angles of (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°) of fiber direction. The sample with 5° angle was adopted in constant and variable fatigue loading tests. The fatigue test results under constant loading showed a 24.8 times fatigue strength improvement for composite material at 107 cycles compared to pure epoxy. The fatigue test under variable loading was conducted with two types of sequence loading program tests at a constant number of cycles at each stress level: high-low sequence loading with stress of 170-130 MPa with 10,000 and 20,000 cycles for each stress level and low-high sequence loading with stress 130-170 MPa with 10,000 and 20,000 cycle for each stress level loading and so on to failure. The results showed that the fatigue life under high-low sequence loading for both 10,000 and 20,000 cycles was less than that of the low-high sequence loading. Also, the results showed that Miner's rules were safe to calculate the damage of composite material used in this work where the damage was above one (D > 1).
{"title":"Study the Mechanical Properties and Fatigue Effect of Multilayer Woven E-Glass/Epoxy Composite under Constant and Variable Loading","authors":"Saif-Aldeen Ghafel, N. Namer, Abduljabar H. Ali","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present work studies the effect of adding woven E-glass fibers [0°/90°], 16 layers with 50% weight fraction to pure epoxy (matrix) on fatigue behavior under constant and variable loadings. The CNC water jet cutting machine was used to cut the composite samples with five fiber direction angles, such as (0°, 5°, 15°, 30°, and 45°). The tensile test was used to determine the composite material’s mechanical properties. The results showed that the composite material with 5° of fiber direction had the highest ultimate tensile stress, i.e., 353 MPa, and the highest Young's Modulus, i.e., 11940 MPa, compared to other samples with angles of (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°) of fiber direction. The sample with 5° angle was adopted in constant and variable fatigue loading tests. The fatigue test results under constant loading showed a 24.8 times fatigue strength improvement for composite material at 107 cycles compared to pure epoxy. The fatigue test under variable loading was conducted with two types of sequence loading program tests at a constant number of cycles at each stress level: high-low sequence loading with stress of 170-130 MPa with 10,000 and 20,000 cycles for each stress level and low-high sequence loading with stress 130-170 MPa with 10,000 and 20,000 cycle for each stress level loading and so on to failure. The results showed that the fatigue life under high-low sequence loading for both 10,000 and 20,000 cycles was less than that of the low-high sequence loading. Also, the results showed that Miner's rules were safe to calculate the damage of composite material used in this work where the damage was above one (D > 1).","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47841122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electric discharge machining (EDM) is considered one of the most energy-efficient production methods for the highly accurate processing of any electrically conductive materials, regardless of mechanical characteristics. EDM is a non-contact method used in a diverse range of industries, including aerospace, industrial, instruments, molds and dies, and medical tools, particularly for hard materials with simple or intricate geometries and shapes. This review investigated EDM research in process, material, operational parameter selection, the influence on outputs, numerous process varieties, and innovative strategies to improve performance. The present study presented an overview of the EDM process with different angled electrode geometry, optimization, and modeling of method parameters, and the effect of parameters such as material removal rate (MRR), pulse shape, and surface roughness. This review (1) organized the published literature in a specific way, with an emphasis on both theoretical and experimental findings investigations to enhance the process performance, such as the rate of material removal and quality of surface, among others, and tool wear; (2) investigated assessment methods and procedures used to evaluate process circumstances; and (3) examined the EDM improvements and predicted future trends study. The article's conclusion section extracts specific points and gaps in each part. As a result, the article is straightforward to comprehend and incredibly beneficial to the scientific community.
{"title":"The Influence of Angled Electrodes on Various Characteristics in EDM Process - Review Article","authors":"Ahmed E Abbas, A. A. Khleif","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Electric discharge machining (EDM) is considered one of the most energy-efficient production methods for the highly accurate processing of any electrically conductive materials, regardless of mechanical characteristics. EDM is a non-contact method used in a diverse range of industries, including aerospace, industrial, instruments, molds and dies, and medical tools, particularly for hard materials with simple or intricate geometries and shapes. This review investigated EDM research in process, material, operational parameter selection, the influence on outputs, numerous process varieties, and innovative strategies to improve performance. The present study presented an overview of the EDM process with different angled electrode geometry, optimization, and modeling of method parameters, and the effect of parameters such as material removal rate (MRR), pulse shape, and surface roughness. This review (1) organized the published literature in a specific way, with an emphasis on both theoretical and experimental findings investigations to enhance the process performance, such as the rate of material removal and quality of surface, among others, and tool wear; (2) investigated assessment methods and procedures used to evaluate process circumstances; and (3) examined the EDM improvements and predicted future trends study. The article's conclusion section extracts specific points and gaps in each part. As a result, the article is straightforward to comprehend and incredibly beneficial to the scientific community.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41552376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For environmental and economic purposes, it is necessary to search for methods that reduce gas emission by flare from the oil refineries. It causes environmental pollution and warmup. All laboratory tests have been completed at Koya University, with the contribution of the Institute of Technology in Koya, to check some readings and verify their accuracy. Increasing the absorptivity of the gases by heavy oil will have expected to improve oil burning characteristics. This research aims to determine the best operating conditions that leads for higher absorption. In this research the diesel oil is considered as a heavy cut and LPG as a light gas. A lab scale unit was installed for that purpose. The amount of changes in oil weight before and after atomizing was determines as well as, the properties of the diesel oil like flash point, cetane number, and diesel index. The effect of a wide range of atomizing time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90) minutes at different temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) °C was considered. The data is discussed and graphically analyzed. The optimum operating conditions is achieved by, 9 liters/minute gas Atomizing flowrate of LPG for one liter of diesel oil, atomizing Temperature is 30 ᵒC, atomizing Time is 30 minutes’ minimum till 60 minutes’ maximum. The produced Diesel Flash Point is 55 ᵒC, and the amount of gas absorption is 24 gm per 850 gm of diesel oil which represent 2.8 % of diesel weight and 5% of LPG gas flowrate.
{"title":"Utilizing LPG as an Additive to Enhance the Properties of Iraqi Diesel Oil","authors":"Davan Abdulqadir, Fakhri Hamdullah Ibraheem","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"For environmental and economic purposes, it is necessary to search for methods that reduce gas emission by flare from the oil refineries. It causes environmental pollution and warmup. All laboratory tests have been completed at Koya University, with the contribution of the Institute of Technology in Koya, to check some readings and verify their accuracy. Increasing the absorptivity of the gases by heavy oil will have expected to improve oil burning characteristics. This research aims to determine the best operating conditions that leads for higher absorption. In this research the diesel oil is considered as a heavy cut and LPG as a light gas. A lab scale unit was installed for that purpose. The amount of changes in oil weight before and after atomizing was determines as well as, the properties of the diesel oil like flash point, cetane number, and diesel index. The effect of a wide range of atomizing time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 90) minutes at different temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) °C was considered. The data is discussed and graphically analyzed. The optimum operating conditions is achieved by, 9 liters/minute gas Atomizing flowrate of LPG for one liter of diesel oil, atomizing Temperature is 30 ᵒC, atomizing Time is 30 minutes’ minimum till 60 minutes’ maximum. The produced Diesel Flash Point is 55 ᵒC, and the amount of gas absorption is 24 gm per 850 gm of diesel oil which represent 2.8 % of diesel weight and 5% of LPG gas flowrate.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42287814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of flood risks has a fundamental role in ensuring the safety of cities near rivers and drawing up plans to protect them during future floods. This study aims to manage potential flood risks, and Tikrit city was used as a case study. The daily discharge of the Tigris River in the study area was provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources from 2019 to 2022. The HEC-RAS software was utilized to build a 2-D flood model to simulate potential flood scenarios. First, the model was calibrated by adjusting the value of Manning's coefficient (n), and it was found that n = 0.031 reflects the nature of the region because the Nash-Sutcliff Error (NSE) was 0.93. Then, the efficiency of the 2-D flood model was verified by comparing the model’s results with the study area’s satellite images, and the results showed a great match. Following that, the 2-D model was used under different flooding scenarios. The results showed that the size of areas exposed to flooding increased with the discharges passing through the Tigris River. For instance, increasing the discharge to 800m3/s increased the flooded areas by 13.7%, while increasing the discharge to 1500 m3/s increased the flooded areas by 90.7 % compared to the river’s normal flow. Also, the results showed that the eastern regions of the riverbanks are more vulnerable to flooding than the western side because the ground levels are low on the eastern side compared to the western part of the riverbanks.
{"title":"Flood Risk Analysis: The Case of Tigris River (Tikrit /Iraq)","authors":"Wesam Mohammed-Ali, R. S. Khairallah","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study of flood risks has a fundamental role in ensuring the safety of cities near rivers and drawing up plans to protect them during future floods. This study aims to manage potential flood risks, and Tikrit city was used as a case study. The daily discharge of the Tigris River in the study area was provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources from 2019 to 2022. The HEC-RAS software was utilized to build a 2-D flood model to simulate potential flood scenarios. First, the model was calibrated by adjusting the value of Manning's coefficient (n), and it was found that n = 0.031 reflects the nature of the region because the Nash-Sutcliff Error (NSE) was 0.93. Then, the efficiency of the 2-D flood model was verified by comparing the model’s results with the study area’s satellite images, and the results showed a great match. Following that, the 2-D model was used under different flooding scenarios. The results showed that the size of areas exposed to flooding increased with the discharges passing through the Tigris River. For instance, increasing the discharge to 800m3/s increased the flooded areas by 13.7%, while increasing the discharge to 1500 m3/s increased the flooded areas by 90.7 % compared to the river’s normal flow. Also, the results showed that the eastern regions of the riverbanks are more vulnerable to flooding than the western side because the ground levels are low on the eastern side compared to the western part of the riverbanks.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44387643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently become an essential ingredient of human life. The main critical challenges that confront IoT are security and protection. Several methods have been developed to protect the IoT; among these methods is Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Deep Learning-based. On the other hand, these types of IDS have a complex operation that takes a long time when applied on IoT devices and is inconvenient for a massive system that includes many connected devices. Thus, this paper suggested a Lightweight Intrusion Detection System (LIDS) IoT model that depends on deep learning using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network. LIDS has the following characteristics lightweight, high accuracy, high speed in detection, and deals with a few features in MQTT protocol. The MQTTset dataset was used in training, validating, and testing the proposed model to investigate the performance of the proposed LIDS. The achieved performance ratios for the proposed LIDS, as measured by accuracy and F1-score. The experiment results showed that for the balanced MQTTset dataset, the number of obtained features was 15 with accuracy (95.06) and F1_score (95.31). Also, for the imbalanced MQTTset, the number of obtained features was 12 with accuracy (96.97) and F1-score (98.24). The obtained results have shown the deep learning efficiency role in improving the accuracy of an intrusion detection model by approximately 3.5% compared to other methods in the literature. In addition, the proposed methods reduced the number of features by around 50% of the total number of features, leading to a LIDS operating in a constrained environment.
{"title":"Improving IoT Security using Lightweight Based Deep Learning Protection Model","authors":"Mahmood Subhy Mahmood, Najla Badie Al Dabagh","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently become an essential ingredient of human life. The main critical challenges that confront IoT are security and protection. Several methods have been developed to protect the IoT; among these methods is Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Deep Learning-based. On the other hand, these types of IDS have a complex operation that takes a long time when applied on IoT devices and is inconvenient for a massive system that includes many connected devices. Thus, this paper suggested a Lightweight Intrusion Detection System (LIDS) IoT model that depends on deep learning using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network. LIDS has the following characteristics lightweight, high accuracy, high speed in detection, and deals with a few features in MQTT protocol. The MQTTset dataset was used in training, validating, and testing the proposed model to investigate the performance of the proposed LIDS. The achieved performance ratios for the proposed LIDS, as measured by accuracy and F1-score. The experiment results showed that for the balanced MQTTset dataset, the number of obtained features was 15 with accuracy (95.06) and F1_score (95.31). Also, for the imbalanced MQTTset, the number of obtained features was 12 with accuracy (96.97) and F1-score (98.24). The obtained results have shown the deep learning efficiency role in improving the accuracy of an intrusion detection model by approximately 3.5% compared to other methods in the literature. In addition, the proposed methods reduced the number of features by around 50% of the total number of features, leading to a LIDS operating in a constrained environment.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44512929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a model was proposed based on calculating the total surface area of aggregate to assess fresh density, compressive, and splitting tensile strengths of plastic aggregate (PA) recycled concrete. The key factor is the change in the total surface area of the natural aggregate by the PA. For a given PA volume, the change in the property could be assessed. The prediction well depends on the natural and plastic aggregates distribution size, specific gravity, and bulk density. The proposed model prediction was accurate when applied to high-strength, and lightweight concretes. The reason is attributed to the relatively good bond between PA and hardened cement paste in these concretes. However, for the majority of concrete mixes investigated, the model moderately underestimated strength loss, and this underestimation could be attributed to the PA- hardened cement paste bond deficiency. An attempt was made to assess the bond deficiency parameter for a more accurate prediction.
{"title":"Surface Area Model to Assess the Plastic Aggregate Concrete Properties","authors":"Frya Shawkat Jafr, A. Mohammed, Hemn M. Ahmed","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a model was proposed based on calculating the total surface area of aggregate to assess fresh density, compressive, and splitting tensile strengths of plastic aggregate (PA) recycled concrete. The key factor is the change in the total surface area of the natural aggregate by the PA. For a given PA volume, the change in the property could be assessed. The prediction well depends on the natural and plastic aggregates distribution size, specific gravity, and bulk density. The proposed model prediction was accurate when applied to high-strength, and lightweight concretes. The reason is attributed to the relatively good bond between PA and hardened cement paste in these concretes. However, for the majority of concrete mixes investigated, the model moderately underestimated strength loss, and this underestimation could be attributed to the PA- hardened cement paste bond deficiency. An attempt was made to assess the bond deficiency parameter for a more accurate prediction.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45115637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the world has been moving towards reusing wastes in many industrial applications, such as buildings and automotive, to eliminate the environmental pollution impact due to increasing waste worldwide. Besides, waste reuse also leads to cost savings and improves sustainability. Therefore, this short review aims to present and discuss the recently used methods of utilizing feather waste as sustainable and renewable insulation instead of traditional petroleum-derived materials. The father's low thermal conductivity ranges from 0.024 W/(m. K) to 0.034 W/(m. K), and it's chemical composition and microstructure effectively trap air and produce a good barrier. So, feather waste fibers can be used as an effective thermal and acoustic insulation material with the same or better performance than commercially available products. However, several significant barriers and limitations associated with the manufacturing process of feathers insulations were identified in this review. These limitations make the commercial development of insulation materials based on feather waste a challenge. They need to be appropriately addressed to realize the potential of feather waste as a reliable insulation material.
{"title":"Insulation Materials Based on Recycled Feather Waste: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the world has been moving towards reusing wastes in many industrial applications, such as buildings and automotive, to eliminate the environmental pollution impact due to increasing waste worldwide. Besides, waste reuse also leads to cost savings and improves sustainability. Therefore, this short review aims to present and discuss the recently used methods of utilizing feather waste as sustainable and renewable insulation instead of traditional petroleum-derived materials. The father's low thermal conductivity ranges from 0.024 W/(m. K) to 0.034 W/(m. K), and it's chemical composition and microstructure effectively trap air and produce a good barrier. So, feather waste fibers can be used as an effective thermal and acoustic insulation material with the same or better performance than commercially available products. However, several significant barriers and limitations associated with the manufacturing process of feathers insulations were identified in this review. These limitations make the commercial development of insulation materials based on feather waste a challenge. They need to be appropriately addressed to realize the potential of feather waste as a reliable insulation material.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47444312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jarullah, Abdullah M. Ahmed, Halla Hussein, A. Ahmed, Hamin J. Mohammed
This work deals with a composite catalyst preparation, Pt/HY-H-Mordenite, for isomerization of Iraqi light naphtha produced from Baiji North Refinery in a pilot plant fixed bed reactor under operating conditions with the following ranges: temperature 150–250 °C, LHSV 2.46–4.7 hr-1, pressure 6 bar, and hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio 3.7 mol/mol. The prepared nano-silica, Na-mordenite, H-mordenite, and Pt/HY-H-Mordenite catalysts were described by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The investigation results showed that the light naphtha isomerization conversion and yield increased with increasing the temperature and decreasing the liquid-hour space velocity. The highest conversion and yield, obtained at 250 °C and LHSV of 2.46 hr-1, were 89.38% and 76.36%, respectively.
本文研究了Pt/ hy - h -丝光沸石复合催化剂的制备，用于在固定床反应器中试装置中，在温度150 ~ 250℃，LHSV 2.46 ~ 4.7 hr-1，压力6 bar，氢烃比3.7 mol/mol的条件下，对Baiji北炼油厂生产的伊拉克轻油进行异构化反应。采用x射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和布鲁诺尔-埃米特-泰勒(BET)表面积分析对制备的纳米二氧化硅、na -丝光石、h -丝光石和Pt/ hy - h -丝光石催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明，轻质油异构化转化率和产率随温度的升高和液时空速的降低而提高。在250°C和LHSV为2.46 hr-1时，转化率和产率分别为89.38%和76.36%。
{"title":"Evaluation of Synthesized Pt/HY-H- Mordenite Composite Catalyst for Isomerization of Light Naphtha","authors":"A. Jarullah, Abdullah M. Ahmed, Halla Hussein, A. Ahmed, Hamin J. Mohammed","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with a composite catalyst preparation, Pt/HY-H-Mordenite, for isomerization of Iraqi light naphtha produced from Baiji North Refinery in a pilot plant fixed bed reactor under operating conditions with the following ranges: temperature 150–250 °C, LHSV 2.46–4.7 hr-1, pressure 6 bar, and hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio 3.7 mol/mol. The prepared nano-silica, Na-mordenite, H-mordenite, and Pt/HY-H-Mordenite catalysts were described by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The investigation results showed that the light naphtha isomerization conversion and yield increased with increasing the temperature and decreasing the liquid-hour space velocity. The highest conversion and yield, obtained at 250 °C and LHSV of 2.46 hr-1, were 89.38% and 76.36%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44485929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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