Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0005
M. Jones
Members of the same species share categorically similar rhythmic events in their communicative activities. In this fashion, conspecifics are bound in time. And this dependence on time during communicative interactions is at the heart of dynamic attending. The chapter develops the hypothesis that the resonance and entrainment capacities of an individual change over a life span. Resonance between driving rhythm and its neural correlate predicts slowing of driven oscillator periods over the life span. A corollary holds that entrainment predicts optimal phase-coupling of the driven (oscillator) with the driving (event) rhythm over the life span. Together, these two trends form the aging hypothesis. Evidence supporting the aging hypothesis is reviewed in this chapter.
{"title":"The Temporal Niche","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the same species share categorically similar rhythmic events in their communicative activities. In this fashion, conspecifics are bound in time. And this dependence on time during communicative interactions is at the heart of dynamic attending. The chapter develops the hypothesis that the resonance and entrainment capacities of an individual change over a life span. Resonance between driving rhythm and its neural correlate predicts slowing of driven oscillator periods over the life span. A corollary holds that entrainment predicts optimal phase-coupling of the driven (oscillator) with the driving (event) rhythm over the life span. Together, these two trends form the aging hypothesis. Evidence supporting the aging hypothesis is reviewed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"1216 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113994729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0007
M. Jones
This chapter addresses entrainments in various slow events. It challenges the idea that only slow events that are isochronous are capable of entraining neural oscillations. It tackles entrainments in events that afford quasi-isochronous driving rhythms as well as in events that are markedly non-isochronous (but coherent). Coherent sequences have time patterns as in short-short-long or long-short-short sequences. This is an important chapter as it differentiates two entrainment protocols: traditional mode-locking versus transient mode-locking. Traditional mode-locking is familiar; it describes entrainment when neither the driving rhythm nor the driven rhythm change significantly (fluctuations are all right). Traditional mode-locking is governed by a single (global) attractor. By contrast, transient mode-locking refers to fleeting entrainments to changing driving rhythms, given the persisting period of driven oscillation. This form of mode-locking delivers a series of (local) attractors. This chapter develops these ideas and provides many examples.
{"title":"Tuning in to Slow Events","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses entrainments in various slow events. It challenges the idea that only slow events that are isochronous are capable of entraining neural oscillations. It tackles entrainments in events that afford quasi-isochronous driving rhythms as well as in events that are markedly non-isochronous (but coherent). Coherent sequences have time patterns as in short-short-long or long-short-short sequences. This is an important chapter as it differentiates two entrainment protocols: traditional mode-locking versus transient mode-locking. Traditional mode-locking is familiar; it describes entrainment when neither the driving rhythm nor the driven rhythm change significantly (fluctuations are all right). Traditional mode-locking is governed by a single (global) attractor. By contrast, transient mode-locking refers to fleeting entrainments to changing driving rhythms, given the persisting period of driven oscillation. This form of mode-locking delivers a series of (local) attractors. This chapter develops these ideas and provides many examples.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125462628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0010
M. Jones
This chapter is important in that it lays a foundation for claims throughout this book that entrainment serves a platform for learning. In this chapter, this idea is developed in the context of learning categories of meter (e.g., duple meter vs. triple meter). The key difference is that entrainment depends on coupling parameters supplied by external driving rhythm force, whereas learning depends on a binding parameter which is strengthened simply by repeated synchronous activity of two or more oscillations. Against a backdrop of evidence indicating that musicians especially possess skill in recognizing metric categories, this chapter develops the coupling–binding distinction with the aim of showing that what people learn when exposed to metrical time patterns are global attractors instilled by learning a variety of different instances in a given metric category.
{"title":"Learning Time Patterns","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is important in that it lays a foundation for claims throughout this book that entrainment serves a platform for learning. In this chapter, this idea is developed in the context of learning categories of meter (e.g., duple meter vs. triple meter). The key difference is that entrainment depends on coupling parameters supplied by external driving rhythm force, whereas learning depends on a binding parameter which is strengthened simply by repeated synchronous activity of two or more oscillations. Against a backdrop of evidence indicating that musicians especially possess skill in recognizing metric categories, this chapter develops the coupling–binding distinction with the aim of showing that what people learn when exposed to metrical time patterns are global attractors instilled by learning a variety of different instances in a given metric category.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"535 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115819843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0003
M. Jones
This chapter introduces some elementary entrainment concepts such as phase space, phase portrait, bifurcation, and attractors. Limit cycle oscillations are introduced. It also provides a simplified overview of cortical activities in the human brain. It introduces concepts related to the synchrony between a pair of oscillations (endogenous entrainment), including examples of mode-locking synchronicities. Furthermore, it discusses the possibility of synchronous activities among whole configurations of cortical oscillations. The main aim of this chapter is to show the potential of brain oscillations to entrain to one another in various ways (modes of synchrony). Hence, a variety of forms of endogenous entrainment are discussed. Finally, the concept of attractors as abstract states of synchrony to which neighboring nonsynchronous states are drawn is introduced.
{"title":"The Tunable Brain","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces some elementary entrainment concepts such as phase space, phase portrait, bifurcation, and attractors. Limit cycle oscillations are introduced. It also provides a simplified overview of cortical activities in the human brain. It introduces concepts related to the synchrony between a pair of oscillations (endogenous entrainment), including examples of mode-locking synchronicities. Furthermore, it discusses the possibility of synchronous activities among whole configurations of cortical oscillations. The main aim of this chapter is to show the potential of brain oscillations to entrain to one another in various ways (modes of synchrony). Hence, a variety of forms of endogenous entrainment are discussed. Finally, the concept of attractors as abstract states of synchrony to which neighboring nonsynchronous states are drawn is introduced.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123077820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0004
M. Jones
The chapter introduces one of the two major hypotheses in Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT). This is the general attending hypothesis, which maintains that attending to an external event is governed by cortical oscillation(s) involuntarily phase entrained to an event (exogenous entrainment). Selective attending is specifically linked to timed amplitude elevations of exogenously driven oscillations. Voluntary attending can also contribute to momentary attending via selective amplitude elevation of this driven rhythm’s oscillation. Other important topics introduced in this chapter involve phase response curves, which describe driving–driven entrainment, and attending energy curves, which describe allocations of heightened attending energy that figure in expectancy and capture curves of attending. Both regularity and force of the external driving rhythm figure in its entraining potential are described according to the general attending hypothesis.
{"title":"Tuning in to World Events","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter introduces one of the two major hypotheses in Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT). This is the general attending hypothesis, which maintains that attending to an external event is governed by cortical oscillation(s) involuntarily phase entrained to an event (exogenous entrainment). Selective attending is specifically linked to timed amplitude elevations of exogenously driven oscillations. Voluntary attending can also contribute to momentary attending via selective amplitude elevation of this driven rhythm’s oscillation. Other important topics introduced in this chapter involve phase response curves, which describe driving–driven entrainment, and attending energy curves, which describe allocations of heightened attending energy that figure in expectancy and capture curves of attending. Both regularity and force of the external driving rhythm figure in its entraining potential are described according to the general attending hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128242456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0014
M. Jones
This culminating chapter is divided into five parts. Following an initial background are sections related to time spans of phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, respectively. A historical background, lodged in both linguistics and psychology, presents domain-specific explanations of perceptual learning of speech versus music. In contrast, this chapter continues a domain-general argument by assuming that learning of speech (as well as music) depends on grasping abstract time relationships (attractors) at various time scales in speech as well as in music. This portrait brings together many familiar dynamic attending constructs from earlier chapters. It outlines three stages of phoneme learning in infants. With age, learning develops to include learning of attractor profiles in syllables and words. Ultimately, word learning is shown to rely on both traditional and transient mode-locking.
{"title":"Learning Speech","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This culminating chapter is divided into five parts. Following an initial background are sections related to time spans of phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases, respectively. A historical background, lodged in both linguistics and psychology, presents domain-specific explanations of perceptual learning of speech versus music. In contrast, this chapter continues a domain-general argument by assuming that learning of speech (as well as music) depends on grasping abstract time relationships (attractors) at various time scales in speech as well as in music. This portrait brings together many familiar dynamic attending constructs from earlier chapters. It outlines three stages of phoneme learning in infants. With age, learning develops to include learning of attractor profiles in syllables and words. Ultimately, word learning is shown to rely on both traditional and transient mode-locking.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133387524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0002
M. Jones
This chapter surveys a number of the popular experimental designs used to study people’s perception (or estimation) of time. This includes descriptions of paradigms that present isolated pairs of time intervals for people to compare as well as experimental designs that require people to anticipate certain target onsets in various contexts. In this respect, it distinguishes between designs that require people to respond to time and those designs that require people to use time. Also discussed are paradigms that record driven rhythms in the form of cortical oscillations. Concepts of attending, anticipatory attending, and temporal expectancy are also introduced in this chapter.
{"title":"Time . . . and How We Study It","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys a number of the popular experimental designs used to study people’s perception (or estimation) of time. This includes descriptions of paradigms that present isolated pairs of time intervals for people to compare as well as experimental designs that require people to anticipate certain target onsets in various contexts. In this respect, it distinguishes between designs that require people to respond to time and those designs that require people to use time. Also discussed are paradigms that record driven rhythms in the form of cortical oscillations. Concepts of attending, anticipatory attending, and temporal expectancy are also introduced in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132439300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0006
M. Jones
This chapter demonstrates that entrainment applies to very fast events, namely sounds with high frequencies. To illustrate this, prominent approaches to pitch perception are sketched along with basic pitch perception phenomena (e.g., virtual pitch perception). In this chapter, multiple frequency components comprise a single complex sound, and people must judge the pitch of this collection of frequencies. Both a successful psychoacoustic theory of pitch perception and a dynamic attending approach offer valid explanations of various phenomena surrounding the pitch of such sounds. This suggests the potential of entrainment in describing pitch perception (i.e., entrainments at fast time scales). The perception of consonance and dissonance is also considered, where dissonance is linked to complex synchronicities termed attractors. Finally, this chapter introduces oscillator clusters, a group of endogenously entrained oscillations.
{"title":"Tuning in to Very Fast Events","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates that entrainment applies to very fast events, namely sounds with high frequencies. To illustrate this, prominent approaches to pitch perception are sketched along with basic pitch perception phenomena (e.g., virtual pitch perception). In this chapter, multiple frequency components comprise a single complex sound, and people must judge the pitch of this collection of frequencies. Both a successful psychoacoustic theory of pitch perception and a dynamic attending approach offer valid explanations of various phenomena surrounding the pitch of such sounds. This suggests the potential of entrainment in describing pitch perception (i.e., entrainments at fast time scales). The perception of consonance and dissonance is also considered, where dissonance is linked to complex synchronicities termed attractors. Finally, this chapter introduces oscillator clusters, a group of endogenously entrained oscillations.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125536708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0001
This book is about time and synchrony and the roles these constructs play in our everyday encounters with events in our world. It focuses on auditory events in music and speech with the aim of demonstrating the potential of concepts such as entrainment and resonance for explaining how we interact, in real time, with these events. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to introducing basic theoretical concepts such as entrainment and resonance as they apply to rhythmical properties of fast and slow environmental events. Part II applies these concepts to events in music and speech. An overarching theme holds that similar dynamic attending concepts underlie the way we attend to and perceive communicative time patterns in domains of music and speech.
{"title":"Time Will Tell","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618216.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This book is about time and synchrony and the roles these constructs play in our everyday encounters with events in our world. It focuses on auditory events in music and speech with the aim of demonstrating the potential of concepts such as entrainment and resonance for explaining how we interact, in real time, with these events. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to introducing basic theoretical concepts such as entrainment and resonance as they apply to rhythmical properties of fast and slow environmental events. Part II applies these concepts to events in music and speech. An overarching theme holds that similar dynamic attending concepts underlie the way we attend to and perceive communicative time patterns in domains of music and speech.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132199104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-17DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0008
M. Jones
The ability to “keep time” refers to the momentary tracking of a dynamic environmental event; sometimes our natural tendencies for “keeping” time are apparent, while the underlying synchronies of attending may be less obvious. This chapter has three goals. The first is to demonstrate a parallelism between the production of an event (e.g., a spoken phrase or sentence) and one’s expectancy or perception of that event. Expressing such parallels requires specifying underlying factors in production and expectancies, such as the attractors and referent oscillation responsible for producing a tempo curve. The second goal is to propose the respective roles of voluntary and involuntary factors that figure into these expressions. The third goal is to present readers with a sample of studies that embody parallelism.
{"title":"Parallelism","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190618216.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to “keep time” refers to the momentary tracking of a dynamic environmental event; sometimes our natural tendencies for “keeping” time are apparent, while the underlying synchronies of attending may be less obvious. This chapter has three goals. The first is to demonstrate a parallelism between the production of an event (e.g., a spoken phrase or sentence) and one’s expectancy or perception of that event. Expressing such parallels requires specifying underlying factors in production and expectancies, such as the attractors and referent oscillation responsible for producing a tempo curve. The second goal is to propose the respective roles of voluntary and involuntary factors that figure into these expressions. The third goal is to present readers with a sample of studies that embody parallelism.","PeriodicalId":309752,"journal":{"name":"Time Will Tell","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131033406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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