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Food Consumption Expenditure and Standard of Living in Romania 罗马尼亚的食品消费支出和生活水平
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.CH008
M. Zaharia, R. Gogonea
Food consumption and its structure is significantly influenced by standard of living. But in addition, there are differences in the level and structure of food consumption, determined by characteristics and local habits. Given these considerations, in this chapter, starting from the mean consumption expenditure by detailed level, and the overall structure of consumption expenditure by detailed COICOP level (01-12 - Individual consumption expenditure of households), are analyzed the mean consumption expenditure per inhabitant, types of household, degrees of urbanization, and macro regions of Romania. Also are analyzed the correlations between the evolution of living standards and evolutions structure of consumption expenditure by type of household.
食品消费及其结构受生活水平的显著影响。但除此之外,食物消费的水平和结构也存在差异,这是由特点和当地习惯决定的。考虑到这些因素,在本章中,从详细水平的平均消费支出和详细COICOP水平的消费支出总体结构(01-12 -家庭个人消费支出)开始,分析了罗马尼亚的人均消费支出、家庭类型、城市化程度和宏观区域。并分析了不同家庭类型居民生活水平演变与消费支出结构演变的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating Environment, Food Systems, and Sustainability in Feeding the Growing Population in Developing Countries 将环境、粮食系统和可持续性结合起来,为发展中国家不断增长的人口提供食物
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3631-4.CH001
A. Obayelu
Food is indispensable to life. It plays an important role in the economy but what is not well known is the impact of production and consumption that food has on the environment. The nexus of food systems and the environment are complex and driven by many economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors considered to be important in the contemporary global arena. As the world population grows, there is an increased demand on the already stretched food system and fragile environment. Processes along the food chain from agricultural production to food consumption produce outputs other than consumable food that are returned to the natural environment such as pollution or waste. This chapter sheds light on the links in food systems and environment in developing countries. A major finding is that the existing food systems that were supposed to produce adequate food for all are placing major stress on environmental assets including soil, water, fisheries, and biodiversity. For food systems to be sustainable, all hands must be on deck.
食物是生命不可缺少的。它在经济中发挥着重要作用,但不为人所知的是食品生产和消费对环境的影响。粮食系统和环境的关系是复杂的,受到许多经济、社会文化和环境因素的驱动,这些因素在当代全球舞台上被认为是重要的。随着世界人口的增长,对已经捉襟见肘的粮食系统和脆弱的环境的需求也在增加。从农业生产到食品消费的食物链过程产生的非消费食品的产出,如污染或废物,被送回自然环境。本章阐明了发展中国家粮食系统与环境之间的联系。一项重大发现是,本应为所有人提供足够食物的现有粮食系统正在对环境资产造成重大压力,包括土壤、水、渔业和生物多样性。要实现粮食系统的可持续发展,所有人都必须齐心协力。
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引用次数: 0
Urban Farming Movement 城市农业运动
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0666-9.CH009
Pierluigi Nicolin
The expression “urban agriculture” refers to the emergence in many cities of areas cultivated by farmers who distribute the fruits of the land they work in the environs of the zone of production. The movement, born in response to a range of real needs, has become a global phenomenon, and has taken on an organized form in a large number of cities: from Mumbai to Beijing, London, New York, Detroit, São Paulo, Rosario, Vancouver, Tokyo, San Francisco, etc. The urban farming movement, with its production of food, its educational aims and the idea of creating sustainable situations, has been able to take root in many cities and metropolises as it is closely integrated with the urban ecosystem. For the most part it is the poor and women who, working on small farms located both inside and outside the city, are nurturing this politico-cultural movement. Their agricultural settings are creating new and interesting landscapes that need to be analyzed from an aesthetic perspective as well for the influence that they might have on contemporary landscape architecture. The phenomenon could have repercussions on the visual conventions of the urban and suburban environment and even affect the behavior and lifestyles of city dwellers should it develop on a larger scale.
“都市农业”一词指的是在许多城市中出现的由农民耕种的地区,他们把自己耕种的土地的果实分发到生产区的周围。这一运动是对一系列实际需求的回应,已经成为一种全球现象,并在许多城市采取了有组织的形式:从孟买到北京、伦敦、纽约、底特律、圣保罗、罗萨里奥、温哥华、东京、旧金山等。城市农业运动以其粮食生产、教育目标和创造可持续发展环境的理念,与城市生态系统紧密结合,已经在许多城市和大都市扎根。在大多数情况下,在城市内外的小农场工作的穷人和妇女正在培育这场政治文化运动。他们的农业背景正在创造新的和有趣的景观,需要从美学的角度来分析,以及他们可能对当代景观建筑的影响。这种现象可能会对城市和郊区环境的视觉习惯产生影响,甚至影响城市居民的行为和生活方式,如果它得到更大规模的发展。
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引用次数: 4
Green Consumption 绿色消费
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch019
Ozan Kaya, Feridun Duman
The main purpose of this chapter is to reveal the profile of organic food consumers and the factors that affect consumers' motivation for organic food consumption as being one of the most important aspects of green marketing and green consumption. Therefore, this study first dealt with green consumers and green consumption and then, organic food consumption and the state of organic food market were evaluated and finally, an empirical research was conducted with 393 respondents in order to better determine the consumers of organic food consumption in Turkey. According to the findings, four motivations were found in influencing the behavior of organic food consumption. These are: health, ecological and social welfare, sensory appeal and natural contents. More specifically, this research reveals that those that have children participated in this research frequently consume organic food.
本章的主要目的是揭示有机食品消费者的概况和影响消费者有机食品消费动机的因素是绿色营销和绿色消费的最重要方面之一。因此,本研究首先对绿色消费者和绿色消费进行研究,然后对有机食品消费和有机食品市场现状进行评估,最后对393名受访者进行实证研究,以便更好地确定土耳其有机食品消费的消费者。根据调查结果,在影响有机食品消费行为方面发现了四个动机。这些是:健康、生态和社会福利、感官吸引力和自然内容。更具体地说,这项研究揭示了那些有孩子参加这项研究的人经常食用有机食品。
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引用次数: 2
Adaptation of the Russian Food Market to the Contemporary Geopolitical Challenges 俄罗斯食品市场对当代地缘政治挑战的适应
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch005
I. Ivolga
Domestic markets of agricultural commodities are increasingly influenced by trade integration and liberalization. Current uncertain political and economic relations in the macro-region of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eastern and Western Europe, international tensions around Russia-Ukraine problem, bilateral economic and trade sanctions between Russia and such global economic powers as the USA and the EU transform market patterns and affect agricultural production, rural development and food security in both the CIS and worldwide. The chapter aims to discover the expected influences of such trade restrictions on trade in agricultural commodities, to assess the degree of distortion and return effects on domestic food markets. Chapter specifically addresses possible effects of trade restrictions between the EU, the USA, and other countries from one side, and Russia from the other, particularly imposed ban on agricultural trade. It is concluded with the overview of the expected influences of trade tensions on Russia's domestic food market.
国内农产品市场日益受到贸易一体化和自由化的影响。当前,独联体宏观区域、东欧和西欧不确定的政治和经济关系,围绕俄乌问题的国际紧张局势,俄罗斯与美国、欧盟等全球经济大国之间的双边经贸制裁,改变了独联体和世界范围内的市场格局,影响了农业生产、农村发展和粮食安全。本章旨在发现此类贸易限制对农产品贸易的预期影响,评估其对国内粮食市场的扭曲程度和回报效应。本章特别讨论了欧盟、美国和其他国家之间的贸易限制,以及俄罗斯之间的贸易限制可能产生的影响,特别是对农业贸易的禁令。最后概述了贸易紧张局势对俄罗斯国内食品市场的预期影响。
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引用次数: 0
Indigenous Food Preservation and Management of Postharvest Losses Among the Akan of Ghana 加纳阿坎土著食物保存和采后损失管理
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0838-0.CH018
K. Quan-Baffour
The rapid population increase has consequences on food security in Africa. The policies of the colonialists protected European markets and discouraged the growth of indigenous agro- industries in Africa. In Ghana much food is produced during the harvest seasons but greater part of it gets rotten due to lack of preservation or storage facilities. Despite the negative attitude of the colonialists towards local products indigenous food preservation continued unabated although limited to the aging population in the rural areas. The purpose of this chapter is to share the Akan heritage of indigenous food preservation as a strategy to manage postharvest losses and ensure food security and sustainable livelihoods. The chapter which emanated from an ethnographic study used interviews and observations for data collection. The study found that the Akan communities without agro-industries use their indigenous knowledge and skills to preserve food and create jobs. The chapter concluded that in this era of Africa's rebirth its people should utilize indigenous food processing skills to reduce postharvest losses and ensure food security. It was recommended that the government of Ghana should provide financial support to make indigenous agro-industries sustainable.
人口的迅速增长对非洲的粮食安全产生了影响。殖民主义者的政策保护了欧洲市场,阻碍了非洲本土农业产业的发展。在加纳,许多食物是在收获季节生产的,但由于缺乏保存或储存设施,大部分食物会腐烂。尽管殖民主义者对当地产品持消极态度,但土著食品保存仍有增无减,尽管仅限于农村地区的老龄化人口。本章的目的是分享阿坎人将土著食物保存作为一种管理收获后损失、确保粮食安全和可持续生计的战略的遗产。这一章源于一项民族志研究,使用访谈和观察来收集数据。该研究发现,没有农用工业的阿坎社区利用他们的土著知识和技能来保存食物和创造就业机会。本章的结论是,在非洲重生的这个时代,非洲人民应该利用当地的食品加工技能,减少收获后的损失,确保粮食安全。会议建议加纳政府提供财政支持,使土著农业产业可持续发展。
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引用次数: 3
New Food Industries Toward a New Level of Sustainable Supply 迈向可持续供应新水平的新型食品工业
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch021
Vittorio D’Aleo, F. D'Aleo, Roberta Bonanno
“Novel foods” indicates all those foods that do not fall within the traditional western diet. The authors underline that there is an important economic potential linked to this new sector. After having introduced the topic by identifying what is meant by new food, food sustainability, and entrepreneurship in this sector, the analysis focuses on the qualitative aspects of novel foods. The authors emphasize the advantages of these sources, their qualities, and the impact on the environment. In this chapter, the authors demonstrate that novel food sources can be a substitute for other food that require production processes, and thus make a big impact on the environment. After figuring out the advantages of novel food sources, the authors analyze some success stories from the companies that already operate in this area. They also investigate existing business models on the novel food market and the way they operate and create wealth. Summarizing the results of their research, the authors underline the economic potential of the new foods exploitation in the Mediterranean area.
“新食物”指的是那些不属于西方传统饮食的食物。作者强调,这一新部门具有重要的经济潜力。通过确定新食品,食品可持续性和该领域的创业精神的含义介绍了该主题后,分析侧重于新食品的定性方面。作者强调了这些来源的优点、它们的质量以及对环境的影响。在本章中,作者证明了新的食物来源可以替代其他需要生产过程的食物,从而对环境产生重大影响。在分析了新型食物来源的优势之后,作者分析了一些已经在这一领域开展业务的公司的成功案例。他们还研究了新的食品市场上现有的商业模式,以及他们经营和创造财富的方式。作者总结了他们的研究结果,强调了地中海地区新食品开发的经济潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Geospatial Evaluation for Urban Agriculture Land Inventory 城市农业用地调查的地理空间评价
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch027
T. Parece, J. Campbell
Urban agriculture is recently being recognized as a distinctive urban land use contributing to greenspaces and food security. The land inventory forms the critical first step in identifying sites for urban agriculture. The authors' analysis greatly expands on prior land inventory strategies, first analyzing land cover to identify all open areas available for siting urban agriculture. Then in GIS, the authors completed a land use suitability analysis, and finally a demographic analysis to assess potential sites for contribution to food security of lower income populations. Results show that Roanoke includes 2,312 hectares suitable for schoolyard gardens, urban farms, community gardens, orchards, and home gardens, of which 189.4 hectares are found in neighborhoods with extremely high rates of poverty. The authors' inventory strategy can be implemented elsewhere without special data or software. A detailed inventory offers opportunities for long-range planning, and broadening participation of stakeholders.
都市农业最近被认为是一种独特的城市土地利用方式,有助于绿色空间和粮食安全。土地清单是确定城市农业用地的关键第一步。作者的分析大大扩展了先前的土地清查策略,首先分析土地覆盖以确定所有可用于城市农业选址的开放区域。然后在GIS中,作者完成了土地利用适宜性分析,最后进行了人口分析,以评估对低收入人口粮食安全作出贡献的潜在地点。结果表明,Roanoke包括2,312公顷适合校园花园,城市农场,社区花园,果园和家庭花园,其中189.4公顷位于贫困率极高的社区。作者的库存策略可以在其他地方实施,不需要特殊的数据或软件。详细的清单为长期规划和扩大利益相关者的参与提供了机会。
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引用次数: 2
Urban Agriculture as Livelihood Strategy 都市农业作为生计战略
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch028
Ashenafi Tilahun Hailie
This chapter assesses the benefits of urban agriculture in the study area. Data is generated through questionnaire, focus group discussions, interviews, and direct observations. Qualitative and quantitative analysis is made in line with sustainable livelihood framework. In the findings, sex indiscrimination, migrants' dominancy, poor educational status, and agricultural background made it as main stays. As assets, access to land, gentle slope, fertile soil, moderate climate, drainage, diversification, access to transportation, are promising. Skills, knowledge transfer, ability to labor, and good health are examined insufficient. Population explosion, absence of good governance, frequent indeterminable natural calamities, land tenure insecurity, and seasonality of prices are identified vulnerabilities. The strategies designed need intervention, organization, and persuasion effort. As outcomes, increasing well-being, reducing vulnerability, and improving food security, are substantial. Hence, incorporating a land use plan and promoting and providing support to the sector imply helping urban poor.
本章对研究区都市农业的效益进行了评估。数据通过问卷调查、焦点小组讨论、访谈和直接观察产生。根据可持续生计框架进行定性和定量分析。在调查结果中,性别歧视、移民占主导地位、教育水平低下和农业背景使其成为主要停留点。作为资产,可获得土地,坡度平缓,土壤肥沃,气候温和,排水,多样化,可获得交通,都是有希望的。对技能、知识转移、劳动能力和健康状况的检查不足。人口爆炸、缺乏良好治理、频繁发生无法确定的自然灾害、土地保有权不安全以及价格的季节性是确定的脆弱性。所设计的策略需要干预、组织和说服努力。作为成果,增加福祉、减少脆弱性和改善粮食安全具有重大意义。因此,纳入土地使用计划并促进和支持该部门意味着帮助城市穷人。
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引用次数: 0
Food Safety From Consumer Perspective 消费者视角下的食品安全
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch009
Ivana S. Domazet, Nenad Djokic
Consumer perception is one of the aspects from which food safety can be considered. This view of food safety, named in the literature as subjective safety, does not necessarily correspond to objective food safety and is also considered as not being easily influenced by education of consumers. Having that in mind, the first goal of this chapter is to examine different approaches to food safety and the results of previous research dealing with consumer perspective of food safety. Besides giving broad literature review of the topic, the goal of this chapter is to implement Consumer confidence in food safety scale in Serbian consumer research. The validity, reliability, and one-dimensionality of this scale, which consists of optimism and pessimism (two dimensions of confidence), are tested and determinants of different rating on it are examined. The research from 2016 includes 300 participants in the main survey. Finally, starting from profiling consumers with different levels of general confidence in food safety, managerial recommendations are provided.
消费者的认知是食品安全可以考虑的一个方面。这种食品安全观点在文献中被称为主观安全,并不一定与客观食品安全相对应,也被认为不容易受到消费者教育的影响。考虑到这一点,本章的第一个目标是检查食品安全的不同方法以及先前研究处理消费者食品安全观点的结果。除了对该主题进行广泛的文献综述外,本章的目标是在塞尔维亚消费者研究中实施消费者对食品安全规模的信心。该量表由乐观和悲观(信心的两个维度)组成,对其有效性,可靠性和一维性进行了测试,并对其不同评级的决定因素进行了检查。2016年的研究包括300名主要调查参与者。最后,从分析消费者对食品安全的不同程度的总体信心开始,提供管理建议。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Urban Agriculture and Food Systems
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