Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976588
Gabriel Evangelista Palma, José Ignacio Huertas Cardozo
It was initially observed that experimental and analytical emissions data exhibit cubic exponential behavior when expressed in terms of emissions mass flow vs. specific power (VSP). Consequently, for each year-model of a given technology, a representative experimental value of emissions at a given VSP is sufficient to fit that curve to reproduce the behavior over the entire VSP range. The experimental value can be obtained by measurements from inspection and maintenance programs, such as RSD or on rollers. As an illustrative example, this methodology was applied to the case of the city of Monterrey (MOVES MTY). Additionally, the tool's potential was illustrated by determining the vehicle emissions in each road of a reduced region (in this case, a university district) from traffic simulation data. The emissions inventory obtained showed that using unadjusted emission factors estimates 10.5% fewer CO emissions and 20.0% fewer NOx emissions than using the MOVES MTY emission factors.
{"title":"Adjusting MOVES’ Emission Factors in Light-duty Vehicles for a Specific Region Using Local Measurements","authors":"Gabriel Evangelista Palma, José Ignacio Huertas Cardozo","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976588","url":null,"abstract":"It was initially observed that experimental and analytical emissions data exhibit cubic exponential behavior when expressed in terms of emissions mass flow vs. specific power (VSP). Consequently, for each year-model of a given technology, a representative experimental value of emissions at a given VSP is sufficient to fit that curve to reproduce the behavior over the entire VSP range. The experimental value can be obtained by measurements from inspection and maintenance programs, such as RSD or on rollers. As an illustrative example, this methodology was applied to the case of the city of Monterrey (MOVES MTY). Additionally, the tool's potential was illustrated by determining the vehicle emissions in each road of a reduced region (in this case, a university district) from traffic simulation data. The emissions inventory obtained showed that using unadjusted emission factors estimates 10.5% fewer CO emissions and 20.0% fewer NOx emissions than using the MOVES MTY emission factors.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114297858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976663
Malika Keldiyarova, S. Ruzimov, A. Bonfitto, A. Mukhitdinov
Drivetrain electrification is widely used as a main solution for road transport carbon emission reduction. Due to range limitation of battery electric vehicles and high cost of batteries, the plug-in and range extender hybrid electric vehicles are seen as an intermediate step in full transition to battery electric vehicles. These vehicles have onboard charging capability using internal combustion engine to generate energy and extend the driving range of the vehicle charging the battery. There is substantial influence of how the power demand is split between battery and generator. This article compares the rule- and optimal operating point-based control strategies applied to range extender hybrid electric vehicles. Results of the developed simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink environment are compared to the experimental results of a 2014 BMW i3 RexHEV, that are available online. The comparison between rule- and optimal operating point-based control strategies highlight that there is still room for improvement for the former one in certain conditions, whereas the use of the latter one gives a clear advantage in some other.
{"title":"Comparison of two control strategies for range extender hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Malika Keldiyarova, S. Ruzimov, A. Bonfitto, A. Mukhitdinov","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976663","url":null,"abstract":"Drivetrain electrification is widely used as a main solution for road transport carbon emission reduction. Due to range limitation of battery electric vehicles and high cost of batteries, the plug-in and range extender hybrid electric vehicles are seen as an intermediate step in full transition to battery electric vehicles. These vehicles have onboard charging capability using internal combustion engine to generate energy and extend the driving range of the vehicle charging the battery. There is substantial influence of how the power demand is split between battery and generator. This article compares the rule- and optimal operating point-based control strategies applied to range extender hybrid electric vehicles. Results of the developed simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink environment are compared to the experimental results of a 2014 BMW i3 RexHEV, that are available online. The comparison between rule- and optimal operating point-based control strategies highlight that there is still room for improvement for the former one in certain conditions, whereas the use of the latter one gives a clear advantage in some other.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126255342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976522
Gabriel J. Garcia-Ramirez, Omar Y. Rios-Trejo, Luis A. Curiel-Ramirez, Luis A. Arce-Saenz, J. Izquierdo-Reyes, Rogelio Bustamante-Bello
Investment in autonomous vehicles has been increasing in recent years, where only developed countries have the necessary infrastructure to integrate autonomous vehicles effectively into their roads. For countries with a lower quality of infrastructure, such as Latin American countries, it becomes a major challenge in terms of technology, algorithms, and investment. The present work implements a context classifier and route mapping system through a convolutional neural network trained with images of different road contexts in Mexico. The system localizes and maps the route using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and an interactive web user interface, allowing the streets' interactive analysis. The system enables the vehicles to obtain the type of road context expected in the routes it drives. Thus, it provides support and security in integrating autonomous driving functionalities in routes where the road context and the infrastructure allow them.
{"title":"Road context classifier and route mapping for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Gabriel J. Garcia-Ramirez, Omar Y. Rios-Trejo, Luis A. Curiel-Ramirez, Luis A. Arce-Saenz, J. Izquierdo-Reyes, Rogelio Bustamante-Bello","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976522","url":null,"abstract":"Investment in autonomous vehicles has been increasing in recent years, where only developed countries have the necessary infrastructure to integrate autonomous vehicles effectively into their roads. For countries with a lower quality of infrastructure, such as Latin American countries, it becomes a major challenge in terms of technology, algorithms, and investment. The present work implements a context classifier and route mapping system through a convolutional neural network trained with images of different road contexts in Mexico. The system localizes and maps the route using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and an interactive web user interface, allowing the streets' interactive analysis. The system enables the vehicles to obtain the type of road context expected in the routes it drives. Thus, it provides support and security in integrating autonomous driving functionalities in routes where the road context and the infrastructure allow them.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132989288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976652
Miguel Omar Ortiz-García, R. Fuentes-Aguilar, Alejandro Palma-Zubia, O. Carbajal-Espinosa
This paper presents the design of low-level controllers for the steering system actuator and the trajectory-tracking control for a Jeep Cherokee model 2000. A black-box identification was used to obtain the parameters of an ARX mathematical model of the steering system using the least-squares method. Then, the position controller for the steering system was designed using the Super-Twisting Algorithm. Thus, based on the same control strategy a trajectory-tracking control was designed to suppress the lateral error from the longitudinal axis of the test vehicle to the reference path. The trajectory-tracking control was validated with simulations including the steering position control to obtain a better approach than if the dynamic behavior of the steering system was not considered. This trajectory-tracking simulation was tested under a curved path scenario. Simulations for the position controller of the steering system are presented.
{"title":"Embedded control architecture for reference tracking of an automobile with actuated steering and brake systems","authors":"Miguel Omar Ortiz-García, R. Fuentes-Aguilar, Alejandro Palma-Zubia, O. Carbajal-Espinosa","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976652","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of low-level controllers for the steering system actuator and the trajectory-tracking control for a Jeep Cherokee model 2000. A black-box identification was used to obtain the parameters of an ARX mathematical model of the steering system using the least-squares method. Then, the position controller for the steering system was designed using the Super-Twisting Algorithm. Thus, based on the same control strategy a trajectory-tracking control was designed to suppress the lateral error from the longitudinal axis of the test vehicle to the reference path. The trajectory-tracking control was validated with simulations including the steering position control to obtain a better approach than if the dynamic behavior of the steering system was not considered. This trajectory-tracking simulation was tested under a curved path scenario. Simulations for the position controller of the steering system are presented.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133780471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976594
C. S. Díaz-Choque, L. Félix-Herrán, R. Galluzzi, S. Puma-Araujo, R. Ramírez-Mendoza
Vehicle suspensions are the main responsible subsystems for vehicle ride quality. There is an intrinsic trade-off between comfort and road holding features on all types of suspensions. To tackle this shortcoming, semi-active suspensions provide controllable damping, i.e. they can change their dissipative behavior according to the required type of response and achieve acceptable levels of comfort and stability based on performance standards. In literature, multiple controllers are proposed for semi-active dampers; however, they fail to comply with passenger comfort and vehicle stability criteria simultaneously. This paper presents an online supervisor model that can switch over multiple controllers based on the dynamics of the vehicle and specific performance indexes. Multiple road roughness are constructed and the supervisor must switch the controllers in order to accomplish the desired performances. In particular, the proposed switching strategy can select among skyhook and groundhook controllers for a magnetorheological damper. Results show a favorable response of the switching strategy and an improvement in driving maneuverability of 33% when compared to a passive suspension system.
{"title":"Supervisor-Based Switching Strategy for Semi-Active Suspension Control","authors":"C. S. Díaz-Choque, L. Félix-Herrán, R. Galluzzi, S. Puma-Araujo, R. Ramírez-Mendoza","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976594","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicle suspensions are the main responsible subsystems for vehicle ride quality. There is an intrinsic trade-off between comfort and road holding features on all types of suspensions. To tackle this shortcoming, semi-active suspensions provide controllable damping, i.e. they can change their dissipative behavior according to the required type of response and achieve acceptable levels of comfort and stability based on performance standards. In literature, multiple controllers are proposed for semi-active dampers; however, they fail to comply with passenger comfort and vehicle stability criteria simultaneously. This paper presents an online supervisor model that can switch over multiple controllers based on the dynamics of the vehicle and specific performance indexes. Multiple road roughness are constructed and the supervisor must switch the controllers in order to accomplish the desired performances. In particular, the proposed switching strategy can select among skyhook and groundhook controllers for a magnetorheological damper. Results show a favorable response of the switching strategy and an improvement in driving maneuverability of 33% when compared to a passive suspension system.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115858043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976763
Pedro S. González-Rodríguez, Pablo I. Solares-Romero, L. Félix-Herrán, J. Tudón-Martínez, J. Lozoya-Santos
This paper documents the methodology of the sizing of the battery pack and the electric motor of an electric vehicle. The methodology uses the dimensions, weights, driving cycle and other requirements. A step-by-step case study focused on an Electric Urban Bus shows the appliance of this methodology and it opens the discussion of the aspects that needs to be addressed for a first selection on commercial equipment. The results show a work-in-progress simulation process for the selection of commercial equipment and discusses the feasibility of using commercial equipment. Finally, the chosen equipment is compared with those used in current versions of electric commercial buses.
{"title":"A Methodology for the Sizing of a Battery Pack and Electric Motor: A Work-in-progress Result","authors":"Pedro S. González-Rodríguez, Pablo I. Solares-Romero, L. Félix-Herrán, J. Tudón-Martínez, J. Lozoya-Santos","doi":"10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEM55847.2022.9976763","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents the methodology of the sizing of the battery pack and the electric motor of an electric vehicle. The methodology uses the dimensions, weights, driving cycle and other requirements. A step-by-step case study focused on an Electric Urban Bus shows the appliance of this methodology and it opens the discussion of the aspects that needs to be addressed for a first selection on commercial equipment. The results show a work-in-progress simulation process for the selection of commercial equipment and discusses the feasibility of using commercial equipment. Finally, the chosen equipment is compared with those used in current versions of electric commercial buses.","PeriodicalId":310452,"journal":{"name":"2022 International Symposium on Electromobility (ISEM)","volume":"21 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128455342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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