Corrosion is an important factor in the formation of deposits on the gas-swept heating surface of steam generating plant. The paper compares the behaviour of cast iron and steel under the corrosive attack of the sulphur acids occurring in boiler gases.Preliminary laboratory tests show a pronounced difference in behaviour of the two metals. Further investigation shows that cast iron has inherent properties which increase its resistance to corrosion over a wide range of conditions. These properties are shown to be linked with the silicon content of cast iron.Consideration is given to the influence of corrosion products, and of sulphurous acid. An explanation is offered of a number of observed phenomena in practice, including the puzzling “band corrosion” in air-heaters. This is shown to be a temperature and acid-concentration phenomenon.The paper ends with some comments on the modern practice of cleaning economizers and air-heaters by washing, and makes suggestions for the future guidance of designers.
{"title":"The corrosion of heating surfaces in boiler plants: further studies in deposit formation","authors":"J. Rylands, J. Jenkinson","doi":"10.1049/ji-2.1948.0182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ji-2.1948.0182","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion is an important factor in the formation of deposits on the gas-swept heating surface of steam generating plant. The paper compares the behaviour of cast iron and steel under the corrosive attack of the sulphur acids occurring in boiler gases.Preliminary laboratory tests show a pronounced difference in behaviour of the two metals. Further investigation shows that cast iron has inherent properties which increase its resistance to corrosion over a wide range of conditions. These properties are shown to be linked with the silicon content of cast iron.Consideration is given to the influence of corrosion products, and of sulphurous acid. An explanation is offered of a number of observed phenomena in practice, including the puzzling “band corrosion” in air-heaters. This is shown to be a temperature and acid-concentration phenomenon.The paper ends with some comments on the modern practice of cleaning economizers and air-heaters by washing, and makes suggestions for the future guidance of designers.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117258203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The author's reply to the discussion on 'Electrical engineering problems in the tropics'","authors":"R. Allan","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121252390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The authors' reply to the discussion on ¿Modern electric lift practice¿","authors":"L. Atkinson","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129463444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The authors' reply to the discussion on \"Iron-loss measurements by a.c. bridge and calorimeter\"","authors":"J. Greig, H. Kayser","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114806336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The author's reply to the discussions on \"Electric traction on the Southern Railway\"","authors":"C. M. Cock","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"39 4S 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132475253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is intended to serve as a guide to engineers who desire to install electrically operated lifting equipment over an area of factory, warehouse, stockyard or power plant. Emphasis is laid on performance rather than design, and mention of many of the smaller items of crane equipment has purposely been omitted. The paper discusses the information required from the purchaser by the manufacturer, and indicates the results that the purchaser may expect to get at the crane hook. A brief survey of regulations affecting the installation of cranes is given, together with some remarks on maintenance and running costs.
{"title":"Electrical aspects of overhead travelling cranes","authors":"G. Sadler","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0037","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is intended to serve as a guide to engineers who desire to install electrically operated lifting equipment over an area of factory, warehouse, stockyard or power plant. Emphasis is laid on performance rather than design, and mention of many of the smaller items of crane equipment has purposely been omitted. The paper discusses the information required from the purchaser by the manufacturer, and indicates the results that the purchaser may expect to get at the crane hook. A brief survey of regulations affecting the installation of cranes is given, together with some remarks on maintenance and running costs.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123675453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The author's reply to the discussion on 'Standardization of power cables'","authors":"W. H. Lythgoe","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116592655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the development and present scope of British standards, published by the British Standards Institution, for insulated power cables.It is concluded that, after taking into account the wide diversity of uses for such cables, the present multiplicity of standards is not justified, and that considerable reduction of the alternative constructions now included is desirable for economical production and in the best interests of the electrical industry as a whole. Further, that some types, not hitherto included, are now sufficiently standardized to warrant their addition to the existing ranges.Very comprehensive standards are necessary and desirable in the early stages of the development of any industry. The paper suggests that the applications of electric power cables, though more diverse than at any previous time, have now reached a point at which serious and comprehensive review is justified, with the object of reducing the number of standards to a minimum compatible with modern requirements.
{"title":"Standardization of power cables","authors":"W. H. Lythgoe","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0062","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the development and present scope of British standards, published by the British Standards Institution, for insulated power cables.It is concluded that, after taking into account the wide diversity of uses for such cables, the present multiplicity of standards is not justified, and that considerable reduction of the alternative constructions now included is desirable for economical production and in the best interests of the electrical industry as a whole. Further, that some types, not hitherto included, are now sufficiently standardized to warrant their addition to the existing ranges.Very comprehensive standards are necessary and desirable in the early stages of the development of any industry. The paper suggests that the applications of electric power cables, though more diverse than at any previous time, have now reached a point at which serious and comprehensive review is justified, with the object of reducing the number of standards to a minimum compatible with modern requirements.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122992542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The calorimeter described was designed for the purpose of measuring the power loss in magnetic ring specimens under non-incremental audio-frequency excitation, with the aim of checking results of measurements by an Owen bridge under conditions involving appreciable nonlinear distortion. Reasons for the choice of calorimetric method are given, and the use of the calorimeter as a transfer instrument is considered. The use of the Owen bridge for iron-loss measurements is discussed, and results are given of measurements made on ring specimens built up of silicon-steel stampings of two different thicknesses, for values of flux density up to 10 kilogauss and of frequency up to 10 kc/s.
{"title":"Iron-loss measurements by a.c. bridge and calorimeter","authors":"J. Greig, H. Kayser","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0053","url":null,"abstract":"The calorimeter described was designed for the purpose of measuring the power loss in magnetic ring specimens under non-incremental audio-frequency excitation, with the aim of checking results of measurements by an Owen bridge under conditions involving appreciable nonlinear distortion. Reasons for the choice of calorimetric method are given, and the use of the calorimeter as a transfer instrument is considered. The use of the Owen bridge for iron-loss measurements is discussed, and results are given of measurements made on ring specimens built up of silicon-steel stampings of two different thicknesses, for values of flux density up to 10 kilogauss and of frequency up to 10 kc/s.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper outlines some of the elementary statistical methods, and illustrates their application to a variety of problems encountered in the field of electricity supply. Particular attention is given to methods of describing group performance, such as by classification, and graphic representation of the frequencies at which the classified values of a variable characteristic occur, and by kindred graphs; and to the method of estimating the performance of an indefinitely large group by investigating a limited sample only. Various methods of sample selection are indicated and a number of elementary formulae added, which may enable the supply engineer to choose economic sample-sizes and to assess the significance of results. A collection of frequency diagrams illustrate conditions met with in practice. Reference is also made to the elements of correlation and regression analysis.
{"title":"The application of statistical methods to electricity supply problems","authors":"P. Schiller","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1948.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1948.0041","url":null,"abstract":"The paper outlines some of the elementary statistical methods, and illustrates their application to a variety of problems encountered in the field of electricity supply. Particular attention is given to methods of describing group performance, such as by classification, and graphic representation of the frequencies at which the classified values of a variable characteristic occur, and by kindred graphs; and to the method of estimating the performance of an indefinitely large group by investigating a limited sample only. Various methods of sample selection are indicated and a number of elementary formulae added, which may enable the supply engineer to choose economic sample-sizes and to assess the significance of results. A collection of frequency diagrams illustrate conditions met with in practice. Reference is also made to the elements of correlation and regression analysis.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1948-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132449403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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