Solutions for safer, more durable infrastructure are required in light of increasing traffic and severe weather in Iraq. The most significant road conservation and maintenance challenges are the pavement's low resistance to dynamic loads and short service life. As a result, vast sums of money are spent annually to enhance the road service capacities in Iraq. Thermoplastic electrometric polymers for bitumen modification create long-lasting, cost-effective roadways. This study aims to determine how the mechanical properties of neat asphalt binder change when styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) is added as a modifier. The current research investigates adding three percentages of SBS (3, 5, and 7% of the weight of bitumen). Both neat and polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) were subjected to a series of physical laboratory and Superpave tests, including a dynamic shear rheometer tester (DSR) and a storage stability test. In addition, a chemical analysis test was conducted to identify any change in the neat binder chemical composition due to the addition of SBS polymer. The results indicated that 5% of SBS polymer was the optimum addition percentage to the local asphalt in Iraq. Additionally, it reduced the susceptibility of bitumen to temperature changes and enhanced its characteristics in all laboratory tests. The obtained PMB significantly improved rutting and fatigue factors compared to the neat asphalt binder. Based on the DSR tester and the storage stability test, the ratio of 5% SBS met the requirements of class PG76-10, used in the central and southern governorates of Iraq. Using SBS polymer on the surface course in Iraq reduces road damage due to the scorching summer sun, reduces the likelihood of rutting and fatigue cracking, and works well in hot regions, resulting in roads that last longer, provide comfortable riding, and require less maintenance.
鉴于伊拉克的交通流量不断增加，气候恶劣，需要有更安全、更耐用的基础设施解决方案。道路养护和维修面临的最大挑战是路面对动态荷载的抵抗力低和使用寿命短。因此，每年都需要花费大量资金来提高伊拉克的道路服务能力。用于沥青改性的热塑性电测聚合物可创造出使用寿命长、成本效益高的道路。本研究旨在确定添加苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯（SBS）作为改性剂后，纯沥青粘结剂的机械性能会发生怎样的变化。目前的研究调查了添加 SBS 的三个百分比（占沥青重量的 3%、5% 和 7%）。纯沥青和聚合物改性沥青（PMB）都经过了一系列物理实验室和 Superpave 测试，包括动态剪切流变仪（DSR）和储存稳定性测试。此外，还进行了化学分析测试，以确定由于添加了 SBS 聚合物，纯粘结剂的化学成分是否发生了变化。结果表明，5% 的 SBS 聚合物是伊拉克当地沥青的最佳添加比例。此外，它还降低了沥青对温度变化的敏感性，并增强了其在所有实验室测试中的特性。与纯沥青粘结剂相比，获得的 PMB 可明显改善车辙和疲劳系数。根据 DSR 测试仪和储存稳定性测试，5% SBS 的配比符合伊拉克中部和南部省份使用的 PG76-10 等级的要求。在伊拉克的面层中使用 SBS 聚合物可减少因夏日烈日造成的路面损坏，降低车辙和疲劳开裂的可能性，在炎热地区也能很好地发挥作用，从而使路面使用寿命更长、乘坐更舒适、所需的维护更少。
{"title":"Qualitative Evaluation for Asphalt Binder Modified with SBS Polymer","authors":"Rania I. Al-Nawasir, B. Al-Humeidawi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Solutions for safer, more durable infrastructure are required in light of increasing traffic and severe weather in Iraq. The most significant road conservation and maintenance challenges are the pavement's low resistance to dynamic loads and short service life. As a result, vast sums of money are spent annually to enhance the road service capacities in Iraq. Thermoplastic electrometric polymers for bitumen modification create long-lasting, cost-effective roadways. This study aims to determine how the mechanical properties of neat asphalt binder change when styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) is added as a modifier. The current research investigates adding three percentages of SBS (3, 5, and 7% of the weight of bitumen). Both neat and polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) were subjected to a series of physical laboratory and Superpave tests, including a dynamic shear rheometer tester (DSR) and a storage stability test. In addition, a chemical analysis test was conducted to identify any change in the neat binder chemical composition due to the addition of SBS polymer. The results indicated that 5% of SBS polymer was the optimum addition percentage to the local asphalt in Iraq. Additionally, it reduced the susceptibility of bitumen to temperature changes and enhanced its characteristics in all laboratory tests. The obtained PMB significantly improved rutting and fatigue factors compared to the neat asphalt binder. Based on the DSR tester and the storage stability test, the ratio of 5% SBS met the requirements of class PG76-10, used in the central and southern governorates of Iraq. Using SBS polymer on the surface course in Iraq reduces road damage due to the scorching summer sun, reduces the likelihood of rutting and fatigue cracking, and works well in hot regions, resulting in roads that last longer, provide comfortable riding, and require less maintenance.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Abdullah Almubaidin, A. Ahmed, Chris Aaron Anak Winston, A. El-shafie
The evolving character of the environment makes it challenging to predict water levels in advance. Despite being the most common approach for defining hydrologic processes and implementing physical system changes, the physics-based model has some practical limitations. Multiple studies have shown that machine learning, a data-driven approach to forecast hydrological processes, brings about more reliable data and is more efficient than traditional models. In this study, seven machine learning algorithms were developed to predict a dam water level daily based on the historical data of the dam water level. Multiple input combinations were investigated to improve the model’s sensitivity, and statistical indicators were used to assess the reliability of the developed model. The study of multiple models with multiple input scenarios suggested that the bagged trees model trained with seven days of lagged input provided the highest accuracy. The bagged tree model achieved an RMSE of 0.13953, taking less than 10 seconds to train. Its efficiency and accuracy made this model stand out from the rest of the trained model. With the deployment of this model on the field, the dam water level predictions can be made to help mitigate issues relating to water supply.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning for Daily Forecasting Dam Water Levels","authors":"Mohammad Abdullah Almubaidin, A. Ahmed, Chris Aaron Anak Winston, A. El-shafie","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"The evolving character of the environment makes it challenging to predict water levels in advance. Despite being the most common approach for defining hydrologic processes and implementing physical system changes, the physics-based model has some practical limitations. Multiple studies have shown that machine learning, a data-driven approach to forecast hydrological processes, brings about more reliable data and is more efficient than traditional models. In this study, seven machine learning algorithms were developed to predict a dam water level daily based on the historical data of the dam water level. Multiple input combinations were investigated to improve the model’s sensitivity, and statistical indicators were used to assess the reliability of the developed model. The study of multiple models with multiple input scenarios suggested that the bagged trees model trained with seven days of lagged input provided the highest accuracy. The bagged tree model achieved an RMSE of 0.13953, taking less than 10 seconds to train. Its efficiency and accuracy made this model stand out from the rest of the trained model. With the deployment of this model on the field, the dam water level predictions can be made to help mitigate issues relating to water supply.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"1027 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139237069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In semi-arid and arid areas, there is little surface and groundwater. Consequently, efforts are being undertaken to protect and collect rainwater as much as possible. When the rainfall is irregular in arid and semi-arid regions, a large portion of it is lost as surface run-off creating a water shortage that puts people at risk. Water collection is a substitute in these circumstances and is crucial. Water harvesting is the process of collecting rainfall and run-off using various storage structures, such as tiny dams, primarily for human, agricultural, and livestock use. For the construction of storage structures to impound and harvest rain and run-off water, forming surface storage reservoirs, four sites with special hydrological and geomorphologic characteristics have been identified and pointed in the drainage map of the studied areas (Tal-Kaif, Zummar, Al-Shor, and Wadi-Almur). A dam model was created using a Global Mapper and Watershed Modeling System program, WMS. Each reservoir's geometrical dimensions and the overall volume of water held behind each site's dams were measured and computed. The four sites' combined storage capacity for water behind the dams might exceed (75×106) m3. Several dam heights were selected in each basin, and the submerged areas for each height were determined to select the optimal height in each basin, i.e., 11.75, 13.9, 9.8, and 12.3 m.
{"title":"Rainwater Harvesting of Some Catchment Areas in Mosul City/ Iraq by Small Dams Construction","authors":"Shatha H. D. AL-Zakar, M. Alsaidi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"In semi-arid and arid areas, there is little surface and groundwater. Consequently, efforts are being undertaken to protect and collect rainwater as much as possible. When the rainfall is irregular in arid and semi-arid regions, a large portion of it is lost as surface run-off creating a water shortage that puts people at risk. Water collection is a substitute in these circumstances and is crucial. Water harvesting is the process of collecting rainfall and run-off using various storage structures, such as tiny dams, primarily for human, agricultural, and livestock use. For the construction of storage structures to impound and harvest rain and run-off water, forming surface storage reservoirs, four sites with special hydrological and geomorphologic characteristics have been identified and pointed in the drainage map of the studied areas (Tal-Kaif, Zummar, Al-Shor, and Wadi-Almur). A dam model was created using a Global Mapper and Watershed Modeling System program, WMS. Each reservoir's geometrical dimensions and the overall volume of water held behind each site's dams were measured and computed. The four sites' combined storage capacity for water behind the dams might exceed (75×106) m3. Several dam heights were selected in each basin, and the submerged areas for each height were determined to select the optimal height in each basin, i.e., 11.75, 13.9, 9.8, and 12.3 m.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"33 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139278236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worod Adris Shatnan, M. Almawlawe, Mustafa Abd AL-Aress Jabur
The present study explores the guidance of a robotic arm along a predefined path by implementing an optimal fuzzy fractional order PID controller-based control strategy. This method serves as a means to address the nonlinearity and unpredictability of the robotic manipulator, contingent upon the fuzzy logic controller's specifications and the employment of a clonal selection algorithm. The dynamic equation of the manipulator was considered as an initial point, followed by designing a fuzzy controller for this purpose. To validate the effectiveness of this approach, it was compared to other techniques, such as Fuzzy, Fuzzy-PID, and fuzzy-FOPID controllers, with PID and FOPID controller parameters optimized using clonal selection algorithms. Simulation results reveal that the fuzzy-FOPID variant outperformed other methods under varying load conditions and model uncertainties, using SIMULINK/MATLAB 2014a.
{"title":"Optimal Fuzzy-FOPID, Fuzzy-PID Control Schemes for Trajectory Tracking of 3DOF Robot Manipulator","authors":"Worod Adris Shatnan, M. Almawlawe, Mustafa Abd AL-Aress Jabur","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"The present study explores the guidance of a robotic arm along a predefined path by implementing an optimal fuzzy fractional order PID controller-based control strategy. This method serves as a means to address the nonlinearity and unpredictability of the robotic manipulator, contingent upon the fuzzy logic controller's specifications and the employment of a clonal selection algorithm. The dynamic equation of the manipulator was considered as an initial point, followed by designing a fuzzy controller for this purpose. To validate the effectiveness of this approach, it was compared to other techniques, such as Fuzzy, Fuzzy-PID, and fuzzy-FOPID controllers, with PID and FOPID controller parameters optimized using clonal selection algorithms. Simulation results reveal that the fuzzy-FOPID variant outperformed other methods under varying load conditions and model uncertainties, using SIMULINK/MATLAB 2014a.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139281645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of rectangular hollow flange cold-formed steel I-beam (RHFCFSIB) under two concentrated loads at the same distance from the support. All specimens were at a constant clear span of (L=1500mm), a constant beam specifications (t=4mm) web, flange thickness (h=300mm) for beam′s depth, and flange width of (bf=150mm). The connecting distance between the bolts, i.e., connects the web to the flanges, was (L/6), and eight stiffeners for each beam were placed under the load bearing points and at the support points on each side. The experimental program included assembling the parts to make beams and testing four specimens under two-point loads. The major parameters adopted in the current research included the flange depth, i.e., hf=30,60,90, and 120mm. The results showed that the beam with a flange depth of 30 mm had a higher ultimate load than other beams; however, it was the highest beam deflection. The beam with a flange depth of 120mm was the best section as a flexural member. The ultimate capacity of this beam increased by 15.34% and 6.4% compared to beams with flange depths of 60mm and 90mm and decreased by 12.9% compared to a beam with a flange depth of 30 mm. The maximum deflection at beam mid-span with a flange depth of 120 mm decreased by 53.8%, 44%, and 19.94% compared to beams with flange depths of 30 mm, 60mm, and 90mm, respectively. Therefore, the flange depth significantly influenced the flexural behavior by increasing the flange depth. Also, the ultimate capacity increased, and the deflection was reduced. The main conclusions drawn from the study were discussed and summarized. The research showed that the Hollow flanged sections gave the best results for flexural behavior.
{"title":"Flexural Behavior of Rectangular Double Hollow Flange Cold-Formed Steel I-beam","authors":"Alyaa S. Alsultani, Najla'a H. Al-Shareef","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"This research experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of rectangular hollow flange cold-formed steel I-beam (RHFCFSIB) under two concentrated loads at the same distance from the support. All specimens were at a constant clear span of (L=1500mm), a constant beam specifications (t=4mm) web, flange thickness (h=300mm) for beam′s depth, and flange width of (bf=150mm). The connecting distance between the bolts, i.e., connects the web to the flanges, was (L/6), and eight stiffeners for each beam were placed under the load bearing points and at the support points on each side. The experimental program included assembling the parts to make beams and testing four specimens under two-point loads. The major parameters adopted in the current research included the flange depth, i.e., hf=30,60,90, and 120mm. The results showed that the beam with a flange depth of 30 mm had a higher ultimate load than other beams; however, it was the highest beam deflection. The beam with a flange depth of 120mm was the best section as a flexural member. The ultimate capacity of this beam increased by 15.34% and 6.4% compared to beams with flange depths of 60mm and 90mm and decreased by 12.9% compared to a beam with a flange depth of 30 mm. The maximum deflection at beam mid-span with a flange depth of 120 mm decreased by 53.8%, 44%, and 19.94% compared to beams with flange depths of 30 mm, 60mm, and 90mm, respectively. Therefore, the flange depth significantly influenced the flexural behavior by increasing the flange depth. Also, the ultimate capacity increased, and the deflection was reduced. The main conclusions drawn from the study were discussed and summarized. The research showed that the Hollow flanged sections gave the best results for flexural behavior.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139284269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the serious wizards that industrial waste causes to humans, animals, and plants, besides the fact that wastewater from refineries contains many harmful compounds and that this type of industry is prevalent in most countries, the issue of protecting the environment from industrial waste is importance at the recent time. The organic contaminants elimination from the wastewater connected with the Iraqi refinery at Qayyarah served as our case study. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was the organic contaminants measure. A titanium electrode (cathode) and an aluminum electrode (anode) were combined with the electrocoagulation and Photo-Fenton-processes. Using a Mini Tab program, the Taguchi method Utilizing statistical techniques, successfully obtained the outcomes and final values. The most effective removal of COD was 90.148. With a standard deviation of 2.651, the best conditions for this experiment were as follows: The time required to achieve this removal efficiency was 50 minutes, 8 pH, 400 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, 20 mg/L of ferrous sulfate, and a current density of 15 mA cm-2. Through ANOVA analysis of this process, it was found that the current density (C.D.) significantly influenced the removal efficiency, affecting it by 47.79%, followed by the electrolytic solution effect by 18.31%, and the hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate concentrations effect by 12.55% and 2.36%, respectively. Also, a mathematical equation was found to describe the studied case. The reaction kinetics were also investigated, and the reaction rate constant (cm/s) was determined at ideal conditions, with km = 6.60546 x 10-5.
{"title":"Electrocoagulation Coupled Fenton Process for Treating Refinery Wastewater Using a Cylindrical Design of Ti and Al Electrodes","authors":"A. Aabid, Ibtehal K. Shakir","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the serious wizards that industrial waste causes to humans, animals, and plants, besides the fact that wastewater from refineries contains many harmful compounds and that this type of industry is prevalent in most countries, the issue of protecting the environment from industrial waste is importance at the recent time. The organic contaminants elimination from the wastewater connected with the Iraqi refinery at Qayyarah served as our case study. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was the organic contaminants measure. A titanium electrode (cathode) and an aluminum electrode (anode) were combined with the electrocoagulation and Photo-Fenton-processes. Using a Mini Tab program, the Taguchi method Utilizing statistical techniques, successfully obtained the outcomes and final values. The most effective removal of COD was 90.148. With a standard deviation of 2.651, the best conditions for this experiment were as follows: The time required to achieve this removal efficiency was 50 minutes, 8 pH, 400 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, 20 mg/L of ferrous sulfate, and a current density of 15 mA cm-2. Through ANOVA analysis of this process, it was found that the current density (C.D.) significantly influenced the removal efficiency, affecting it by 47.79%, followed by the electrolytic solution effect by 18.31%, and the hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate concentrations effect by 12.55% and 2.36%, respectively. Also, a mathematical equation was found to describe the studied case. The reaction kinetics were also investigated, and the reaction rate constant (cm/s) was determined at ideal conditions, with km = 6.60546 x 10-5.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139288989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omar M. A. Mahmood-Agha, S. Zakaria, Shatha H. D. AL-Zakar
The relationship between rainfall and runoff is complex and directly related to human life, plants, and animals and their whereabouts. Modeling this process requires a suitable hydrologic model to determine accurate results, such as volume and peak discharge of runoff, that can be adopted in the planning and management of water resources. Many factors affect the quantities of surface runoff that can be saved, including climate change and drought. In this study, HEC-HMS was used and calibrated to estimate the runoff volumes and peak discharge for (1986–2018). The initial and constant methods were considered and used to account for the precipitation loss. Snyder's unit hydrograph (UH) was the transform method. Drought characteristics can be analyzed by calculating the severity and duration of drought using the Modified Chinese Z Index (MCZI). The results showed the possibility of applying a rainwater harvesting system to achieve an abundance of water that compensates for the water scarcity in the study area. The seasonal surface runoff ranged from 1361.3-19706.8 (×103 m3) during the study period (1986–2018). Regarding the drought intensity, the region experienced its most severe period in 2007–2008, with a rate of 4.63, followed by 1998–1999 at a rate of 2.48. Both are classified as extreme drought. The study revealed that certain years had a higher intensity of drought and resulted in better water collection than other years when the area was affected by drought.
{"title":"The Impact of Meteorological Drought on Rainwater Harvesting in Al-Khoser Basin, Iraq","authors":"Omar M. A. Mahmood-Agha, S. Zakaria, Shatha H. D. AL-Zakar","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between rainfall and runoff is complex and directly related to human life, plants, and animals and their whereabouts. Modeling this process requires a suitable hydrologic model to determine accurate results, such as volume and peak discharge of runoff, that can be adopted in the planning and management of water resources. Many factors affect the quantities of surface runoff that can be saved, including climate change and drought. In this study, HEC-HMS was used and calibrated to estimate the runoff volumes and peak discharge for (1986–2018). The initial and constant methods were considered and used to account for the precipitation loss. Snyder's unit hydrograph (UH) was the transform method. Drought characteristics can be analyzed by calculating the severity and duration of drought using the Modified Chinese Z Index (MCZI). The results showed the possibility of applying a rainwater harvesting system to achieve an abundance of water that compensates for the water scarcity in the study area. The seasonal surface runoff ranged from 1361.3-19706.8 (×103 m3) during the study period (1986–2018). Regarding the drought intensity, the region experienced its most severe period in 2007–2008, with a rate of 4.63, followed by 1998–1999 at a rate of 2.48. Both are classified as extreme drought. The study revealed that certain years had a higher intensity of drought and resulted in better water collection than other years when the area was affected by drought.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139340482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hamada, Marwah N Mohammed, Raad R. Jasim, Thamir K. Ibrahim
The present study implemented energy and exergy analyses on a 750MW combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The research utilized a simulation process using a computer model developed in MATLAB. The model was based on the natural gas combustion concept, energy balances, enthalpy balances, entropy changes, and the CCPPs heat transfer. The model was validated with the case study of the CCPP at Tuanku Ja’afar Power Station, Port Dickson. The results showed that the CCPP’s energy and exergy efficiencies were 56% and 51%, respectively. Furthermore, applying exergy analysis revealed that the combustion chamber had a significant source of exergy destruction rate, i.e., 224.58 MW, which corresponded to 67.48% of the total exergy destruction in the CCPP, followed by the air compressor 7.53%, and the steam turbine 7.07%. Meanwhile, increasing the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) reduced the exergy destruction rate of the combustion chamber of the gas turbine cycle. The optimum performance obtained at TIT was higher than 1262 °C, where the exergy destruction decreased in the CCPP. Moreover, In CCPP, the combustion chamber was the highest exergy destruction rate, i.e., 225MW, among the main components of the power system. It can be grasped that the current adaptive model of natural gas combustion is a powerful tool for predicting the overall performance of the CCPPs based on exergy analysis.
本研究对一座750MW联合循环电厂(CCPP)进行了能量和火用分析。本研究利用MATLAB开发的计算机模型进行仿真。该模型基于天然气燃烧概念、能量平衡、焓平衡、熵变化和CCPPs传热。该模型以博德申Tuanku Ja 'afar电站的CCPP为例进行了验证。结果表明，CCPP的能源效率和火用效率分别为56%和51%。此外，应用火用分析发现，燃烧室的火用破坏率显著，为224.58 MW，占CCPP总火用破坏率的67.48%，其次是空压机7.53%，汽轮机7.07%。同时，提高涡轮进口温度降低了燃气轮机循环燃烧室的火能破坏率。温度高于1262°C时，CCPP的火用破坏减小。此外，在CCPP中，在电力系统的主要部件中，燃烧室的火用破坏率最高，达到225MW。可以看出，目前的天然气燃烧自适应模型是基于火用分析预测CCPPs整体性能的有力工具。
{"title":"Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Combined Power Plant Based on Natural Gas Combustion","authors":"K. Hamada, Marwah N Mohammed, Raad R. Jasim, Thamir K. Ibrahim","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present study implemented energy and exergy analyses on a 750MW combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The research utilized a simulation process using a computer model developed in MATLAB. The model was based on the natural gas combustion concept, energy balances, enthalpy balances, entropy changes, and the CCPPs heat transfer. The model was validated with the case study of the CCPP at Tuanku Ja’afar Power Station, Port Dickson. The results showed that the CCPP’s energy and exergy efficiencies were 56% and 51%, respectively. Furthermore, applying exergy analysis revealed that the combustion chamber had a significant source of exergy destruction rate, i.e., 224.58 MW, which corresponded to 67.48% of the total exergy destruction in the CCPP, followed by the air compressor 7.53%, and the steam turbine 7.07%. Meanwhile, increasing the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) reduced the exergy destruction rate of the combustion chamber of the gas turbine cycle. The optimum performance obtained at TIT was higher than 1262 °C, where the exergy destruction decreased in the CCPP. Moreover, In CCPP, the combustion chamber was the highest exergy destruction rate, i.e., 225MW, among the main components of the power system. It can be grasped that the current adaptive model of natural gas combustion is a powerful tool for predicting the overall performance of the CCPPs based on exergy analysis.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48580246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People need artificial limbs for many reasons, such as illness, injury, or a gene problem. However, these limbs must be changed often because the human body changes as it gains or loses weight. This study examines whether plant fibers could be used instead of metal to make sockets for lower limb prosthetics using a vacuum bagging process. The laminates were formed using woven ramie fiber, bamboo fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE fiber. Several mechanical tests, such as impact, maximum shear stress, and flexural tests, were done to investigate the effect of different ways of stacking the fibers on certain mechanical and physical properties. The goal was to find out how changing the orientation and distribution of the fibers affected the composite's properties and how it worked. The outcomes of the tests were evaluated and analyzed to identify the optimal stacking pattern that would yield the desired properties for the composite material. The present investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of diverse reinforcing agents into composite materials exerted a significant influence on their mechanical strength. The composite's properties, such as flexibility, stress tolerance, and toughness upon fracture, improved proportionally with the increasing addition of these materials. The sample with the lamination of (2 perlon + 2 ramie + 2 carbon + 2 ramie + 2 perlon) fiber layers has shown a good impact strength of 81 KJ/m2, a maximum shear stress of 6.07 MPa, and a fracture strength of 174.1 MPa. Novel findings regarding the effect of altering the orientation and distribution of these fibers on the composite's properties could develop more effective prosthetic materials.
{"title":"Improving mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites for artificial lower limb socket","authors":"Adel Mahmood Bash, T. Othman, J. K. Oleiwi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"People need artificial limbs for many reasons, such as illness, injury, or a gene problem. However, these limbs must be changed often because the human body changes as it gains or loses weight. This study examines whether plant fibers could be used instead of metal to make sockets for lower limb prosthetics using a vacuum bagging process. The laminates were formed using woven ramie fiber, bamboo fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE fiber. Several mechanical tests, such as impact, maximum shear stress, and flexural tests, were done to investigate the effect of different ways of stacking the fibers on certain mechanical and physical properties. The goal was to find out how changing the orientation and distribution of the fibers affected the composite's properties and how it worked. The outcomes of the tests were evaluated and analyzed to identify the optimal stacking pattern that would yield the desired properties for the composite material. The present investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of diverse reinforcing agents into composite materials exerted a significant influence on their mechanical strength. The composite's properties, such as flexibility, stress tolerance, and toughness upon fracture, improved proportionally with the increasing addition of these materials. The sample with the lamination of (2 perlon + 2 ramie + 2 carbon + 2 ramie + 2 perlon) fiber layers has shown a good impact strength of 81 KJ/m2, a maximum shear stress of 6.07 MPa, and a fracture strength of 174.1 MPa. Novel findings regarding the effect of altering the orientation and distribution of these fibers on the composite's properties could develop more effective prosthetic materials.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) is widely regarded as a highly promising technology for the forthcoming generation of wireless systems. The massive MIMO implementation involves the integration of a substantial number of antenna elements into base stations (BSs) to enhance spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). The energy efficiency (EE) of base stations (BSs) has become an increasingly important issue for telecommunications network operators due to the need to take care of profitability while simultaneously minimizing their detrimental effects on the environment and addressing economic challenges faced by wireless communication operators. In this paper, the EE of massive MIMO networks and the relationship between EE, SE, and other parameters like bandwidth (B), number of antennas (M), circuit power, and number of users’ equipment (K) are discussed and investigated. For a fixed circuit power (PFIX), simulation results showed that the EE could be increased by about 1.12 as the number of antennas was doubled. The findings in this work also indicated an almost linear relationship between maximum EE and optimal SE, with a massive increase in the number of antennas when the power consumed by each antenna (PBS) was included in circuit power. In addition, when considering the power consumed per user’s equipment (PUE) impact, the SE increased with the ratio (M/K), in which SE showed a cubic relationship against M/K. On the other hand, the EE increased with M/K ratio until M/K reached a specific value. The maximum EE (and hence optimum SE) was achieved by massive MIMO, where the number of antennas was three times the number of users. However, EE started degrading after this value, as the number of antennas was considered larger than the users’ and consumed more energy, resulting in EE degradation.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO Network","authors":"Israa Hilme, A. Abdulkafi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) is widely regarded as a highly promising technology for the forthcoming generation of wireless systems. The massive MIMO implementation involves the integration of a substantial number of antenna elements into base stations (BSs) to enhance spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). The energy efficiency (EE) of base stations (BSs) has become an increasingly important issue for telecommunications network operators due to the need to take care of profitability while simultaneously minimizing their detrimental effects on the environment and addressing economic challenges faced by wireless communication operators. In this paper, the EE of massive MIMO networks and the relationship between EE, SE, and other parameters like bandwidth (B), number of antennas (M), circuit power, and number of users’ equipment (K) are discussed and investigated. For a fixed circuit power (PFIX), simulation results showed that the EE could be increased by about 1.12 as the number of antennas was doubled. The findings in this work also indicated an almost linear relationship between maximum EE and optimal SE, with a massive increase in the number of antennas when the power consumed by each antenna (PBS) was included in circuit power. In addition, when considering the power consumed per user’s equipment (PUE) impact, the SE increased with the ratio (M/K), in which SE showed a cubic relationship against M/K. On the other hand, the EE increased with M/K ratio until M/K reached a specific value. The maximum EE (and hence optimum SE) was achieved by massive MIMO, where the number of antennas was three times the number of users. However, EE started degrading after this value, as the number of antennas was considered larger than the users’ and consumed more energy, resulting in EE degradation.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47155939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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