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The Impact of Covid-19 on the State Audit in the Republic of North Macedonia - Lessons from the Crisis 2019冠状病毒病对北马其顿共和国国家审计的影响——危机的教训
Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2022/166/011
Ivan Dionisijev, Zorica Bozhinovska Lazarevska
The COVID-19 pandemic has left no area in the society that has not been affected. For auditing the spending of public money, especially in times of uncertainties imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the state audit is a crucial factor, hence the synonym for state audit is "watchdog of public money". The activities related to the state audit in the Republic of North Macedonia are performed by the State Audit Office (SAO), as the Supreme Audit Institution. This paper attempts to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the state audit in the Republic of North Macedonia, through the state auditors' perception of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the dynamics and the scope of SAO activities, with a special focus on ethical dilemmas and expectations for the post-covid period and what have the state auditors specifically learned from the crisis. For that purpose, a structured and detailed survey was submitted to all state auditors in the Republic of North Macedonia, covering all aspects of the audit process, the independence of the State Audit Office, changes in the environment, and the post-covid period. The obtained answers are analyzed through `descriptive statistics` and `analysis of variance`. In general, it can be concluded that the state auditors have retained their independence and the quality of conducting audits during the pandemic.
新冠肺炎疫情波及到社会的方方面面。对于公共资金支出的审计,特别是在新冠肺炎疫情带来不确定性的情况下,国家审计是一个至关重要的因素,因此国家审计的代名词是“公共资金监督”。北马其顿共和国与国家审计有关的活动是由作为最高审计机构的国家审计署进行的。本文试图通过国家审计员对COVID-19大流行对SAO活动动态和范围的影响的看法,调查COVID-19大流行对北马其顿共和国国家审计的影响,特别关注道德困境和对后COVID-19时期的期望,以及国家审计员从危机中具体学到的东西。为此,向北马其顿共和国所有国家审计员提交了一份结构化和详细的调查,涵盖审计过程的各个方面、国家审计署的独立性、环境变化和疫情后时期。通过“描述性统计”和“方差分析”对得到的答案进行分析。总的来说,可以得出结论,国家审计员在大流行病期间保持了独立性和审计质量。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of Digitalization on the Quality of Accounting Information. The Case of Algeria 数字化对会计信息质量的影响。阿尔及利亚案例
Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2022/166/009
Mehdi Bouchetara
This study aims to identify the impact of the digitalization of accounting information systems on the quality of accounting information, as applied to accountant experts. The importance of this study lies in the fact of knowing if the use of an AIS (Accounting Information System) within an organization makes that the quality of this accounting information in question is positively affected or not, in the case of Algeria. The author targeted a sample of 345 public accountants for whom a questionnaire was designed and distributed online. There were 181 responses accepted for the analysis process. To obtain relevant and representative results of the study, a simple linear regression with the SPSS software was performed. The results indicate that the computerization of the accounting information system has a significant impact on the quality of the accounting information.
本研究旨在确定会计信息系统数字化对会计信息质量的影响,并将其应用于会计专家。这项研究的重要性在于了解在一个组织内使用AIS(会计信息系统)是否会对该会计信息的质量产生积极影响,以阿尔及利亚为例。作者以345名注册会计师为样本,为他们设计并在网上分发了一份问卷。分析过程共收到181份回复。为了获得相关且具有代表性的研究结果,使用SPSS软件进行了简单的线性回归。结果表明,会计信息系统的电算化对会计信息的质量有着重要的影响。
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引用次数: 0
An Inquiry of Empirical Quantitative Studies about what Influences the Key Audit Matters` Number 影响关键审计事项数量的实证定量研究探讨
Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2022/166/012
Teodora Porumbăcean, Adriana Tiron Tudor
In recent years, the auditor reporting model suffered several relevant modifications, one being related to the communication of Key Audit Matters (KAMs). By better understanding what factors can affect the number of disclosed items, the users of the audit report can gain more trust in the work performed by the auditors. The measurement of the number of KAMs contributes to the overall understanding of the company’s risk level as they provide financial statement users with relevant information about significant estimates and risks reported in the financial statements. The paper aims to determine the variables from quantitative empirical studies influencing the number of disclosed Key Audit Matters in the auditor’s independent report by conducting a structured literature review of the relevant academic research papers. Our findings reveal that factors such as audit committee characteristics and financial expertise, auditor and client general characteristics and accounting aspects, gender of the audit partner, the measurement uncertainty together with the country of the audited company and audit market structure, all have an impact on the number of disclosed KAMs.
近年来,审计报告模式经历了几次相关的修改,其中一个与关键审计事项(KAMs)的沟通有关。通过更好地了解哪些因素会影响披露项目的数量,审计报告的使用者可以对审计师所做的工作获得更多的信任。kam数量的测量有助于全面了解公司的风险水平,因为它们为财务报表使用者提供了有关财务报表中报告的重大估计和风险的相关信息。本文旨在通过对相关学术研究论文进行结构化的文献综述,确定定量实证研究中影响审计师独立报告中披露的关键审计事项数量的变量。我们的研究结果表明,审计委员会特征和财务专业知识、审计师和客户的一般特征和会计方面、审计合伙人的性别、计量不确定性以及被审计公司的国家和审计市场结构等因素都对已披露的kam数量产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on the Concept of Authority: The Case of Accounting Standards and Standards Setting 对权威概念的思考:以会计准则与准则制定为例
Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2022/166/007
A. Burlaud, M. Niculescu
The question of authority can take various forms and have different purposes. The exercise of authority influences behaviors, changes practices, transforms realities, and, by avoiding chaos, brings intellectual comfort to those who submit to it by leaving it to others, i.e., those who possess authority, the task of asking questions and sometimes finding satisfactory answers. The paper highlights the multiple perspectives of a definition of the concept of authority, to then reflect on the authority and legitimacy of accounting rules and regulations. This is because if confidence is essential in trade, it is just as essential in accounting matters. In this regard the authors consider that it would be more useful to deal with the substance of the problem and to address the underlying or implicit assumptions that made it possible to produce the accounting information. Thus, the accounting can be perceived as a legitimate and effective authority which contributes to a climate of trust.
权威问题可以采取各种形式,具有不同的目的。权威的行使影响行为,改变实践,改变现实,并且,通过避免混乱,给那些服从它的人带来智力上的安慰,把它留给其他人,即那些拥有权威的人,提出问题的任务,有时找到令人满意的答案。本文着重从多个角度对权威概念进行界定,进而反思会计规章制度的权威性和合法性。这是因为,如果说信心在贸易中至关重要,那么它在会计事务中也同样至关重要。在这方面,作者认为,处理问题的实质和处理使产生会计信息成为可能的基本或隐含假设将更为有用。因此,会计可以被视为合法和有效的权威,有助于建立信任的气氛。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Influencing KAM Reporting: A Structured Literature Review 影响KAM报告的因素:一个结构化的文献回顾
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/025
Teodora Porumbăcean, Adriana Tiron-Tudor
The disclosure of KAMs contribute to the increase of financial-reporting quality, the value of the audit report and implicit interest in it. Moreover, KAM’s disclosure has a positive influence over the expectation gap between the auditors and other users of the audit report and financial statements. This study aims to identify relevant drivers influencing the Key Audit Matters (KAMs) disclosed in the audit report, based on a review of the articles published in top accounting journals. Our results reveal the fact that the audited company itself especially influences the disclosure of the KAMs, emphasizing the size of the company, the complexity of the business, the applicable regulation of the industry in which the company operates, all of which impact the overall client-risk level. Other relevant factors are the accounting standards with which the company must comply and on which it must report, the audit company (‘Big Four’ or not) and the audited company’s location.
KAM的披露有助于提高财务报告质量、审计报告的价值和对其隐含的兴趣。此外,KAM准则的披露对审计师与审计报告和财务报表的其他用户之间的期望差距有积极影响。本研究旨在根据对顶级会计期刊上发表的文章的审查,确定影响审计报告中披露的关键审计事项(KAM)的相关驱动因素。我们的研究结果表明,受审计公司本身尤其影响KAM的披露,强调了公司的规模、业务的复杂性、公司经营所在行业的适用法规,所有这些都会影响整体客户风险水平。其他相关因素包括公司必须遵守和报告的会计准则、审计公司(是否为“四大”)和被审计公司的所在地。
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引用次数: 1
Can the Audit Opinion Influence the Portfolio Investment Decisions? The Case of Listed companies 审计意见会影响证券组合投资决策吗?上市公司案例
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/026
George Aevoae, I. Robu, Roxana Dicu, I. Herghiligiu
As a part of their strategic transactions, corporations often acquire stakes in other companies that do not grant them control, but allow them to use their resources to increase their profitability, access technological progress and innovation, develop products, or obtain dividends. The main objective of this paper is to identify the factors influencing the behavior of acquirers who buy securities in the capital of the target companies, listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange, without intending to control them. The study aims to describe two dimensions of the buyers' behavior, when they buy shares that do not lead to the control of the target companies (below 50%). The first dimension refers to the buyer's decision to invest in a certain share of capital, influenced by the profitability of the target company and its market capitalization (dimensions of their performance), but also by the audit opinion on the annual financial statements. The relationship is positive and significant. The second dimension focuses on the decision of the acquirers to invest or not in a blue-chip company (top companies, considered the most efficient and stable on the financial market), with the main purpose of obtaining dividends or trading the respective securities on the capital market, in order to generate cash flows. The result shows that investors buy small shares in blue chip companies, compared to other companies, taking into account their performance and the audit opinion on the annual financial statements.
作为战略交易的一部分,企业通常会收购其他公司的股份,但这些股份并不授予它们控制权,而是允许它们利用自己的资源来提高盈利能力、获得技术进步和创新、开发产品或获得股息。本文的主要目的是确定影响收购方行为的因素,这些收购方以在布加勒斯特证券交易所上市的目标公司的资本购买证券,而无意控制它们。该研究旨在描述买家行为的两个维度,当他们购买的股票不会导致目标公司的控制(低于50%)。第一个维度是指买方决定投资一定份额的资本,受目标公司的盈利能力和市值(业绩维度)的影响,也受年度财务报表审计意见的影响。这种关系是正的,显著的。第二个维度侧重于收购方决定是否投资蓝筹公司(顶级公司,被认为是金融市场上效率最高和最稳定的公司),主要目的是获得股息或在资本市场上交易各自的证券,以产生现金流。结果表明,与其他公司相比,投资者购买蓝筹公司的小股,考虑到他们的业绩和年度财务报表的审计意见。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of the Romanian Accountancy Profession – 100 Years Celebration. A History Lesson for Today’s Professionals 罗马尼亚会计职业规范——100周年庆典。为今天的专业人士上历史课
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/022
D. Botez
On July 15th 1921, the Official Journal of Romania witnessed the publication of the Law on the organization of the Body of Licensed and Expert Accountants. The longtime wish of higher school of business graduates thus became true, they established their first association in 1888. Since then, until the law was published, the regulation of the accountancy profession was the main topic of various discussions and attitudes, of several pleadings addressed to public authorities and debates held at the meetings of a multitude of institutes representing these graduates’ interests, grouped within the Union of Business Schools Graduates, subsequently the Body of Higher Schools of Business Graduates, which acquired legal personality in 1916. There were also other subjects, directly related to accountants’ activity, that drew the graduates’ attention, both before and after the law was published, such as: censors’ statute, accounting expertise, visas on trade registers; business education reform; the Body’s relations with authorities. A number of public figures linked their faith to asserting the accountancy profession, its regulation and the ongoing representation of its interests. We should mention here, among many other, Nicolae Butculescu, I. St. Rasidescu, Vasile M. Ioachim, Petru Drăgănescu-Brateş, Grigore Trancu-Iaşi, George Alesseanu, Spiridon Iacobescu, Alexandru Sorescu. An important activity of the Body was the organisation of congresses. They began taking place every two years, uninterruptedly, starting 1923 until 1939. The activity of the Body of Expert and Licensed Accountants was influenced by the political and social events of its time, especially since 1935. Beginning with 1940, its activity saw a significant decrease.
1921年7月15日,罗马尼亚官方公报见证了《关于注册会计师和专家会计师组织的法律》的出版。高等商学院毕业生长久以来的愿望就这样实现了,他们在1888年成立了第一个协会。从那时起,直到法律公布,会计职业的监管是各种讨论和态度的主要主题,是向公共当局提出的几次诉状,以及在代表这些毕业生利益的众多机构的会议上举行的辩论,这些机构组成了商学院毕业生联盟,随后是高等商学院毕业生团体,于1916年获得法人资格。在法律颁布之前和之后,还有其他与会计活动直接相关的主题吸引了毕业生的注意,例如:审查机构的法规、会计专业知识、贸易登记签证;商科教育改革;委员会与当局的关系。许多公众人物将他们的信仰与维护会计职业、其监管和其利益的持续代表联系起来。在这里,我们应该提到尼古拉·布库列斯库、I.圣·拉西德斯库、瓦西里·m·约阿希姆、彼得鲁·德鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·格鲁·特鲁·特鲁·格鲁·特鲁·格鲁·特鲁·格鲁·特鲁·格鲁·特鲁·伊鲁·亚克斯库、乔治·阿莱塞努、斯皮里顿·亚克斯库、亚历山大·索雷斯库。该机构的一项重要活动是组织大会。从1923年到1939年,每两年举行一次。专家和注册会计师机构的活动受到当时政治和社会事件的影响,特别是自1935年以来。从1940年开始,它的活动显著减少。
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引用次数: 0
Aspects Regarding the Structure of the Financial Audit Market in the European Union from Fees Perspective 从收费角度看欧盟财务审计市场结构的几个方面
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/024
O. Bunget, A. Dumitrescu, R. Blidişel, Oana Bogdan, Valentin Burca
The audit market, developed out of the need to strengthen the credibility and the quality of financial reporting, has led since the 1980s to a concentration around large audit firms, the dominance effect being marked on the one hand by the auditor’s increasing reputation and notoriety, and on the other hand by the client’s association with a reputed auditor, which contributes to improving the company’s image on the market. In this context, a major issue is represented by the level of the fees charged, as they represent key elements that may affect the auditor’s independence. Moreover, a sensitive aspect is the relationship between the fee charged for financial audit services and the one for non-audit services and the compensation practices between them. The European Commission wants to facilitate competition in an overly concentrated market and also provide the opportunity for small and medium-sized audit firms to become active players in the large corporate audit market through joint audit, in which at least one of the audit firms is not part of the Big4 group. The mandatory audit firm rotation and the limitation on the non-audit services provided are the main aspects of the recent audit reform that directly influences the fee level. The main purpose of this study is to analyse whether there is a pattern of audit costs at the community level. In this context, this paper aims to assess the uniformity of audit costs, namely to determine the structure of the audit market in the European Union. The research involves data set comparison methods, by analysing a sample of 2,896 firms listed on the stock exchange in 35 different states over the period 2013-2021.
由于需要加强财务报告的可信度和质量而发展起来的审计市场,自20世纪80年代以来,主要集中在大型审计公司周围,这种主导效应一方面体现在审计师的声誉和恶名不断增加,另一方面体现在客户与知名审计师的联系,这有助于提高公司在市场上的形象。在这种情况下,收费水平是一个主要问题,因为收费是可能影响审计师独立性的关键因素。此外,一个敏感的方面是财务审计服务收费与非审计服务收费之间的关系以及两者之间的补偿做法。欧盟委员会希望在一个过于集中的市场中促进竞争,并通过联合审计为中小型审计公司提供机会,使其成为大型公司审计市场的活跃参与者,其中至少有一家审计公司不是四大集团的成员。强制性审计事务所轮转和对提供非审计服务的限制是近期审计改革中直接影响收费水平的主要方面。本研究的主要目的是分析社区层面是否存在审计成本模式。在此背景下,本文旨在评估审计成本的统一性,即确定欧盟审计市场的结构。该研究涉及数据集比较方法,通过分析2013-2021年期间在35个不同州的证券交易所上市的2,896家公司的样本。
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引用次数: 0
Digitalization in the Accounting and Auditing Profession through ERP Systems 通过ERP系统实现会计审计行业的数字化
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/027
B. Ionescu, Laura-Eugenia-Lavinia Barna
The objective of this paper is to observe the possibility of digitizing the accounting and auditing profession by implementing ERP systems, as a result of massive changes in technology over time. The purpose of this paper is to add value to the literature, given the positive or negative aspects of the digitization of the accounting and auditing profession using information systems such as ERP. ERP systems such as information systems have a key role in managing and conducting accounting and auditing, providing support to professional accountants and auditors. The research method used to identify the possibility of digitizing the accounting and auditing profession through ERP information systems is based on the analysis of the archive (literature review), collecting data and information from selected articles from different databases. Following the study, the authors concluded that the accounting and auditing profession can be digitized through the use of ERP information systems, as it allows the automation of a large number of tasks, and the information processed with these systems is much more transparent and accurate.
本文的目的是观察通过实施ERP系统实现会计和审计行业数字化的可能性,这是随着时间的推移技术发生巨大变化的结果。本文的目的是为文献增加价值,考虑到使用ERP等信息系统的会计和审计行业数字化的积极或消极方面。ERP系统,如信息系统,在管理和进行会计和审计方面起着关键作用,为专业会计师和审计人员提供支持。确定通过ERP信息系统实现会计和审计行业数字化的可能性的研究方法是基于对档案(文献综述)的分析,从不同数据库的选定文章中收集数据和信息。在研究之后,作者得出结论,会计和审计行业可以通过使用ERP信息系统实现数字化,因为它允许大量任务的自动化,并且这些系统处理的信息更加透明和准确。
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引用次数: 1
Valences of Financial Reporting According to IFRS. Up-to-Date Challenges for Financial Auditors 根据国际财务报告准则进行财务报告的价值。财务审计师面临的最新挑战
Pub Date : 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.20869/auditf/2021/164/023
Maria Manolescu, G. Petre, Alexandra Lazăr
Through this paper, the authors want to mark the centenary of the accounting profession in our country (1921-2021). They aim to analyze the evolution of financial reporting, at the national level, in the last three decades, parallel to the natural development of the accounting profession and to bring into the spotlights: – how developments at the national level have kept pace with the ever-changing European and international financial reporting requirements; – the current challenges for the accounting profession in general and financial auditors, in particular, generated by the frequent and particularly complex changes of international standards in the field, changes generated precisely by the need to strengthen the quality of the information provided by financial reporting; – the natural steps to be taken to strengthen professional cooperation and collaboration within and in the interest of the accounting profession, to respond effectively to the expectations of all stakeholders in the development of financial reporting.
通过本文,作者想要纪念我国会计职业百年(1921-2021)。他们的目标是分析国家层面的财务报告的演变,在过去的三十年中,与会计专业的自然发展平行,并引入聚光灯:-国家层面的发展如何与不断变化的欧洲和国际财务报告要求保持同步;-会计专业和财务审计员目前面临的挑战,特别是该领域国际标准的频繁和特别复杂的变化所产生的挑战,这些变化正是由于需要加强财务报告所提供资料的质量而产生的;-为加强会计行业内部的专业合作和协作,并为会计行业的利益而采取的自然步骤,以有效回应所有利益相关者对财务报告发展的期望。
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引用次数: 1
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Audit Financiar
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