The paper describes the pre-war preparations, such as operating procedure, provision of an alternative control organization, protection of plant and the national pool of spares. The action taken on outbreak of war is outlined and the subsequent experience of the war years is surveyed in greater detail. Reference is made to change in the magnitude and distribution of loads and the resulting problems in the provision of generating capacity to supply these loads. The problems of plant availability, fuel supplies and war damage are discussed. The paper closes with an account of the development of the transmission system and the various classes of faults arising out of the war. It is divided into the following Sections. 1) Introduction. 2) Precautionary Measures 1936?1939. 3) Action on Outbreak of War. 4) Changes in Load and Generating-Plant Capacity during the War. 5) Transmission System during the War. 6) Conclusion.
{"title":"The British grid system in war time","authors":"J. Hacking, J. Peattie","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0127","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the pre-war preparations, such as operating procedure, provision of an alternative control organization, protection of plant and the national pool of spares. The action taken on outbreak of war is outlined and the subsequent experience of the war years is surveyed in greater detail. Reference is made to change in the magnitude and distribution of loads and the resulting problems in the provision of generating capacity to supply these loads. The problems of plant availability, fuel supplies and war damage are discussed. The paper closes with an account of the development of the transmission system and the various classes of faults arising out of the war. It is divided into the following Sections. 1) Introduction. 2) Precautionary Measures 1936?1939. 3) Action on Outbreak of War. 4) Changes in Load and Generating-Plant Capacity during the War. 5) Transmission System during the War. 6) Conclusion.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134092162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The principles of electrical design as taught in colleges and textbooks do not completely coincide with the principles used in design offices in industry. It is the intention of this, paper to indicate how such teaching can with advantage be modified and amplified so as to be of greater service to those entering industry. The causes leading to the differences are considered, and the difficulties experienced by college students on their first entry to a design office are analysed. The general considerations which should affect the arrangement of a design course are discussed, such as logical sequence, mathematical outlook and the effect of practical considerations. The necessity for students to have a full knowledge of the theory of electrical machines prior to undertaking a course on design is stressed. The more important subjects dealt with in a design course are treated individually, and the underlying principles discussed. Considerable attention is devoted to the need for a full understanding of the nature of the physical phenomena concerned. In particular, armature reaction and leakage reactance and their physical background are discussed in detail. Fallacies in theory, and the corresponding mis-statements which appear in many textbooks with regard to iron loss and the leakage reactance of end-windings, are exposed, and more accurate information is put forward. Particulars suitable for inclusion in a design course are included with regard to unbalanced magnetic pull, stray loss, and the crawling of induction motors. Recommended methods of calculation are given, together with constants determined from experience, and the paper concludes with a table of loading figures and temperature-rise formulae which it is hoped will be of service to teachers.
{"title":"The teaching of the principles of electrical machine design","authors":"L. Carr","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0124","url":null,"abstract":"The principles of electrical design as taught in colleges and textbooks do not completely coincide with the principles used in design offices in industry. It is the intention of this, paper to indicate how such teaching can with advantage be modified and amplified so as to be of greater service to those entering industry. The causes leading to the differences are considered, and the difficulties experienced by college students on their first entry to a design office are analysed. The general considerations which should affect the arrangement of a design course are discussed, such as logical sequence, mathematical outlook and the effect of practical considerations. The necessity for students to have a full knowledge of the theory of electrical machines prior to undertaking a course on design is stressed. The more important subjects dealt with in a design course are treated individually, and the underlying principles discussed. Considerable attention is devoted to the need for a full understanding of the nature of the physical phenomena concerned. In particular, armature reaction and leakage reactance and their physical background are discussed in detail. Fallacies in theory, and the corresponding mis-statements which appear in many textbooks with regard to iron loss and the leakage reactance of end-windings, are exposed, and more accurate information is put forward. Particulars suitable for inclusion in a design course are included with regard to unbalanced magnetic pull, stray loss, and the crawling of induction motors. Recommended methods of calculation are given, together with constants determined from experience, and the paper concludes with a table of loading figures and temperature-rise formulae which it is hoped will be of service to teachers.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132783129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The authors' reply to the discussion on \"The application of electrical technique to the service of some other industries\"","authors":"H. C. Turner, G. M. Tomlin","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133664345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper refers to some of the advantages of electrical methods of testing in industries other than the electrical. Some of the possible users of electrical methods are indicated, and actual instances given. Specific reference is made to some new electronic apparatus which has proved its worth, both in the steel and the automotive industries. The use of these instruments is illustrated by figures provided by the actual users.
{"title":"The application of electrical technique to the service of some other industries","authors":"H. C. Turner, G. M. Tomlin","doi":"10.1049/JI-1.1948.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-1.1948.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The paper refers to some of the advantages of electrical methods of testing in industries other than the electrical. Some of the possible users of electrical methods are indicated, and actual instances given. Specific reference is made to some new electronic apparatus which has proved its worth, both in the steel and the automotive industries. The use of these instruments is illustrated by figures provided by the actual users.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131212832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The authors' reply to the discussion on ¿The British grid system in war time¿","authors":"J. Hacking, J. Peattie","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133028114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The illumination from a finite linear light source is calculated, first for a perfectly diffusing source, then for a source which approximates closely the light distribution from a real fluorescent lamp. After treating the most general case, convenient expressions for some special conditions are obtained by means of series-expansions. The relation between total flux and normal intensity, the effect of reflectors and the results of experimental checks are discussed subsequently. Derivations and a discussion of corrections for end effects, experimental procedure, etc., are given in six appendices.
{"title":"Light distribution from fluorescent lamps (calculation of illumination from finite linear light sources)","authors":"H. Einhorn, J. Sauermann","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0148","url":null,"abstract":"The illumination from a finite linear light source is calculated, first for a perfectly diffusing source, then for a source which approximates closely the light distribution from a real fluorescent lamp. After treating the most general case, convenient expressions for some special conditions are obtained by means of series-expansions. The relation between total flux and normal intensity, the effect of reflectors and the results of experimental checks are discussed subsequently. Derivations and a discussion of corrections for end effects, experimental procedure, etc., are given in six appendices.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129024246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The authors' reply to the discussions on \"Protective finishing of electrical equipment\"","authors":"F. Widnall, R. Newbound","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114778785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is devoted to the study of the operation of h.v. wood-pole lines in which the insulator metalwork is not connected to earth. It deals distinctively with the two types of line of this kind, namely lines in which the metalwork is bonded, as by the use of steel cross-arms; and lines employing wood cross-arms in which the bonding as well as the earth connection is omitted. The paper deals with the insulating properties of complete line structures, as derived from their porcelain and wooden components; and then, from a consideration of the adverse agencies to which they are subjected, proceeds to conclusions regarding their operating characteristics. Some original experiments are described, and tentative conclusions submitted, regarding the effect of unearthed construction on the performance of insulators under conditions of fog and deposit. The nature and effect of lightning surges is also dealt with, and particularly the matter of surge asymmetry as a cause of interphase flash-over, and as a factor in the choice of the type of cross-arm. The paper emphasizes that, for the attainment of the best operating results, there should be a closer correlation between line design and local conditions than has usually obtained in the past.
{"title":"The operational characteristics of modern h.v. wood-pole lines","authors":"G. T. Garwood","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0130","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to the study of the operation of h.v. wood-pole lines in which the insulator metalwork is not connected to earth. It deals distinctively with the two types of line of this kind, namely lines in which the metalwork is bonded, as by the use of steel cross-arms; and lines employing wood cross-arms in which the bonding as well as the earth connection is omitted. The paper deals with the insulating properties of complete line structures, as derived from their porcelain and wooden components; and then, from a consideration of the adverse agencies to which they are subjected, proceeds to conclusions regarding their operating characteristics. Some original experiments are described, and tentative conclusions submitted, regarding the effect of unearthed construction on the performance of insulators under conditions of fog and deposit. The nature and effect of lightning surges is also dealt with, and particularly the matter of surge asymmetry as a cause of interphase flash-over, and as a factor in the choice of the type of cross-arm. The paper emphasizes that, for the attainment of the best operating results, there should be a closer correlation between line design and local conditions than has usually obtained in the past.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116893903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The object of the paper is to analyse the factors governing the design of power supply and distribution systems for generating station auxiliary services. Considerations are limited to methods having practical application when designing modern stations, and, though there are difficulties preventing the achievement of any high degree of standardization of the auxiliary systems, a, number of generally accepted trends can be found. With the commonly adopted use of electric drives for all auxiliary services, the necessary degree of service reliability can be achieved by a suitable design of the auxiliary distribution system, mainly by application of the principle of divided auxiliaries, and by the use of proper sources of auxiliary power supply. In respect of this last point, the common practice in this country is to use unit transformers or shaft generators. A number of typical schemes are represented diagrammatically to illustrate various possible alternatives.
{"title":"Power supply for generating station auxiliary services","authors":"W. Szwander","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0108","url":null,"abstract":"The object of the paper is to analyse the factors governing the design of power supply and distribution systems for generating station auxiliary services. Considerations are limited to methods having practical application when designing modern stations, and, though there are difficulties preventing the achievement of any high degree of standardization of the auxiliary systems, a, number of generally accepted trends can be found. With the commonly adopted use of electric drives for all auxiliary services, the necessary degree of service reliability can be achieved by a suitable design of the auxiliary distribution system, mainly by application of the principle of divided auxiliaries, and by the use of proper sources of auxiliary power supply. In respect of this last point, the common practice in this country is to use unit transformers or shaft generators. A number of typical schemes are represented diagrammatically to illustrate various possible alternatives.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with the development of air-blast circuit-breakers, and describes investigations of the many factors affecting their performance. Particular attention is paid to the aerodynamic design of the circuit breakers. The development of the air turbulator and its application in commercial 66-kV and 132-kV circuit breakers are described. The data tabulated are derived from an analysis of results of short-circuit tests extending over many years.
{"title":"The extinction of arcs in air-blast circuit-breakers","authors":"A. Allan, D. F. Amer","doi":"10.1049/JI-2.1947.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/JI-2.1947.0104","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the development of air-blast circuit-breakers, and describes investigations of the many factors affecting their performance. Particular attention is paid to the aerodynamic design of the circuit breakers. The development of the air turbulator and its application in commercial 66-kV and 132-kV circuit breakers are described. The data tabulated are derived from an analysis of results of short-circuit tests extending over many years.","PeriodicalId":307627,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part II: Power Engineering","volume":"291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1947-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116178800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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