One goal of natural language research is to make systems more accessible to their users by allowing them to interact with machines in a language as close as possible to the language people use among themselves. Developing systems that answer natural language questions is one way to allow users to interact easily with computers. In the following sections, I briefly describe ways in which researchers have been successful in this attempt, limitations inherent in existing natural language systems, and current efforts to bring systems closer to meeting the needs of their users. To illustrate these issues, I focus on natural language database systems as one example of question-answering systems.
{"title":"Natural language systems: How are they meeting human needs?","authors":"K. McKeown","doi":"10.1145/800173.809684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809684","url":null,"abstract":"One goal of natural language research is to make systems more accessible to their users by allowing them to interact with machines in a language as close as possible to the language people use among themselves. Developing systems that answer natural language questions is one way to allow users to interact easily with computers. In the following sections, I briefly describe ways in which researchers have been successful in this attempt, limitations inherent in existing natural language systems, and current efforts to bring systems closer to meeting the needs of their users. To illustrate these issues, I focus on natural language database systems as one example of question-answering systems.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120919248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming environment developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center over the last twelve years. All components of the Smalltalk environment are represented as objects that communicate by exchanging messages. This includes all of the common data types and operating system features found in a typical programming environment. For example, Smalltalk includes objects representing numbers, arrays, text, disk files, and independent processes. Messages are exchanged to initiate arithmetic calculation, data storage and retrieval, text editing, file access and process scheduling.
{"title":"Smalltalk","authors":"D. Robson","doi":"10.1145/800173.809715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809715","url":null,"abstract":"Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming environment developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center over the last twelve years. All components of the Smalltalk environment are represented as objects that communicate by exchanging messages. This includes all of the common data types and operating system features found in a typical programming environment. For example, Smalltalk includes objects representing numbers, arrays, text, disk files, and independent processes. Messages are exchanged to initiate arithmetic calculation, data storage and retrieval, text editing, file access and process scheduling.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125783805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BRS/SEARCH is the result of the “office automation movement” where storage and, more importantly, retrieval of textual information has become a major issue. All areas of business use or generate unique information, varying in style and structure depending on it's nature. A method is needed to electronically store and access this information without restricting the data to a given structure. This would allow the data to be stored in its natural format and open up numerous types of online access to information which to date has only been partially accessible, or inaccessible online.
{"title":"A text management innovation","authors":"R. D. Robinson","doi":"10.1145/800173.809734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809734","url":null,"abstract":"BRS/SEARCH is the result of the “office automation movement” where storage and, more importantly, retrieval of textual information has become a major issue.\u0000 All areas of business use or generate unique information, varying in style and structure depending on it's nature. A method is needed to electronically store and access this information without restricting the data to a given structure. This would allow the data to be stored in its natural format and open up numerous types of online access to information which to date has only been partially accessible, or inaccessible online.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133313065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A funny thing happened on the way to the “Office of the Future” - WP type products (the step-children of the technology) have taken the lead in “Extending the Human Resource” by the use of computing machinery for the support of office processes. One might mistake the previous statement for an extravagant claim. However, a quick review of some recent history will sustain my case: One of the most awesome M.I.S. environments in existence is IBM. For a long time their office products operation was treated with disdain. The group made money - but, the place to be was DP! Every cliche applicable to the aloftness and mystery of DP processes was fostered by this group. Users, in terms of an organization's DP people, ate it up and enjoyed cloaking themselves in the mystique of DP. Then came word processing. And quiet as it was kept - word processing machines were and are computing machines. The software developed for a word processor was and is simply another program - generally better written than most - designed to permit a user to manipulate text. At first, the WP product was very rigid and limited with the idea being “those WP folks can't handle anything else”. The side effect in this KISS approach was the production of user - friendly software before it became fashionable.
{"title":"Word processing in an M.I.S environment","authors":"J. Dorsey","doi":"10.1145/800173.809739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809739","url":null,"abstract":"A funny thing happened on the way to the “Office of the Future” - WP type products (the step-children of the technology) have taken the lead in “Extending the Human Resource” by the use of computing machinery for the support of office processes. One might mistake the previous statement for an extravagant claim. However, a quick review of some recent history will sustain my case:\u0000 One of the most awesome M.I.S. environments in existence is IBM. For a long time their office products operation was treated with disdain. The group made money - but, the place to be was DP! Every cliche applicable to the aloftness and mystery of DP processes was fostered by this group. Users, in terms of an organization's DP people, ate it up and enjoyed cloaking themselves in the mystique of DP. Then came word processing. And quiet as it was kept - word processing machines were and are computing machines. The software developed for a word processor was and is simply another program - generally better written than most - designed to permit a user to manipulate text. At first, the WP product was very rigid and limited with the idea being “those WP folks can't handle anything else”. The side effect in this KISS approach was the production of user - friendly software before it became fashionable.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132014808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an efficient implementation of the Clarke and Wright algorithm for solving the single depot vehicle routing and scheduling problem is presented. With this implementation, a 900 customer problem can be solved approximately in less than 9 seconds of CPU time and less than 128K bytes of storage on an IBM 3033 computer.
{"title":"Solving large vehicle routing and scheduling problems in small core","authors":"L. Bodin","doi":"10.1145/800173.809693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809693","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient implementation of the Clarke and Wright algorithm for solving the single depot vehicle routing and scheduling problem is presented. With this implementation, a 900 customer problem can be solved approximately in less than 9 seconds of CPU time and less than 128K bytes of storage on an IBM 3033 computer.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122245409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the educational programs in software engineering at Wang Institute of Graduate Studies. Programs discussed are the Master of Software Engineering degree program, the Eastern Institute in Computer Science, the Distinguished Lecturer series, the Corporate Associates Program, and the Wang Institute Software Environment Project. Major emphasis is placed on the Master of Software Engineering program. The paper provides a definition of software engineering, states the goals and objectives of the Masters program, outlines admission requirements, presents an overview of the curriculum, and relates the admission requirements and curriculum to the goals and objectives of the program. The Eastern Institute and Distinguished Lecturer programs are non-credit educational programs open to the software community. The Corporate Associates Program and Software Environment project are software related service programs. The nature of these programs and their relationships to the Master of Software Engineering program are discussed.
{"title":"Software engineering programs at the Wang Institute of Graduate Studies","authors":"R. Fairley, N. Martin","doi":"10.1145/800173.809743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809743","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the educational programs in software engineering at Wang Institute of Graduate Studies. Programs discussed are the Master of Software Engineering degree program, the Eastern Institute in Computer Science, the Distinguished Lecturer series, the Corporate Associates Program, and the Wang Institute Software Environment Project. Major emphasis is placed on the Master of Software Engineering program. The paper provides a definition of software engineering, states the goals and objectives of the Masters program, outlines admission requirements, presents an overview of the curriculum, and relates the admission requirements and curriculum to the goals and objectives of the program. The Eastern Institute and Distinguished Lecturer programs are non-credit educational programs open to the software community. The Corporate Associates Program and Software Environment project are software related service programs. The nature of these programs and their relationships to the Master of Software Engineering program are discussed.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128853840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This panel is charged with presenting solutions to problems associated with securing the personal workstation and local area networks. My function is to set the stage for the presentations which will follow by defining technology changes that are occurring and suggesting security issues that evolve from these changes. My job, then, is to raise the problems while my esteemed associates will present the solutions. Changes are occurring both in the technology that we are using and in the manner in which businesses are managed. At least nine major technology changes impact office systems. First, there is a move which seems to grow daily towards distributed data processing. A partial cause of this movement is the increased availability of small computers and management's desire to have their processing power closer to the information users.
{"title":"Secure use of personal workstations and local area networks","authors":"Leslie D. Ball","doi":"10.1145/800173.809687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809687","url":null,"abstract":"This panel is charged with presenting solutions to problems associated with securing the personal workstation and local area networks. My function is to set the stage for the presentations which will follow by defining technology changes that are occurring and suggesting security issues that evolve from these changes. My job, then, is to raise the problems while my esteemed associates will present the solutions.\u0000 Changes are occurring both in the technology that we are using and in the manner in which businesses are managed. At least nine major technology changes impact office systems. First, there is a move which seems to grow daily towards distributed data processing. A partial cause of this movement is the increased availability of small computers and management's desire to have their processing power closer to the information users.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scribe is a document production system that makes it easier to produce and maintain large complex technical documentation. Although its primary purpose is high-quality text formatting, Scribe also performs cross-reference tabulations, indexing, automatic generation of text such as tables of contents, figure integration. Many text formatting programs exist, and many can do some or all of what Scribe can do. But Scribe has proven through the years to be much easier to learn and use than most other systems, and documents produced in Scribe have proven to be much easier to edit and maintain than documents produced other ways.
{"title":"Scribe: How to use it for document production","authors":"B. Reid","doi":"10.1145/800173.809691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809691","url":null,"abstract":"Scribe is a document production system that makes it easier to produce and maintain large complex technical documentation. Although its primary purpose is high-quality text formatting, Scribe also performs cross-reference tabulations, indexing, automatic generation of text such as tables of contents, figure integration.\u0000 Many text formatting programs exist, and many can do some or all of what Scribe can do. But Scribe has proven through the years to be much easier to learn and use than most other systems, and documents produced in Scribe have proven to be much easier to edit and maintain than documents produced other ways.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130493455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of telecommunications and computer technology into the workplace has profound implications for the nature of work itself. In particular, the implementation of “office automation” permits significant changes in the organization and execution of office work. It is possible that the term “office” may take on new meanings. Office automation provides the potential to alter the locational and temporal definitions of large numbers of office jobs. This discussion focuses on the phenomenon of “remote office work”, which is facilitated by developments in telecommunications and computer technology. The general position is that technology can support either positive or negative implementations of remote office work; social and economic forces, as well as policy, provide the impetus for change in one direction or the other. This discussion emphasizes one particular form of remote work, that is, work at home. The reason for this emphasis is that work at home serves as an excellent example of the wide range of potential implications of remote work.
{"title":"Office automation and the changing definition of the workplace","authors":"M. Olson","doi":"10.1145/800173.809730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809730","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of telecommunications and computer technology into the workplace has profound implications for the nature of work itself. In particular, the implementation of “office automation” permits significant changes in the organization and execution of office work. It is possible that the term “office” may take on new meanings. Office automation provides the potential to alter the locational and temporal definitions of large numbers of office jobs.\u0000 This discussion focuses on the phenomenon of “remote office work”, which is facilitated by developments in telecommunications and computer technology. The general position is that technology can support either positive or negative implementations of remote office work; social and economic forces, as well as policy, provide the impetus for change in one direction or the other. This discussion emphasizes one particular form of remote work, that is, work at home. The reason for this emphasis is that work at home serves as an excellent example of the wide range of potential implications of remote work.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114040084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lookahead search has been known for a long time to be effective in tackling problems which can be cast in minimax form (mainly game playing, but others include maintaining unstable balance against gravity, and business decisions). Recent results have shown that the benefit of lookahead depends on the structure inherent in the problem, and even that there exist some minimax problems for which lookahead search is DIS-advantageous. This paper reviews those results and then discusses algorithms which can be interpreted as recognising the structure of local areas of the search in order to control search expansion. Such algorithms can be orders of magnitude more cost-effective than search using alpha-beta alone.
{"title":"Recent progress in understanding minimax search","authors":"D. Beal","doi":"10.1145/800173.809723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800173.809723","url":null,"abstract":"Lookahead search has been known for a long time to be effective in tackling problems which can be cast in minimax form (mainly game playing, but others include maintaining unstable balance against gravity, and business decisions). Recent results have shown that the benefit of lookahead depends on the structure inherent in the problem, and even that there exist some minimax problems for which lookahead search is DIS-advantageous. This paper reviews those results and then discusses algorithms which can be interpreted as recognising the structure of local areas of the search in order to control search expansion. Such algorithms can be orders of magnitude more cost-effective than search using alpha-beta alone.","PeriodicalId":306306,"journal":{"name":"ACM '83","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123883294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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