This paper shows how a complex legal doctrinal theory (the doctrine of causation in law) may be represented in a semi-formal, two-layered model of statutory interpretation. The content of the theory is clarified by the proposed knowledge representation. It is argued that doctrinal theories in the reading proposed here are a source of intermediate legal concepts and, in consequence, of rules that enable the judge to argue efficiently in complex cases without entering into wider considerations involving case-based reasoning structures.
{"title":"Incorporation of complex doctrinal theories in a model of statutory interpretation: an example of adequate causal link","authors":"M. Araszkiewicz","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746114","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows how a complex legal doctrinal theory (the doctrine of causation in law) may be represented in a semi-formal, two-layered model of statutory interpretation. The content of the theory is clarified by the proposed knowledge representation. It is argued that doctrinal theories in the reading proposed here are a source of intermediate legal concepts and, in consequence, of rules that enable the judge to argue efficiently in complex cases without entering into wider considerations involving case-based reasoning structures.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125584191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias Grabmair, Kevin D. Ashley, Ran Chen, Preethi Sureshkumar, Chen Wang, Eric Nyberg, Vern R. Walker
This paper presents first results from a proof of feasibility experiment in conceptual legal document retrieval in a particular domain (involving vaccine injury compensation). The conceptual markup of documents is done automatically using LUIMA, a law-specific semantic extraction toolbox based on the UIMA framework. The system consists of modules for automatic sub-sentence level annotation, machine learning based sentence annotation, basic retrieval using Apache Lucene and a machine learning based reranking of retrieved documents. In a leave-one-out experiment on a limited corpus, the resulting rankings scored higher for most tested queries than baseline rankings created using a commercial full-text legal information system.
{"title":"Introducing LUIMA: an experiment in legal conceptual retrieval of vaccine injury decisions using a UIMA type system and tools","authors":"Matthias Grabmair, Kevin D. Ashley, Ran Chen, Preethi Sureshkumar, Chen Wang, Eric Nyberg, Vern R. Walker","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents first results from a proof of feasibility experiment in conceptual legal document retrieval in a particular domain (involving vaccine injury compensation). The conceptual markup of documents is done automatically using LUIMA, a law-specific semantic extraction toolbox based on the UIMA framework. The system consists of modules for automatic sub-sentence level annotation, machine learning based sentence annotation, basic retrieval using Apache Lucene and a machine learning based reranking of retrieved documents. In a leave-one-out experiment on a limited corpus, the resulting rankings scored higher for most tested queries than baseline rankings created using a commercial full-text legal information system.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130883591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Brazilian Supreme Court is one of the largest in the world in terms of case load. Since 1988 more than 1.5 million cases have reached the court, which is comprised of eleven Justices, mostly through appeal. This study describes the Supremo 2.0 ('Supreme Court' 2.0) project, undertaken to allow fast and interactive visualization of this case load. We describe the technologies and algorithms employed and outline its general functioning. We discuss the benefits of intuitive visualization, cross-filtering and multiple-view systems for knowledge discovery.
{"title":"Visualizing Brazilian justice: the supreme court 2.0 project","authors":"Daniel Chada, Felipe A. Silva, Patrícia Borges","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746113","url":null,"abstract":"The Brazilian Supreme Court is one of the largest in the world in terms of case load. Since 1988 more than 1.5 million cases have reached the court, which is comprised of eleven Justices, mostly through appeal. This study describes the Supremo 2.0 ('Supreme Court' 2.0) project, undertaken to allow fast and interactive visualization of this case load. We describe the technologies and algorithms employed and outline its general functioning. We discuss the benefits of intuitive visualization, cross-filtering and multiple-view systems for knowledge discovery.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131842703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This extended abstract describes a web-based system that helps lawyers and their clients save time, effort and money. The system automatically reviews a contract, written in English, and points out which components are present and which components are not against a given gold standard. The system also gives users feedback to improve the contract and it is, to some extent, interactive.
{"title":"Writing and reviewing contracts: don't you wish to save time, effort, and money?","authors":"Jason Gabbard, J. Sukkarieh, Federico Silva","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746534","url":null,"abstract":"This extended abstract describes a web-based system that helps lawyers and their clients save time, effort and money. The system automatically reviews a contract, written in English, and points out which components are present and which components are not against a given gold standard. The system also gives users feedback to improve the contract and it is, to some extent, interactive.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132293477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the process of proof alternative stories that explain 'what happened' in a case are tested using arguments based on evidence. Building on the author's earlier hybrid theory, this paper presents a formal theory that combines causal stories and evidential arguments, further integrating the different types of reasoning in a framework for structured argumentation. This then allows for correct reasoning with causal and evidential rules, and further integrates arguments and stories by grounding them both in well-known dialectical argumentation semantics.
{"title":"An integrated theory of causal stories and evidential arguments","authors":"Floris Bex","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746094","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of proof alternative stories that explain 'what happened' in a case are tested using arguments based on evidence. Building on the author's earlier hybrid theory, this paper presents a formal theory that combines causal stories and evidential arguments, further integrating the different types of reasoning in a framework for structured argumentation. This then allows for correct reasoning with causal and evidential rules, and further integrates arguments and stories by grounding them both in well-known dialectical argumentation semantics.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124761324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Timmer, J. Meyer, H. Prakken, S. Renooij, Bart Verheij
Reasoning about statistics and probabilities can, when not treated with cautiousness, lead to reasoning errors. Over the last decades the rise of forensic sciences has led to an increase in the availability of statistical evidence. To facilitate the correct explanation of such evidence we investigate how argumentation models can help in the interpretation of statistical information. Uncertainties are by forensic experts often expressed numerically, but lawyers, judges and other legal experts have notorious difficulty interpreting these results [3, 1, 2, 5]. In this demonstration of our main paper [6] we focus on the connection between formal models of argumentation and Bayesian belief networks (BNs). We use BNs because they are a well-known model to represent and reason with complex probabilistic information. We introduce the notion of a support graph as an intermediate structure between Bayesian networks and argumentation models. A support graph captures the inferences modelled in a Bayesian network but disentangles the complicating graphical properties of such models and instead emphasises its intuitive understanding. Moreover, we show that this intermediate model can function as a template to generate different arguments based on the data.
{"title":"Demonstration of a structure-guided approach to capturing bayesian reasoning about legal evidence in argumentation","authors":"S. Timmer, J. Meyer, H. Prakken, S. Renooij, Bart Verheij","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2750370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2750370","url":null,"abstract":"Reasoning about statistics and probabilities can, when not treated with cautiousness, lead to reasoning errors. Over the last decades the rise of forensic sciences has led to an increase in the availability of statistical evidence. To facilitate the correct explanation of such evidence we investigate how argumentation models can help in the interpretation of statistical information. Uncertainties are by forensic experts often expressed numerically, but lawyers, judges and other legal experts have notorious difficulty interpreting these results [3, 1, 2, 5]. In this demonstration of our main paper [6] we focus on the connection between formal models of argumentation and Bayesian belief networks (BNs). We use BNs because they are a well-known model to represent and reason with complex probabilistic information. We introduce the notion of a support graph as an intermediate structure between Bayesian networks and argumentation models. A support graph captures the inferences modelled in a Bayesian network but disentangles the complicating graphical properties of such models and instead emphasises its intuitive understanding. Moreover, we show that this intermediate model can function as a template to generate different arguments based on the data.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127796975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Araszkiewicz, Agata Lopatkiewicz, Adam Zienkiewicz, Tomasz Zurek
This paper evaluates the Parenting Plan Support System, a partially implemented decision support system designed to help parents to draft an agreement concerning relations with their children after the divorce, against the background of a real-life case. The focus here is on knowledge representation issues and the functioning of the inference engine.
{"title":"Representation of an actual divorce dispute in the parenting plan support system","authors":"M. Araszkiewicz, Agata Lopatkiewicz, Adam Zienkiewicz, Tomasz Zurek","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746119","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the Parenting Plan Support System, a partially implemented decision support system designed to help parents to draft an agreement concerning relations with their children after the divorce, against the background of a real-life case. The focus here is on knowledge representation issues and the functioning of the inference engine.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116003314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines the citation network of the via incidentale rulings of the Italian Constitutional Court ("ICC"), vis-à-vis the web of scholarly opinions, comments, and annotations, devoted to such cases. The aim is to deepen the notion of legal relevance. On the one hand, a remarkable number of cases that are considerably discussed by experts, are neither hubs nor authorities in the ICC citation network. On the other hand, cases that are relevant in the ICC citation network are scarcely debated, or even ignored, by scholars. This twofold outcome suggests that we should combine research on the citation network of the courts with the web of scholarly opinions, to obtain a more detailed picture of which decisions and verdicts have to be reckoned as relevant in a given legal system.
{"title":"The case law of the Italian constitutional court, its power laws, and the web of scholarly opinions","authors":"T. Agnoloni, U. Pagallo","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746108","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the citation network of the via incidentale rulings of the Italian Constitutional Court (\"ICC\"), vis-à-vis the web of scholarly opinions, comments, and annotations, devoted to such cases. The aim is to deepen the notion of legal relevance. On the one hand, a remarkable number of cases that are considerably discussed by experts, are neither hubs nor authorities in the ICC citation network. On the other hand, cases that are relevant in the ICC citation network are scarcely debated, or even ignored, by scholars. This twofold outcome suggests that we should combine research on the citation network of the courts with the web of scholarly opinions, to obtain a more detailed picture of which decisions and verdicts have to be reckoned as relevant in a given legal system.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131901020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much legal evidence is being generated by and stored in information systems. In this paper we look at evidence from an auditing point of view. Auditors rely on evidence of the party being audited, who may have a legitimate or illegitimate interest to manipulate it. To assess the quality of audit evidence, we argue for an approach called model-based auditing. It is based on a mathematically precise model of the expected relationships between the flow of money and the flow of goods or services. Such equations are used for cross verification. If the equations do not hold, either something is wrong (violation) or some underlying assumption is false (exception). To show the usefulness of the approach, we look in particular at a case study of a legal dispute about automated contract monitoring. A precise revenue model is instrumental in demonstrating that the data set does indeed constitute appropriate evidence to settle the case.
{"title":"Reliability of electronic evidence: an application for model-based auditing","authors":"R. Christiaanse, P. Griffioen, J. Hulstijn","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746098","url":null,"abstract":"Much legal evidence is being generated by and stored in information systems. In this paper we look at evidence from an auditing point of view. Auditors rely on evidence of the party being audited, who may have a legitimate or illegitimate interest to manipulate it. To assess the quality of audit evidence, we argue for an approach called model-based auditing. It is based on a mathematically precise model of the expected relationships between the flow of money and the flow of goods or services. Such equations are used for cross verification. If the equations do not hold, either something is wrong (violation) or some underlying assumption is false (exception). To show the usefulness of the approach, we look in particular at a case study of a legal dispute about automated contract monitoring. A precise revenue model is instrumental in demonstrating that the data set does indeed constitute appropriate evidence to settle the case.","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128706630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intelligent trademark analysis system developed by TrademarkNow is a trademark information system based on an AI model of trademark similarity (likelihood of confusion). The basic technology can be used as a general trademark search engine as well as for more specific purposes ranging from trademark watching (TrademarkNow NameWatch) to comprehensive risk analysis (TrademarkNow NameCheck).
{"title":"AI analysis of trademark law: trademarknow NameCheck and NameWatch","authors":"A. Ronkainen","doi":"10.1145/2746090.2746535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746535","url":null,"abstract":"The intelligent trademark analysis system developed by TrademarkNow is a trademark information system based on an AI model of trademark similarity (likelihood of confusion). The basic technology can be used as a general trademark search engine as well as for more specific purposes ranging from trademark watching (TrademarkNow NameWatch) to comprehensive risk analysis (TrademarkNow NameCheck).","PeriodicalId":309125,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","volume":"516 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123568064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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