Pub Date : 2020-12-20DOI: 10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10595
R. Hartono
Biodiesel is a type of alternative diesel fuel derived from plant oils or animal fats produced through the transesterification process. Previous biodiesel studies have stated that esterification reactions are carried out when the content of free fatty acids in vegetable oil raw materials is greater than 2%. If the content of free fatty acids is smaller than 2% then the process of transesterification reaction is carried out. The research aims to find out the optimum operating conditions of biodiesel manufacturing with low grade CPO raw materials using the esterification and transesterification process. The research began with the analysis of low grade CPO raw materials, then carried out the esterification process with the H 2 SO 4 catalyst and continued the transesterification process with NaOH catalyst. Fixed variables in the study were oil volume, 1% of H 2 SO 4 catalyst, mole ratio of oil and methanol 1:6, reaction time and reaction temperature of 60 o C. The fixed variables in the study were NaOH catalyst ratios in the transesterification process of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The oil obtained is analyzed the content of free fatty acids, density, viscosity, and water content. The results of the study obtained the physical and chemical properties of low grade CPO, namely water content 0.042% and free fatty acids 49.03. Optimum operating conditions are obtained with a catalyst ratio of NaOH of 1% with a methyl ester yield of 60.80%. The resulting methyl ester has a viscosity value of 5,381 cSt, a density of 870 kg/m 3 , an acidic content of 0.11 and a water content of 0.028.
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF NAOH CATALYST RATIO ON MANUFACTURING BIODISEL FROM OFFGRADE CPO","authors":"R. Hartono","doi":"10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10595","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel is a type of alternative diesel fuel derived from plant oils or animal fats produced through the transesterification process. Previous biodiesel studies have stated that esterification reactions are carried out when the content of free fatty acids in vegetable oil raw materials is greater than 2%. If the content of free fatty acids is smaller than 2% then the process of transesterification reaction is carried out. The research aims to find out the optimum operating conditions of biodiesel manufacturing with low grade CPO raw materials using the esterification and transesterification process. The research began with the analysis of low grade CPO raw materials, then carried out the esterification process with the H 2 SO 4 catalyst and continued the transesterification process with NaOH catalyst. Fixed variables in the study were oil volume, 1% of H 2 SO 4 catalyst, mole ratio of oil and methanol 1:6, reaction time and reaction temperature of 60 o C. The fixed variables in the study were NaOH catalyst ratios in the transesterification process of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. The oil obtained is analyzed the content of free fatty acids, density, viscosity, and water content. The results of the study obtained the physical and chemical properties of low grade CPO, namely water content 0.042% and free fatty acids 49.03. Optimum operating conditions are obtained with a catalyst ratio of NaOH of 1% with a methyl ester yield of 60.80%. The resulting methyl ester has a viscosity value of 5,381 cSt, a density of 870 kg/m 3 , an acidic content of 0.11 and a water content of 0.028.","PeriodicalId":313477,"journal":{"name":"World Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121711769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-12DOI: 10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10596
N. Kanani
Longan fruit (Dimacorpus longan lour) is one of non-climacteric tropical fruit. Longan fruit has a short shelf life under room temperature. Pericarp browning and microbial decay are the majir factors reducing the longan shelf life, it can cause the limitation of consuming the longan fruits. An alternative means without toxic and pollution effect for preventing and controlling the the post harvesting fruits are needed such as blend film and edible coating application. Application of edible coating is promising to improve the quality and extend live of post harvested vegetable and fruits. Therefore the aim of this study is to define the potential of Chitosan-PLA (Ch-PLA) composites to extend the shelf life of longan fruits. In this experiment, we investigated those with the effect of PLA content to the chitosan film on water vapour permeability, pH condition, film thickness and weight loss of longan fruits.
{"title":"Application of Edible Film based on Chitosan-PLA in the Prolongation of the Shelf Life of Longan Fruit","authors":"N. Kanani","doi":"10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10596","url":null,"abstract":"Longan fruit (Dimacorpus longan lour) is one of non-climacteric tropical fruit. Longan fruit has a short shelf life under room temperature. Pericarp browning and microbial decay are the majir factors reducing the longan shelf life, it can cause the limitation of consuming the longan fruits. An alternative means without toxic and pollution effect for preventing and controlling the the post harvesting fruits are needed such as blend film and edible coating application. Application of edible coating is promising to improve the quality and extend live of post harvested vegetable and fruits. Therefore the aim of this study is to define the potential of Chitosan-PLA (Ch-PLA) composites to extend the shelf life of longan fruits. In this experiment, we investigated those with the effect of PLA content to the chitosan film on water vapour permeability, pH condition, film thickness and weight loss of longan fruits.","PeriodicalId":313477,"journal":{"name":"World Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122901937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ethyl acetate is the final product of esterification reaction between ethanol and acetate acid which usually used as a solvent. Catalysts are used to boost the esterification reaction rate, mostly the homogenous catalyst (acid liquid catalyst) is used. The use of homogeneous catalyst needs quite long process to separate, that is the reason why using the heterogeneous catalyst is the alternate way. The purpose of this research is to compare the performance of homogeneous catalyst (sulphuric acid) and heteregenous catalyst (natural zeolite from Bayah) by variating the factors that has an impact on reaction. The reaction was happened in batch reactor by variating the speed of agitation speed in range 500-700 rpm and the catalyst molecules size 60 mesh and 100 mesh for the solid catalysts. The goal of the variation is to maximize the reactant mass transfer to the active site of the catalyst. The result of this research shows that on the agitation speed of 700 rpm and 100 mesh Bayah natural zeolite is able to yield bigger conversion of acetate acid compared to using the sulphuric acid catalyst, which are 45.03% and 15.19% .
{"title":"Study of Esterification Reaction Between Ethanol and Acetic Acid Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst","authors":"N. Nuryoto","doi":"10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.8952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.8952","url":null,"abstract":"The Ethyl acetate is the final product of esterification reaction between ethanol and acetate acid which usually used as a solvent. Catalysts are used to boost the esterification reaction rate, mostly the homogenous catalyst (acid liquid catalyst) is used. The use of homogeneous catalyst needs quite long process to separate, that is the reason why using the heterogeneous catalyst is the alternate way. The purpose of this research is to compare the performance of homogeneous catalyst (sulphuric acid) and heteregenous catalyst (natural zeolite from Bayah) by variating the factors that has an impact on reaction. The reaction was happened in batch reactor by variating the speed of agitation speed in range 500-700 rpm and the catalyst molecules size 60 mesh and 100 mesh for the solid catalysts. The goal of the variation is to maximize the reactant mass transfer to the active site of the catalyst. The result of this research shows that on the agitation speed of 700 rpm and 100 mesh Bayah natural zeolite is able to yield bigger conversion of acetate acid compared to using the sulphuric acid catalyst, which are 45.03% and 15.19% .","PeriodicalId":313477,"journal":{"name":"World Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129114550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-17DOI: 10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10594
D. Barleany
The demand for healthy and safe foods with the minimum use of synthetic materials is increasing very rapidly. Plastic polymers have negative effects on the environment, and great efforts have been made to evaluate the use of various bio-based polymers as alternatives to synthetic plastic packaging. Chitin and chitosan are mostly extracted from crustacean shells or byproducts from processing and handling fish and seafood. As a result, chitosan as a material for food packaging has received much attention and is widely researched because it has unique biological and functional properties. Chitosan for food packaging and food preservation applications can be applied via the method of spraying, immersing, coating, or wrapping films. However, chitosan has several disadvantages including low mechanical properties and high sensitivity to moisture, which are the main limitations for its industrial applications, including food packaging. In this study, the scientific literature of the last 5 years on chitosan-based films for their potential application in the food packaging industry has been extensively reviewed. This review also discussed various strategies that have been implemented to improve the properties of chitosan film, including using plasticizers and cross-linking agents, filling them with nanoparticles, fibers and whiskers and combining them with natural extracts and essential oils as well as with other natural and synthetic ingredients.
{"title":"Emerging Trends in the Development of Chitosan Films for Active Food Packaging","authors":"D. Barleany","doi":"10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10594","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for healthy and safe foods with the minimum use of synthetic materials is increasing very rapidly. Plastic polymers have negative effects on the environment, and great efforts have been made to evaluate the use of various bio-based polymers as alternatives to synthetic plastic packaging. Chitin and chitosan are mostly extracted from crustacean shells or byproducts from processing and handling fish and seafood. As a result, chitosan as a material for food packaging has received much attention and is widely researched because it has unique biological and functional properties. Chitosan for food packaging and food preservation applications can be applied via the method of spraying, immersing, coating, or wrapping films. However, chitosan has several disadvantages including low mechanical properties and high sensitivity to moisture, which are the main limitations for its industrial applications, including food packaging. In this study, the scientific literature of the last 5 years on chitosan-based films for their potential application in the food packaging industry has been extensively reviewed. This review also discussed various strategies that have been implemented to improve the properties of chitosan film, including using plasticizers and cross-linking agents, filling them with nanoparticles, fibers and whiskers and combining them with natural extracts and essential oils as well as with other natural and synthetic ingredients.","PeriodicalId":313477,"journal":{"name":"World Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122088823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-16DOI: 10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10593
Agus Rochmat
Salmonella typhi bacteria cause complications of bleeding in the intestine or intestinal perforation. However, Salmonella typhi bacteria will become resistant to chloramphenicol due to the formation of plasmids that produce the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) enzyme which works to activate chloramphenicol. So, the search for active groups of natural compounds which are expected to have the work of deactivating the CAT enzyme. One of them is a flavonoid compound. The flavonoid group is widely used as an antimicrobial. This research was aimed at the extraction of bay leaf flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids was proven by phytochemical tests, namely a yellow color change with a slightly acidic amyl alcohol solvent - Mg metal and strengthened by the scanning results of the maximum wavelength on the band 1 407 nm and band 2 338 nm which is a special feature of flavonoid backbone. The results of GC-MS analysis obtained 4 flavonoid compounds from bay leaf extract which have an abundance above 1% and qualification above 90%: 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, alpha- tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, and pyragallol. The correlation between the results of the inhibitory test against Salmonella typhi at a concentration of 100 ppm with the results of docking tocopherol - 3CLA receptors which have an affinity bond energy / ∆G binding = 7.40 kcal / mol, indicates that the bay leaf flavonoid extract can inhibit the formation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT).
{"title":"In Silico Study and Bioactivity of Flavonoid Extract Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Leaves Against Salmonella typhi","authors":"Agus Rochmat","doi":"10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48181/WCEJ.V4I2.10593","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella typhi bacteria cause complications of bleeding in the intestine or intestinal perforation. However, Salmonella typhi bacteria will become resistant to chloramphenicol due to the formation of plasmids that produce the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) enzyme which works to activate chloramphenicol. So, the search for active groups of natural compounds which are expected to have the work of deactivating the CAT enzyme. One of them is a flavonoid compound. The flavonoid group is widely used as an antimicrobial. This research was aimed at the extraction of bay leaf flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids was proven by phytochemical tests, namely a yellow color change with a slightly acidic amyl alcohol solvent - Mg metal and strengthened by the scanning results of the maximum wavelength on the band 1 407 nm and band 2 338 nm which is a special feature of flavonoid backbone. The results of GC-MS analysis obtained 4 flavonoid compounds from bay leaf extract which have an abundance above 1% and qualification above 90%: 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, alpha- tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, and pyragallol. The correlation between the results of the inhibitory test against Salmonella typhi at a concentration of 100 ppm with the results of docking tocopherol - 3CLA receptors which have an affinity bond energy / ∆G binding = 7.40 kcal / mol, indicates that the bay leaf flavonoid extract can inhibit the formation of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT).","PeriodicalId":313477,"journal":{"name":"World Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130204249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：