Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613467
Simon Vollert, Martin Atzmueller, Andreas Theissler
In the field of predictive maintenance (PdM), machine learning (ML) has gained importance over the last years. Accompanying this development, an increasing number of papers use non-interpretable ML to address PdM problems. While ML has achieved unprecedented performance in recent years, the lack of model explainability or interpretability may manifest itself in a lack of trust. The interpretability of ML models is researched under the terms explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable ML. In this paper, we review publications addressing PdM problems which are motivated by model interpretability. This comprises intrinsically interpretable models and post-hoc explanations. We identify challenges of interpretable ML for PdM, including (1) evaluation of interpretability, (2) the observation that explanation methods explaining black box models may show black box behavior themselves, (3) non-consistent use of terminology, (4) a lack of research for time series data, (5) coverage of explanations, and finally (6) the inclusion of domain knowledge,
{"title":"Interpretable Machine Learning: A brief survey from the predictive maintenance perspective","authors":"Simon Vollert, Martin Atzmueller, Andreas Theissler","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613467","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of predictive maintenance (PdM), machine learning (ML) has gained importance over the last years. Accompanying this development, an increasing number of papers use non-interpretable ML to address PdM problems. While ML has achieved unprecedented performance in recent years, the lack of model explainability or interpretability may manifest itself in a lack of trust. The interpretability of ML models is researched under the terms explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable ML. In this paper, we review publications addressing PdM problems which are motivated by model interpretability. This comprises intrinsically interpretable models and post-hoc explanations. We identify challenges of interpretable ML for PdM, including (1) evaluation of interpretability, (2) the observation that explanation methods explaining black box models may show black box behavior themselves, (3) non-consistent use of terminology, (4) a lack of research for time series data, (5) coverage of explanations, and finally (6) the inclusion of domain knowledge,","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117063387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613204
A. Busboom
This paper deals with controlling a process that requires a constant air temperature at its inlet. Temperature control is achieved by partially recirculating the hot discharge flow from the process and mixing it with cooler ambient air. The system is characterized by a deadtime in the recirculation path, lagging temperature measurements at the process inlet and discharge, and by slow dynamics of the actuator influencing the recirculation fraction. As a control structure we propose a three-point controller with a deadband and hysteresis, combined with a delayed feedback. Due to the nonlinear nature of the system, the parameters of the delayed feedback are subject to scheduling, depending on the current recirculation fraction. In order to swiftly react to changes in the process load, an additional feedforward path from the process exhaust is proposed. Performance and robustness of the controller are confirmed in simulations and field experiments.
{"title":"Temperature Control of a Process with Discharge Air Recirculation and Measurement Lag","authors":"A. Busboom","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613204","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with controlling a process that requires a constant air temperature at its inlet. Temperature control is achieved by partially recirculating the hot discharge flow from the process and mixing it with cooler ambient air. The system is characterized by a deadtime in the recirculation path, lagging temperature measurements at the process inlet and discharge, and by slow dynamics of the actuator influencing the recirculation fraction. As a control structure we propose a three-point controller with a deadband and hysteresis, combined with a delayed feedback. Due to the nonlinear nature of the system, the parameters of the delayed feedback are subject to scheduling, depending on the current recirculation fraction. In order to swiftly react to changes in the process load, an additional feedforward path from the process exhaust is proposed. Performance and robustness of the controller are confirmed in simulations and field experiments.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124428155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613213
Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Ade Pitra Hermawan, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee
This paper proposes a system to reduce sensor energy consumption by predicting the next sensor value. The current implementation of the smart factory utilizes wireless sensor network nodes to monitor the environmental condition in real-time. Instead of periodically exploiting those nodes, a deep learning prediction-based algorithm is proposed in the cluster head to reduce sensing times and increase sensor lifetime. The cluster head can learn the behavior of each sensor nodes based on its previous value. The proposed scenario can be combined with existing solutions in sensor failure detection and recovery to provide a robust solution in the industrial environment.
{"title":"Energy Efficient-based Sensor Data Prediction using Deep Concatenate MLP","authors":"Made Adi Paramartha Putra, Ade Pitra Hermawan, Dong-Seong Kim, Jae-Min Lee","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613213","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a system to reduce sensor energy consumption by predicting the next sensor value. The current implementation of the smart factory utilizes wireless sensor network nodes to monitor the environmental condition in real-time. Instead of periodically exploiting those nodes, a deep learning prediction-based algorithm is proposed in the cluster head to reduce sensing times and increase sensor lifetime. The cluster head can learn the behavior of each sensor nodes based on its previous value. The proposed scenario can be combined with existing solutions in sensor failure detection and recovery to provide a robust solution in the industrial environment.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126145310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613283
Roland Stenzl, S. Wilker, T. Sauter, T. U. Wien, A. Nagy, Thomas Bigler, A. Treytl
With technological revolutions like the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 on the doorstep, localization of network nodes is more important than ever. Indoor localization systems mostly work with omnidirectional antennas for simplicity reasons. Using directional antennas has advantages, though, and devices with such antennas will be included in IoT systems someday. In this paper, the focus is on dynamic changes in the configuration of localization systems. Adding an antenna must be handled fast and efficiently. Frequent recalculations of the configuration could be necessary, and limited resources make a reduction of the computational effort desirable. In this work we look at possible methods to cut the computational effort while minimizing the penalty on accuracy. Since accuracy is of utmost importance for indoor localization, there is a fine line which is important to find.
{"title":"Radio map upscaling - adding antennas in an indoor localization scenario","authors":"Roland Stenzl, S. Wilker, T. Sauter, T. U. Wien, A. Nagy, Thomas Bigler, A. Treytl","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613283","url":null,"abstract":"With technological revolutions like the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 on the doorstep, localization of network nodes is more important than ever. Indoor localization systems mostly work with omnidirectional antennas for simplicity reasons. Using directional antennas has advantages, though, and devices with such antennas will be included in IoT systems someday. In this paper, the focus is on dynamic changes in the configuration of localization systems. Adding an antenna must be handled fast and efficiently. Frequent recalculations of the configuration could be necessary, and limited resources make a reduction of the computational effort desirable. In this work we look at possible methods to cut the computational effort while minimizing the penalty on accuracy. Since accuracy is of utmost importance for indoor localization, there is a fine line which is important to find.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124666079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613313
Manuel Müller, N. Jazdi, M. Weyrich
Advances in automation technology and AI research, as well as the trend toward digitalization and networking, make modern automation systems complex, heterogeneous and dynamic, i.e., changes to the system and its environment are increasingly becoming the norm. Under such conditions, the classic safety process of certifying a snapshot at the end of the design phase becomes insufficient. To overcome this, we propose an approach that evaluates the safety of the actions of such systems at runtime. In doing so, the approach addresses three fundamental challenges of online safety assurance, namely, incorporating safety requirements into the online design process, coping with dynamic changes in the environment, and dealing with the uncertainties arising from dynamics and unpredictable environments and the adaptation of the system to them. The presented approach is applied to a specific scenario that shows promising results in simulation.
{"title":"An Approach for Context-Sensitive Situational Risk Evaluation of Autonomous Systems","authors":"Manuel Müller, N. Jazdi, M. Weyrich","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613313","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in automation technology and AI research, as well as the trend toward digitalization and networking, make modern automation systems complex, heterogeneous and dynamic, i.e., changes to the system and its environment are increasingly becoming the norm. Under such conditions, the classic safety process of certifying a snapshot at the end of the design phase becomes insufficient. To overcome this, we propose an approach that evaluates the safety of the actions of such systems at runtime. In doing so, the approach addresses three fundamental challenges of online safety assurance, namely, incorporating safety requirements into the online design process, coping with dynamic changes in the environment, and dealing with the uncertainties arising from dynamics and unpredictable environments and the adaptation of the system to them. The presented approach is applied to a specific scenario that shows promising results in simulation.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129467125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613266
C. Ivory, L. Walsh
In this article we argue that established thinking around the slow adoption of industry 4.0 amongst small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in the North Sea Region requires further reflection and re-formulation. It is argued that the diffusion metaphor presently shaping thinking around policy intervention overly focuses attention on firm characteristics and behaviour while focusing too little attention on the specific strategic economic context(s) within which firms make adoption decisions. This article highlights two contextual aspects that shape firm strategic choices: interpretative flexibility and uncertainty about further future technology change.
{"title":"Why Does Technology Policy around Industry 4.0 Continue to Draw its Logic from 1960s Diffusion Models?","authors":"C. Ivory, L. Walsh","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613266","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we argue that established thinking around the slow adoption of industry 4.0 amongst small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in the North Sea Region requires further reflection and re-formulation. It is argued that the diffusion metaphor presently shaping thinking around policy intervention overly focuses attention on firm characteristics and behaviour while focusing too little attention on the specific strategic economic context(s) within which firms make adoption decisions. This article highlights two contextual aspects that shape firm strategic choices: interpretative flexibility and uncertainty about further future technology change.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128381646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613226
Martin Melik-Merkumians, P. Gsellmann, G. Schitter
Today's markets are short-lived and volatile. The producing industry needs to be able to react fast and cost-effective to product and process changes. Following the trend of Industry 4.0, current automation systems are designed as Cyber-Physical Production System (CPPS), which main properties are the distribution of capabilities and strict modularization to enhance reuse of off-the-shelf automation components. The currently dominant Programmable Logic Controller programming standard IEC 61131 was conceived with mainly centralistic systems in mind, which limits its use for nowadays CPPS scenarios. Focusing on the software aspect, the contribution of this work is an enhanced hierarchic development approach for automation systems, which aims to decouple all hardware from the control flow logic of an automation system for combined IEC 61131 and IEC 61499 systems. Therefore, a migration path for IEC 61131 Function Blocks into the development model of the event-driven IEC 61499 is presented, and issues are discussed. Both approaches pay special attention to the reusability of software.
{"title":"Hierarchization and Integration of IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499 for Enhanced Reusability","authors":"Martin Melik-Merkumians, P. Gsellmann, G. Schitter","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613226","url":null,"abstract":"Today's markets are short-lived and volatile. The producing industry needs to be able to react fast and cost-effective to product and process changes. Following the trend of Industry 4.0, current automation systems are designed as Cyber-Physical Production System (CPPS), which main properties are the distribution of capabilities and strict modularization to enhance reuse of off-the-shelf automation components. The currently dominant Programmable Logic Controller programming standard IEC 61131 was conceived with mainly centralistic systems in mind, which limits its use for nowadays CPPS scenarios. Focusing on the software aspect, the contribution of this work is an enhanced hierarchic development approach for automation systems, which aims to decouple all hardware from the control flow logic of an automation system for combined IEC 61131 and IEC 61499 systems. Therefore, a migration path for IEC 61131 Function Blocks into the development model of the event-driven IEC 61499 is presented, and issues are discussed. Both approaches pay special attention to the reusability of software.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130043687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613548
Armin Hadziaganovic, M. K. Atiq, Thomas Blazek, Hans-Peter Bernhard, A. Springer
Functional safety has become a crucial part of industrial automation. With industry environments being connected more than ever, achieving required functional safety depends on establishing safety-critical communication. Numerous application layer safety protocols have been developed to ensure compliance with functional safety standards for wired communications. However, with all the benefits wireless communications entails, wireless communication is pushing for an important place in the future of industrial automation. It is important that safety protocols also follow this transition and are able to operate as intended using a wireless channel. By default, openSAFETY frames are exchanged using UDP broadcast, whereas TCP provides additional reliability features. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze if safety-critical communication using a wireless channel can benefit from the additional reliability features provided by TCP. To answer this, we experimentally analyze the performance of openSAFETY protocol providing functional safety over the IEEE 802.11 standard for three different test cases. We analyze the performance in terms of median end-to-end delay and time spent by a safety node in a safe state for both protocol stacks. Results show that UDP provides lower median end-to-end delay, whereas TCP is able to achieve less time spent in a safe state under bounded delay constraint.
{"title":"The performance of openSAFETY protocol via IEEE 802.11 wireless communication","authors":"Armin Hadziaganovic, M. K. Atiq, Thomas Blazek, Hans-Peter Bernhard, A. Springer","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613548","url":null,"abstract":"Functional safety has become a crucial part of industrial automation. With industry environments being connected more than ever, achieving required functional safety depends on establishing safety-critical communication. Numerous application layer safety protocols have been developed to ensure compliance with functional safety standards for wired communications. However, with all the benefits wireless communications entails, wireless communication is pushing for an important place in the future of industrial automation. It is important that safety protocols also follow this transition and are able to operate as intended using a wireless channel. By default, openSAFETY frames are exchanged using UDP broadcast, whereas TCP provides additional reliability features. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze if safety-critical communication using a wireless channel can benefit from the additional reliability features provided by TCP. To answer this, we experimentally analyze the performance of openSAFETY protocol providing functional safety over the IEEE 802.11 standard for three different test cases. We analyze the performance in terms of median end-to-end delay and time spent by a safety node in a safe state for both protocol stacks. Results show that UDP provides lower median end-to-end delay, whereas TCP is able to achieve less time spent in a safe state under bounded delay constraint.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130996691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613330
Dominik Mittel, Sebastian Pröll, F. Kerber, Thorsten Schöler
Data driven analysis and optimization of production processes has become a pivotal instrument to use enterprise resources more efficiently and to improve product quality. However, availability and quality requirements still limit the prevalence of big data and learning techniques in industrial applications. Therefore, retrofitting sensors to brownfield systems has been suggested as a solution to acquire relevant real-time process data. In this paper, a low-cost retrofit approach to analyze the operating state of manually operated punching machines based on sound analysis is presented. The machine operating states provide additional information about the metal forming process, required for the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to optimally schedule orders in prefabrication and plan available resources. As an analysis tool, a transfer learning approach with a convolutional neural network was used to assess data accuracy and prediction results. The input data consists of Mel Spectrogram images acquired by sound sensors retrofitted to the punching machines. The experiments show that the adapted EfficentNet-B0 achieves an accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of approximately 98 % on unseen data in real environment thus demonstrating the applicability of the implemented system.
{"title":"Mel Spectrogram Analysis for Punching Machine Operating State Classification with CNNs","authors":"Dominik Mittel, Sebastian Pröll, F. Kerber, Thorsten Schöler","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613330","url":null,"abstract":"Data driven analysis and optimization of production processes has become a pivotal instrument to use enterprise resources more efficiently and to improve product quality. However, availability and quality requirements still limit the prevalence of big data and learning techniques in industrial applications. Therefore, retrofitting sensors to brownfield systems has been suggested as a solution to acquire relevant real-time process data. In this paper, a low-cost retrofit approach to analyze the operating state of manually operated punching machines based on sound analysis is presented. The machine operating states provide additional information about the metal forming process, required for the enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to optimally schedule orders in prefabrication and plan available resources. As an analysis tool, a transfer learning approach with a convolutional neural network was used to assess data accuracy and prediction results. The input data consists of Mel Spectrogram images acquired by sound sensors retrofitted to the punching machines. The experiments show that the adapted EfficentNet-B0 achieves an accuracy, sensitivity, and precision of approximately 98 % on unseen data in real environment thus demonstrating the applicability of the implemented system.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127642640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613425
A. Sakr, Ayman AboElHassan, S. Yacout, S. Bassetto
Digital equivalence is the main objective of Digital Twin (DT)s, and simulation is an integral part. DTs reach beyond traditional simulation with the help of real-time synchronization through Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies. Simulation supports off-line experimentations and planning, while DTs offer synchronous execution and modification. DTs help to understand “what may happen”. Also, they present “what is happening” and its management methodologies. In this paper, we present building aspects and an integration approach for a Digital Twin based Discrete-Event Simulation model. Our approach utilizes a data-driven agent-based simulation within a DT framework. It presents an integration layer that provides two essential features: reconfiguration and state initialization. It gives simulation models configurability and integrity that are required for operating within a DT. Our proposed approach is presented through a use case of a semiconductor manufacturing system. The proposed integration layer extends the usability of current Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) for a DT within a Cyber-Physical Production System.
{"title":"Building Discrete-Event Simulation for Digital Twin Applications in Production Systems","authors":"A. Sakr, Ayman AboElHassan, S. Yacout, S. Bassetto","doi":"10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA45728.2021.9613425","url":null,"abstract":"Digital equivalence is the main objective of Digital Twin (DT)s, and simulation is an integral part. DTs reach beyond traditional simulation with the help of real-time synchronization through Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies. Simulation supports off-line experimentations and planning, while DTs offer synchronous execution and modification. DTs help to understand “what may happen”. Also, they present “what is happening” and its management methodologies. In this paper, we present building aspects and an integration approach for a Digital Twin based Discrete-Event Simulation model. Our approach utilizes a data-driven agent-based simulation within a DT framework. It presents an integration layer that provides two essential features: reconfiguration and state initialization. It gives simulation models configurability and integrity that are required for operating within a DT. Our proposed approach is presented through a use case of a semiconductor manufacturing system. The proposed integration layer extends the usability of current Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) for a DT within a Cyber-Physical Production System.","PeriodicalId":312498,"journal":{"name":"2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA )","volume":"174 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131659067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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