In this paper, I estimate the number of additional transplants generated by kidney exchanges. To do this, I analyze substitution patterns between exchange transplants and other transplant outcomes. Exploiting variation in patients exposure to exchange activity across time and place, I find that 64 percent of exchange transplants represent new living donor transplants. Using the same approach, I find that an increase in the probability of receiving an exchange transplant reduces the probability of graft failure and reduces time spent waiting for a kidney. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that each exchange transplant increases social welfare by $300,000 to $700,000. (JEL D47, I11, I12, I18)
{"title":"Do Kidney Exchanges Improve Patient Outcomes?","authors":"Keith F. Teltser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2943048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2943048","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I estimate the number of additional transplants generated by kidney exchanges. To do this, I analyze substitution patterns between exchange transplants and other transplant outcomes. Exploiting variation in patients exposure to exchange activity across time and place, I find that 64 percent of exchange transplants represent new living donor transplants. Using the same approach, I find that an increase in the probability of receiving an exchange transplant reduces the probability of graft failure and reduces time spent waiting for a kidney. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that each exchange transplant increases social welfare by $300,000 to $700,000. (JEL D47, I11, I12, I18)","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130282477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is the first to provide evidence of a direct causal impact of iodine fortification in early life on cognitive skills in childhood. I apply a differences-indifferences strategy using exogenous variation from a nationwide iodine fortification policy in India, comparing test scores of school aged children in naturally iodine sufficient and deficient districts over time. I find that the policy increased the probability of attaining basic numeracy and literacy skills by 2.67 - 5.83%. Previous papers find a larger effect on longer term human capital for women. I do not find a gender differential for basic skills but I observe a positive effect on more difficult literacy tasks for girls but not for boys. Additionally, I find that the male treatment effect on basic numeracy vary with district level son preference.
{"title":"The Effect of Mandatory Iodine Fortification on Cognitive Test Scores in Rural India","authors":"Wiktoria Tafesse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3170585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3170585","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first to provide evidence of a direct causal impact of iodine fortification in early life on cognitive skills in childhood. I apply a differences-indifferences strategy using exogenous variation from a nationwide iodine fortification policy in India, comparing test scores of school aged children in naturally iodine sufficient and deficient districts over time. I find that the policy increased the probability of attaining basic numeracy and literacy skills by 2.67 - 5.83%. Previous papers find a larger effect on longer term human capital for women. I do not find a gender differential for basic skills but I observe a positive effect on more difficult literacy tasks for girls but not for boys. Additionally, I find that the male treatment effect on basic numeracy vary with district level son preference.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132931078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behnaz Bojd, Xiaolong Song, Yong Tan, Xiangbin Yan
Gamified challenges, one of the most popular features of online weight-loss communities, enable users to set weight-loss goals and compete with other challenge participants via leaderboards. Using the data from a leading online weight-loss community, we study the effect of gamified challenges on the weight-loss outcome. Our findings indicate that participation in gamified challenges has a positive and significant effect on weight loss. We found that, on average, the participants achieved a weight loss of 0.742 kg by participating in at least one challenge a month. We found that effective challenges do not include a numeric weight goal (e.g., lose 5 kg), focus on exercise-only behavioral goals, and have a large active group size. Further, the results show that the absence (presence) of a numeric weight goal benefits users in exercise (diet) challenges. Moreover, a small active group size can help (hurt) users in exercise (diet) challenges. Our results suggest that gamification elements that induce competition should be used with caution in goal-setting environments, especially when gamifying dietary goals. Online weight-loss communities can recommend a useful combination of numeric weight goals, behavioral goals, and an optimal number of participants in each challenge to induce an encouraging level of social comparison.
{"title":"Gamified Challenges in Online Weight-Loss Communities","authors":"Behnaz Bojd, Xiaolong Song, Yong Tan, Xiangbin Yan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157331","url":null,"abstract":"Gamified challenges, one of the most popular features of online weight-loss communities, enable users to set weight-loss goals and compete with other challenge participants via leaderboards. Using the data from a leading online weight-loss community, we study the effect of gamified challenges on the weight-loss outcome. Our findings indicate that participation in gamified challenges has a positive and significant effect on weight loss. We found that, on average, the participants achieved a weight loss of 0.742 kg by participating in at least one challenge a month. We found that effective challenges do not include a numeric weight goal (e.g., lose 5 kg), focus on exercise-only behavioral goals, and have a large active group size. Further, the results show that the absence (presence) of a numeric weight goal benefits users in exercise (diet) challenges. Moreover, a small active group size can help (hurt) users in exercise (diet) challenges. Our results suggest that gamification elements that induce competition should be used with caution in goal-setting environments, especially when gamifying dietary goals. Online weight-loss communities can recommend a useful combination of numeric weight goals, behavioral goals, and an optimal number of participants in each challenge to induce an encouraging level of social comparison.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115534516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study provides the first evidence on the effects of U.S. state-level private and public insurance expansions on specialty substance use disorder (SUD) treatment use among children ages 12 to 18. We examine both private and public expansions over the period 1996 to 2010. Public insurance expansions are measured by changes in income thresholds for Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Private expansions are generated by state laws that compel private insurers to cover SUD treatment services at ‘parity’ with general healthcare services. We apply differences-in-differences regression models and leverage an all-payer admissions dataset. Our findings suggest that expansions, both private and public, lead to increases in admissions to treatment and increased insurance coverage among children in treatment. After public expansions, we find that treated children are more likely to be younger and to have previous experience with treatment, but less likely to be referred by the criminal justice system. We find no evidence that public expansions crowd out adult admissions, and in fact both public and private expansions increase at least some types of admissions among adults.
{"title":"Insurance Expansions and Children's Use of Substance Use Disorder Treatment","authors":"S. Hamersma, C. MacLean","doi":"10.3386/w24499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w24499","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides the first evidence on the effects of U.S. state-level private and public insurance expansions on specialty substance use disorder (SUD) treatment use among children ages 12 to 18. We examine both private and public expansions over the period 1996 to 2010. Public insurance expansions are measured by changes in income thresholds for Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Private expansions are generated by state laws that compel private insurers to cover SUD treatment services at ‘parity’ with general healthcare services. We apply differences-in-differences regression models and leverage an all-payer admissions dataset. Our findings suggest that expansions, both private and public, lead to increases in admissions to treatment and increased insurance coverage among children in treatment. After public expansions, we find that treated children are more likely to be younger and to have previous experience with treatment, but less likely to be referred by the criminal justice system. We find no evidence that public expansions crowd out adult admissions, and in fact both public and private expansions increase at least some types of admissions among adults.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117144269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preamble of the charter of the W.H.O formed in 1948, defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Mental illness has reached an alarming proportion over the globe and has become a vitally important issue for the nations in terms of morbidity, mortality and huge economic burden. In India there are multiple models of health care services are operating, under government services, private services and non-governmental services. Mental Health service includes both long-term hospital services as well as community mental health services, launched under the District Mental Health Programme. Mental health policies, legislation, community care facilities, and treatments for people with mental illness are not given the priority they deserve. Health being State subject in India and much depends on the ability of the State governments to allocate higher budgetary support to health sector. Kerala, the widely acknowledged state for it’s improvement in quality of life, now facing a severe crisis related to public health with increasing male suicides and increasing atrocities against women. The paper discusses the issues of right to mental health, health care facilities offered through various mental health institutions and to suggest suitable measures to enhance mental health through various institutional intervention.
{"title":"Right to Health and Role of Mental Health Institutions in Kerala","authors":"S. V","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3153420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3153420","url":null,"abstract":"The preamble of the charter of the W.H.O formed in 1948, defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Mental illness has reached an alarming proportion over the globe and has become a vitally important issue for the nations in terms of morbidity, mortality and huge economic burden. In India there are multiple models of health care services are operating, under government services, private services and non-governmental services. Mental Health service includes both long-term hospital services as well as community mental health services, launched under the District Mental Health Programme. Mental health policies, legislation, community care facilities, and treatments for people with mental illness are not given the priority they deserve. Health being State subject in India and much depends on the ability of the State governments to allocate higher budgetary support to health sector. Kerala, the widely acknowledged state for it’s improvement in quality of life, now facing a severe crisis related to public health with increasing male suicides and increasing atrocities against women. The paper discusses the issues of right to mental health, health care facilities offered through various mental health institutions and to suggest suitable measures to enhance mental health through various institutional intervention.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131670811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We evaluate evidence for the effectiveness of raising minimum wages on various measures of public health within the US, Canada, the UK, and Europe. We search four scientific websites from the inception of the research through May 20, 2018. We find great variety (20+) in measured outcomes among the 33 studies that pass our initial screening. We establish quality standards in a second screening resulting in 15 studies in which we create outcome-based groups. Outcomes include four broad measures (general overall health, behavior, mental health, and birth weight) and eight narrow measures (self-reported health, "bad" health days, unmet medical need, smoking, problem-drinking, obesity, eating vegetables, and exercise). We establish criteria for "stronger" findings for outcomes and methods. Stronger findings include: $1 increases in minimum wages are associated with 1.4 percentage point (4% evaluated at mean) decreases in smoking prevalence; failure to reject null hypotheses that minimum wages have no effects for most outcomes; and no consistent evidence that minimum wages harm health. One "suggestive" finding is that the best-designed studies have well-defined treatment (or likely affected) and control (unaffected) groups and contain longitudinal data. The major methodological weaknesses afflicting many studies are the lack of focus on persons likely affected by minimum wages and omission of "falsification tests" on persons likely unaffected. An additional weakness is lack of attention to how findings might differ across populations such as teenagers, adults, men, women, continuously employed and unemployed persons. Research into health effects of minimum wages is in its infancy and growing rapidly. We present a list of "better practices" for future research.
{"title":"Minimum Wages and Public Health: A Literature Review","authors":"J. P. Leigh, Wesley Leigh, Juan Du","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3176217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3176217","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate evidence for the effectiveness of raising minimum wages on various measures of public health within the US, Canada, the UK, and Europe. We search four scientific websites from the inception of the research through May 20, 2018. We find great variety (20+) in measured outcomes among the 33 studies that pass our initial screening. We establish quality standards in a second screening resulting in 15 studies in which we create outcome-based groups. Outcomes include four broad measures (general overall health, behavior, mental health, and birth weight) and eight narrow measures (self-reported health, \"bad\" health days, unmet medical need, smoking, problem-drinking, obesity, eating vegetables, and exercise). We establish criteria for \"stronger\" findings for outcomes and methods. Stronger findings include: $1 increases in minimum wages are associated with 1.4 percentage point (4% evaluated at mean) decreases in smoking prevalence; failure to reject null hypotheses that minimum wages have no effects for most outcomes; and no consistent evidence that minimum wages harm health. One \"suggestive\" finding is that the best-designed studies have well-defined treatment (or likely affected) and control (unaffected) groups and contain longitudinal data. The major methodological weaknesses afflicting many studies are the lack of focus on persons likely affected by minimum wages and omission of \"falsification tests\" on persons likely unaffected. An additional weakness is lack of attention to how findings might differ across populations such as teenagers, adults, men, women, continuously employed and unemployed persons. Research into health effects of minimum wages is in its infancy and growing rapidly. We present a list of \"better practices\" for future research.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic health records (EHRs) are widely perceived as having great potential for improving the quality of healthcare and diminishing the costs of that care. Present-day EHRs, however, are widely perceived as disappointing. Many doctors consider them time- and money-wasting nuisances that interfere with their interactions with patients. This paper explores how and why potential and reality diverge. We lay out a dozen broad principles for creating a new generation of EHRs that fulfill their long-hypothesized promise. To emphasize the magnitude of the difference between our proposal and today’s EHRs and to simplify the narrative, we use the label “digital health biographies” (DHBs) for the alternative we envision.
{"title":"From Electronic Health Records to Digital Health Biographies","authors":"Robert F. Graboyes, Darcy Bryan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3169529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169529","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic health records (EHRs) are widely perceived as having great potential for improving the quality of healthcare and diminishing the costs of that care. Present-day EHRs, however, are widely perceived as disappointing. Many doctors consider them time- and money-wasting nuisances that interfere with their interactions with patients. This paper explores how and why potential and reality diverge. We lay out a dozen broad principles for creating a new generation of EHRs that fulfill their long-hypothesized promise. To emphasize the magnitude of the difference between our proposal and today’s EHRs and to simplify the narrative, we use the label “digital health biographies” (DHBs) for the alternative we envision.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128439239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses a rent-seeking framework to empirically examine the effect of physician concentration at the state level on the dollar amount of payments made to physicians from the pharmaceutical industry. Using OLS and 2-stage least squares, this paper finds increased physician concentration at the state level is associated with lesser payment amounts made to physicians from pharmaceutical companies for overall physician concentration and office-based physician concentration. The results for hospital-based concentration were mixed. These findings provide important insights for health policy literature regarding which factors reduce the propensity to rent-seeking to affect health care outcomes and costs.
{"title":"Pharma Payments and Physician Concentration: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Raymond J. March","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3188322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3188322","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a rent-seeking framework to empirically examine the effect of physician concentration at the state level on the dollar amount of payments made to physicians from the pharmaceutical industry. Using OLS and 2-stage least squares, this paper finds increased physician concentration at the state level is associated with lesser payment amounts made to physicians from pharmaceutical companies for overall physician concentration and office-based physician concentration. The results for hospital-based concentration were mixed. These findings provide important insights for health policy literature regarding which factors reduce the propensity to rent-seeking to affect health care outcomes and costs.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126564732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-16DOI: 10.3844/AJBBSP.2016.277.285
R. Aversa, F. Petrescu, R. Petrescu, A. Apicella
New biomechanical criteria for the design of biomimetic hip joint prostheses are presented. Biofidel Finite Element Models have been used both to correctly analyze femur physiological and structural behavior and to assess a new design criterion for the development of innovative hybrid biological hip prostheses. Proper identification of isostatic lines and isorigidity regions for the sintered metal trabecular lattices distribution between the proximal and distal part of the stem has been carried out. The faithful models enables us to properly take into account not-isotropic properties of the femur proximal end, while clarifying the critical mechanical role of the trabecular bone that should be taken into account to design new innovative prosthetic system.
{"title":"Biofidel FEA Modeling of Customized Hybrid Biological Hip Joint Design Part II: Flexible Stem Trabecular Prostheses","authors":"R. Aversa, F. Petrescu, R. Petrescu, A. Apicella","doi":"10.3844/AJBBSP.2016.277.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJBBSP.2016.277.285","url":null,"abstract":"New biomechanical criteria for the design of biomimetic hip joint prostheses are presented. Biofidel Finite Element Models have been used both to correctly analyze femur physiological and structural behavior and to assess a new design criterion for the development of innovative hybrid biological hip prostheses. Proper identification of isostatic lines and isorigidity regions for the sintered metal trabecular lattices distribution between the proximal and distal part of the stem has been carried out. The faithful models enables us to properly take into account not-isotropic properties of the femur proximal end, while clarifying the critical mechanical role of the trabecular bone that should be taken into account to design new innovative prosthetic system.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117019197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses exemptions to general law through the prism of vaccine waivers in the United States. All US states legally require the vaccination of children prior to school or daycare entry, however this obligation is accompanied with a system of medical, religious and/or philosophical exemptions. Nonmedical exemptions became subject of discussion after the 2015 Disneyland measles outbreak in California, which unequivocally brought to light what had been brewing below the surface for a while: a slow but steady decline in vaccination rates in Western societies, resulting in the reoccurrence of measles outbreaks. This can be traced back to an increasing public questioning of vaccines by a growing anti-vaccination movement. In reaction to the outbreak and the public outrage it generated, several states proposed – and some already passed – Bills to eliminate nonmedical exemptions. I analyze two questions. First, can legal exemptions to mandatory childhood vaccination schemes for parents who oppose to vaccination (still) be justified? Second, should legal exemptions be limited to religious objections to vaccination, or should it also be granted to secular objections? Although the argument in the paper starts from the example of the USA, it seeks to provide a more general philosophical reflection on the question of exemptions to mandatory childhood vaccination.
{"title":"On Religious and Secular Exemptions. A Case Study of Childhood Vaccination Waivers","authors":"R. Pierik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2807903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2807903","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses exemptions to general law through the prism of vaccine waivers in the United States. All US states legally require the vaccination of children prior to school or daycare entry, however this obligation is accompanied with a system of medical, religious and/or philosophical exemptions. Nonmedical exemptions became subject of discussion after the 2015 Disneyland measles outbreak in California, which unequivocally brought to light what had been brewing below the surface for a while: a slow but steady decline in vaccination rates in Western societies, resulting in the reoccurrence of measles outbreaks. This can be traced back to an increasing public questioning of vaccines by a growing anti-vaccination movement. In reaction to the outbreak and the public outrage it generated, several states proposed – and some already passed – Bills to eliminate nonmedical exemptions. I analyze two questions. First, can legal exemptions to mandatory childhood vaccination schemes for parents who oppose to vaccination (still) be justified? Second, should legal exemptions be limited to religious objections to vaccination, or should it also be granted to secular objections? Although the argument in the paper starts from the example of the USA, it seeks to provide a more general philosophical reflection on the question of exemptions to mandatory childhood vaccination.","PeriodicalId":307802,"journal":{"name":"Z-Medicine eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129368992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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