Rapikama Mumbuu, L. Pazvakawambwa, Opeoluwa Oyedele
The poor performance of grade 10 learners has been a big concern over the last few years and in the effort to understand this phenomenon there has been efforts to present models that explain it. This study aimed at exploring the factors which influence Khomas Region grade 10 learners' pass rate using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). The data used for this study was obtained from the Directorate of National Examination and Assessment for the year 2016, with permission from the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education (DNEA). With the presence of excess zeros in the study data, six GLMs were explored (Poisson, Negative Binomial, Hurdle Poisson, Hurdle Negative Binomial, Zero Inflated Poisson and Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial) to assess their goodness of fit on modelling the zero-inflated DNEA count data. Afterwards, the better performing GLM was used in achieving the study aim. The Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial performed better based on its lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values among the six fitted GLMs. Results from the fitted Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial model revealed that the age of the learner, school location and the type of school (private/state) had significant differential in the pass rate of grade 10 learners, with p-values < 0.05 in the Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial model. Thus, it is recommended that for densely populated areas, emphasis should be put on building more schools in these areas so that classrooms are not overcrowded per subject. In addition, overaged learners should also be given extra assistance such as extra classes and extra motivation.
在过去的几年里，十年级学生的糟糕表现一直是一个大问题，为了理解这一现象，人们努力提出解释这一现象的模型。本研究旨在运用广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Models, GLMs)探讨影响霍玛斯地区十年级学生通过率的因素。本研究使用的数据从2016年国家考试和评估局获得，并获得教育部常务秘书(DNEA)的许可。由于研究数据中存在多余的零，我们探索了6种glm(泊松、负二项、跨栏泊松、跨栏负二项、零膨胀泊松和零膨胀负二项)，以评估它们对零膨胀DNEA计数数据建模的拟合优度。然后，使用性能较好的GLM来实现研究目标。零膨胀负二项在六个拟合的glm中表现较好，基于其最低的赤池信息准则(AIC)值。从零膨胀负二项模型拟合的结果来看，学习者的年龄、学校位置和学校类型(私立/公立)对10年级学习者的通过率有显著差异，在零膨胀负二项模型中p值< 0.05。因此，建议在人口稠密的地区，重点应放在在这些地区建造更多的学校，这样教室就不会每门课都人满为患。此外，超龄学习者也应该给予额外的帮助，如额外的课程和额外的激励。
{"title":"Zero-augmented models for exploring the factors affecting the pass rate of 2016 grade 10 learners in Khomas region, Namibia","authors":"Rapikama Mumbuu, L. Pazvakawambwa, Opeoluwa Oyedele","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.81","url":null,"abstract":"The poor performance of grade 10 learners has been a big concern over the last few years and in the effort to understand this phenomenon there has been efforts to present models that explain it. This study aimed at exploring the factors which influence Khomas Region grade 10 learners' pass rate using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs). The data used for this study was obtained from the Directorate of National Examination and Assessment for the year 2016, with permission from the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education (DNEA). With the presence of excess zeros in the study data, six GLMs were explored (Poisson, Negative Binomial, Hurdle Poisson, Hurdle Negative Binomial, Zero Inflated Poisson and Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial) to assess their goodness of fit on modelling the zero-inflated DNEA count data. Afterwards, the better performing GLM was used in achieving the study aim. The Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial performed better based on its lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values among the six fitted GLMs. Results from the fitted Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial model revealed that the age of the learner, school location and the type of school (private/state) had significant differential in the pass rate of grade 10 learners, with p-values < 0.05 in the Zero- Inflated Negative Binomial model. Thus, it is recommended that for densely populated areas, emphasis should be put on building more schools in these areas so that classrooms are not overcrowded per subject. In addition, overaged learners should also be given extra assistance such as extra classes and extra motivation.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128090283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Air Namibia, like any other airline, faces challenges as it operates in the global economy. Extreme scrutiny and debate about Air Namibia's viability has highlighted some of the airline's major issues of strategic, operational inefficiency and inability to create customer value. The study's aim was to establish the impact of passenger loyalty on customer relationship management (CRM) in delivering high quality service to passengers and value creation. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyze survey data collected from 181 international, regional and domestic passengers using Air Namibia for passengers travelling through the Hosea Kutako International and Eros Airports. The study further identified the primary factors affecting passenger satisfaction with Air Namibia's value chain activities, these factors included: customer orientation, operational specialties, domain expertise, and service recovery and information technology. While factors contributing to passenger retention and loyalty towards Air Namibia's products and services included Marketing and Promotional Activities, Loyalty aspects, Value for Money and Comfort Issues. In exploring the relationship between customer relationship management (CRM) and passenger loyalty, the study found that interpersonal relationships between staff and the customers are crucial to CRM initiatives as they result in a better understanding of customer needs, which in turn leads to passenger loyalty.
{"title":"Customer relationship management (CRM) and passenger loyalty in delivering high quality service at Air Namibia: A structural equations approach.","authors":"A. Isaacs, S. B. Lwendo, L. Kazembe","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.86","url":null,"abstract":"Air Namibia, like any other airline, faces challenges as it operates in the global economy. Extreme scrutiny and debate about Air Namibia's viability has highlighted some of the airline's major issues of strategic, operational inefficiency and inability to create customer value. The study's aim was to establish the impact of passenger loyalty on customer relationship management (CRM) in delivering high quality service to passengers and value creation. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyze survey data collected from 181 international, regional and domestic passengers using Air Namibia for passengers travelling through the Hosea Kutako International and Eros Airports. The study further identified the primary factors affecting passenger satisfaction with Air Namibia's value chain activities, these factors included: customer orientation, operational specialties, domain expertise, and service recovery and information technology. While factors contributing to passenger retention and loyalty towards Air Namibia's products and services included Marketing and Promotional Activities, Loyalty aspects, Value for Money and Comfort Issues. In exploring the relationship between customer relationship management (CRM) and passenger loyalty, the study found that interpersonal relationships between staff and the customers are crucial to CRM initiatives as they result in a better understanding of customer needs, which in turn leads to passenger loyalty.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125028155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fast becoming an ever-present reality in our day-to-day lives, statistics play an intrinsic and contemporary role in our everyday activities, especially, in today’s data-driven world. Owning to its definition as the science of collecting, summarizing, presenting and interpreting information, statistics helps us understand the world a little bit better through numbers as well as other quantitative and qualitative source of information. Although statistics originated many centuries ago, its impacts and applications have evolved in recent years as modern statisticians have advanced applications of statistics through innovative, problem-solving approaches, far beyond its historic use by governmental offices to capture censuses in order to track population sizes and growths (Michigan Technological University, 2021). One of these modern statisticians was Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890 - 1962) who was active as a mathematician, statistician and geneticist. Although trained as an (evolutionary) biologist, Fisher was referred to as the “father of the modern science of statistics” as he single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science (Anders, 1998). He further pioneered the design of experiments principles, small samples statistics and the analysis of real data. He went on to published a book titled “Statistical Methods for Research Workers” in 1925, which later became one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods and even to date. His notable works includes the popularly used F-test, F-distribution, Fisher’s exact test, maximum likelihood estimation, random effects models and analysis of variance, to mention a few. The importance of statistics being relevant to nearly every area of our lives cannot be overemphasized enough, to the extent that all countries over the world have at least one national statistical agency operating within their respective countries that manages critical information related to labour trends, health, education, political campaigns and many more. Statistics has influenced and is still influencing the operations of industries such as the sales and financial markets, profit and non-profit organizations, meteorological services, medical care services, manufacturing, urban planning, education, law, and even social media analytics (to mention a few). In this present world, we as individuals and organizations regularly use statistics to make daily financial and non-financial planning and budgeting decisions that affects our lives. For example, consider the daily forecasted weathers, lending risks at banks, impacts of economy crises, healthcare financial policies, traffic flow operations, investment payoffs, urban planning with respect to population growths and declines, predicting diseases, stock markets, human psychology behaviours, insurance pay-outs, and political election results. All these, and more, are statistics and/or derived from statistics. Another simple life application of st
统计迅速成为我们日常生活中无处不在的现实，在我们的日常活动中发挥着内在和当代的作用，特别是在当今数据驱动的世界中。由于它的定义是收集、总结、呈现和解释信息的科学，统计学帮助我们通过数字以及其他定量和定性的信息来源更好地了解世界。虽然统计起源于许多世纪以前，但近年来，随着现代统计学家通过创新的解决问题的方法先进地应用统计数据，其影响和应用已经发展，远远超出了政府办公室为跟踪人口规模和增长而进行人口普查的历史用途(密歇根理工大学，2021年)。这些现代统计学家之一是罗纳德·艾尔默·费雪爵士(Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 1890 - 1962)，他是一位活跃的数学家、统计学家和遗传学家。虽然费舍尔是一名(进化)生物学家，但他被称为“现代统计科学之父”，因为他一手创建了现代统计科学的基础(安德斯，1998)。他进一步开创了实验原理的设计、小样本统计和真实数据的分析。1925年，他出版了一本名为《研究工作者的统计方法》(Statistical Methods for Research Workers)的书，这本书后来成为20世纪乃至迄今为止最具影响力的统计方法书籍之一。他的著名作品包括常用的f检验、f分布、费雪精确检验、最大似然估计、随机效应模型和方差分析等。统计数据与我们生活的几乎每一个领域都有关，这一点无论怎么强调都不为过，因为世界上所有国家都至少有一个国家统计机构在各自的国家内开展业务，管理与劳工趋势、卫生、教育、政治运动等有关的关键信息。统计已经并仍在影响着销售和金融市场、盈利和非营利组织、气象服务、医疗服务、制造业、城市规划、教育、法律，甚至社交媒体分析等行业的运作(仅举几例)。在当今世界，作为个人和组织，我们经常使用统计数据来制定影响我们生活的日常财务和非财务计划和预算决策。例如，考虑每日预测的天气、银行贷款风险、经济危机的影响、医疗保健金融政策、交通流量操作、投资回报、与人口增长和下降相关的城市规划、预测疾病、股票市场、人类心理行为、保险赔付和政治选举结果。所有这些，以及更多，都是统计数据和/或来源于统计数据。统计数据的另一个简单生活应用是全球每日记录的COVID-19病例数、死亡人数、康复人数和疫苗接种人数。截至2021年8月23日，共记录了212,679,403例COVID-19病例，其中4,446,610例死亡，190,301,359例康复，其中大多数病例报告发生在美利坚合众国、印度、巴西、联合王国、法国、俄罗斯、土耳其和意大利(Worldometer, 2021年)。同样，所有这些基本数据都是通过使用世界各地区、州、国家、省和各大洲的统计数据编制的。因此，统计在许多不同领域的各种应用中被大量使用，正如本期杂志所展示的那样。
{"title":"Guest Commentary","authors":"Opeoluwa Oyedele","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.79h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.79h","url":null,"abstract":"Fast becoming an ever-present reality in our day-to-day lives, statistics play an intrinsic and contemporary role in our everyday activities, especially, in today’s data-driven world. Owning to its definition as the science of collecting, summarizing, presenting and interpreting information, statistics helps us understand the world a little bit better through numbers as well as other quantitative and qualitative source of information. Although statistics originated many centuries ago, its impacts and applications have evolved in recent years as modern statisticians have advanced applications of statistics through innovative, problem-solving approaches, far beyond its historic use by governmental offices to capture censuses in order to track population sizes and growths (Michigan Technological University, 2021). One of these modern statisticians was Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890 - 1962) who was active as a mathematician, statistician and geneticist. Although trained as an (evolutionary) biologist, Fisher was referred to as the “father of the modern science of statistics” as he single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science (Anders, 1998). He further pioneered the design of experiments principles, small samples statistics and the analysis of real data. He went on to published a book titled “Statistical Methods for Research Workers” in 1925, which later became one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods and even to date. His notable works includes the popularly used F-test, F-distribution, Fisher’s exact test, maximum likelihood estimation, random effects models and analysis of variance, to mention a few. The importance of statistics being relevant to nearly every area of our lives cannot be overemphasized enough, to the extent that all countries over the world have at least one national statistical agency operating within their respective countries that manages critical information related to labour trends, health, education, political campaigns and many more. Statistics has influenced and is still influencing the operations of industries such as the sales and financial markets, profit and non-profit organizations, meteorological services, medical care services, manufacturing, urban planning, education, law, and even social media analytics (to mention a few). In this present world, we as individuals and organizations regularly use statistics to make daily financial and non-financial planning and budgeting decisions that affects our lives. For example, consider the daily forecasted weathers, lending risks at banks, impacts of economy crises, healthcare financial policies, traffic flow operations, investment payoffs, urban planning with respect to population growths and declines, predicting diseases, stock markets, human psychology behaviours, insurance pay-outs, and political election results. All these, and more, are statistics and/or derived from statistics. Another simple life application of st","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114903517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Count data that are zero inflated are often analysed using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (ZINB-GLMM) when observations are correlated in ways that require random effects. This study investigated ecological factors influencing the number of property crimes in Windhoek by using data obtained from the Windhoek police over the period of six consecutive years (2011 to 2016). The ecological concepts were measured at different levels of aggregation. Limited studies in Windhoek have considered analysing crime data on Generalized Linear Mixed Model via Template Model Builder (TMB) R-package. Crimes were counted with respect to Month, Season, Year, Location and Density. Property crime data contained more zeros than expected. When comparing models fitted, it was found that the Relative Risks (RR) were highly significant for models fitted via Negative Binomial distribution. By adopting a ZINB-GLMM, the study attempted to address the potential covariates for Property crimes. The study showed that most of the variation property crimes was due to locations. Crime was high during spring and winter time during the study period. The study further discovered that areas with high population densities had high crime intensity. Security patrols and surveillance should be stepped up in Windhoek in high density suburbs especially during winter and spring seasons.
当观测值以需要随机效应的方式相关时，通常使用零膨胀负二项广义线性混合模型(ZINB-GLMM)分析零膨胀计数数据。本研究利用从温得和克警方获得的连续六年(2011年至2016年)的数据，调查了影响温得和克财产犯罪数量的生态因素。在不同的聚集水平上测量了生态概念。温得和克有限的研究考虑了使用模板模型生成器(Template Model Builder, TMB) R-package对广义线性混合模型分析犯罪数据。犯罪是根据月份、季节、年份、地点和密度来统计的。财产犯罪数据中包含的零比预期的要多。对比拟合模型发现，负二项分布拟合模型的相对风险(RR)非常显著。通过采用ZINB-GLMM，本研究试图解决财产犯罪的潜在协变量。研究表明，大多数财产犯罪是由地点引起的。研究期间，春季和冬季犯罪率较高。研究进一步发现，人口密度高的地区犯罪强度也高。在温得和克人口稠密的郊区，特别是在冬季和春季，应加强安全巡逻和监视。
{"title":"An ecological adjusted random effect model for property crime in Windhoek, Namibia (2011-2016)","authors":"J. Amunyela","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.90","url":null,"abstract":"Count data that are zero inflated are often analysed using Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Generalized Linear Mixed Model (ZINB-GLMM) when observations are correlated in ways that require random effects. This study investigated ecological factors influencing the number of property crimes in Windhoek by using data obtained from the Windhoek police over the period of six consecutive years (2011 to 2016). The ecological concepts were measured at different levels of aggregation. Limited studies in Windhoek have considered analysing crime data on Generalized Linear Mixed Model via Template Model Builder (TMB) R-package. Crimes were counted with respect to Month, Season, Year, Location and Density. Property crime data contained more zeros than expected. When comparing models fitted, it was found that the Relative Risks (RR) were highly significant for models fitted via Negative Binomial distribution. By adopting a ZINB-GLMM, the study attempted to address the potential covariates for Property crimes. The study showed that most of the variation property crimes was due to locations. Crime was high during spring and winter time during the study period. The study further discovered that areas with high population densities had high crime intensity. Security patrols and surveillance should be stepped up in Windhoek in high density suburbs especially during winter and spring seasons.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130096732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Shinyemba, Opeoluwa Oyedele, L. Kazembe, Martin Shaalukeni
Fertility rate has been declining over the years in Namibia, and a number of studies have been conducted to investigate how socio-economic and physiological factors influenced fertility decline. This study was aimed at modelling the direct and indirect effects of socio-economic, socio-demographic and health attributes on fertility, as well as the proximate and nonproximatedeterminants of fertility using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique and the data from the 2013 Namibia Demographic Health Survey. To be precise, the confirmatory factor analysis part of the SEM technique was used to test the theorized model of the proximate and non-proximate determinants of fertility, while the factor modelling part was used to measure the effects that these two constructs of fertility determinants had on fertility. Results from this study showed that the proximate determinants had a direct negative impact β = -0.023) on the number of children ever born, while there was a (significant) positive effect β = 0.053) between the non-proximate determinants and the number of children ever born. In addition, age at first birth had a (significant) positive effect on the number of children ever born by Namibian women while the effect of contraceptive use was found to have a minor effect. Moreover, women who had their first birth at the beginning of their reproductive period were more likely to have more children born to them, while women who had their first marriage at younger ages were more likely to have more children. It is therefore recommended that there is a need to promote contraceptive use among Namibian women to further reduce fertility, especially among women from poor households as the cost of rising children has become high as the year progresses. Additionally, there is also a need to promote and strengthen the education of young females in order to increase their age at first birth and at first marriage in Namibia.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Proximate and Non-Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Namibia: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach","authors":"T. Shinyemba, Opeoluwa Oyedele, L. Kazembe, Martin Shaalukeni","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.82","url":null,"abstract":"Fertility rate has been declining over the years in Namibia, and a number of studies have been conducted to investigate how socio-economic and physiological factors influenced fertility decline. This study was aimed at modelling the direct and indirect effects of socio-economic, socio-demographic and health attributes on fertility, as well as the proximate and nonproximatedeterminants of fertility using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique and the data from the 2013 Namibia Demographic Health Survey. To be precise, the confirmatory factor analysis part of the SEM technique was used to test the theorized model of the proximate and non-proximate determinants of fertility, while the factor modelling part was used to measure the effects that these two constructs of fertility determinants had on fertility. Results from this study showed that the proximate determinants had a direct negative impact β = -0.023) on the number of children ever born, while there was a (significant) positive effect β = 0.053) between the non-proximate determinants and the number of children ever born. In addition, age at first birth had a (significant) positive effect on the number of children ever born by Namibian women while the effect of contraceptive use was found to have a minor effect. Moreover, women who had their first birth at the beginning of their reproductive period were more likely to have more children born to them, while women who had their first marriage at younger ages were more likely to have more children. It is therefore recommended that there is a need to promote contraceptive use among Namibian women to further reduce fertility, especially among women from poor households as the cost of rising children has become high as the year progresses. Additionally, there is also a need to promote and strengthen the education of young females in order to increase their age at first birth and at first marriage in Namibia.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115146436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Opeoluwa Oyedele, Liina E M Angula, Klemens Mutorwa
Employment longevity shapes the total work experience of an employee's career, in addition to providing additional information about the employment stability of the employee and employer. However, in recent years, employment stability has decreased globally, with Namibia being amongst the highly affected countries where workers are having a high number of short-term employment records over the course of their careers. In this paper, the Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional Hazard techniques were used to estimate the survival of employment longevity for employed adults in Namibia using the 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey. Results showed that majority of the employees were working in the private enterprises and government institutions, attained junior and senior secondary education, never married, worked for a paying job and were from the Khomas, Erongo and Otjozondjupa regions. Likewise, majority of the employees employed for less than 1 year and for 1-2 years were aged 20-29 years, while majority employed for 3-5 years and 6-10 years were aged 30-39 years. The employed adults' characteristics such as age group, type of employer, highest education attained, marital status, region, current schooling status and sex had a significant association with their survival of employment longevity. In addition, employees aged 30-39 and 40-49 years, employed in non-profit institutions, parastatals and government institutions, and from the Oshikoto, Omaheke, Oshana, Khomas, Erongo and Otjozondjupa regions had a high survival of employment longevity, while employees employed in privately owned informal enterprises and had already attained a technical or vocational certificates/diplomas, junior and senior secondary education had a low survival. It is therefore recommended that all relevant organizations and governmental ministries that deals with employment and labour matters should frequently engage all employers through their respective human resources departments, to further assist in the creation and implementation of favourable employment contracts that best suits their respective employees, especially, for those employed in privately owned informal enterprises, employed for less than 1 year, 1-2 years and 3-5 years, who are in their 20s and 30s (age-wise), and already attained a technical or vocational certificates/diplomas, junior and senior secondary education
{"title":"An application of survival analysis on the determinants of employmentlongevity in Namibia: Evidence from 2018 Labour Force Survey","authors":"Opeoluwa Oyedele, Liina E M Angula, Klemens Mutorwa","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.85","url":null,"abstract":"Employment longevity shapes the total work experience of an employee's career, in addition to providing additional information about the employment stability of the employee and employer. However, in recent years, employment stability has decreased globally, with Namibia being amongst the highly affected countries where workers are having a high number of short-term employment records over the course of their careers. In this paper, the Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional Hazard techniques were used to estimate the survival of employment longevity for employed adults in Namibia using the 2018 Namibia Labour Force Survey. Results showed that majority of the employees were working in the private enterprises and government institutions, attained junior and senior secondary education, never married, worked for a paying job and were from the Khomas, Erongo and Otjozondjupa regions. Likewise, majority of the employees employed for less than 1 year and for 1-2 years were aged 20-29 years, while majority employed for 3-5 years and 6-10 years were aged 30-39 years. The employed adults' characteristics such as age group, type of employer, highest education attained, marital status, region, current schooling status and sex had a significant association with their survival of employment longevity. In addition, employees aged 30-39 and 40-49 years, employed in non-profit institutions, parastatals and government institutions, and from the Oshikoto, Omaheke, Oshana, Khomas, Erongo and Otjozondjupa regions had a high survival of employment longevity, while employees employed in privately owned informal enterprises and had already attained a technical or vocational certificates/diplomas, junior and senior secondary education had a low survival. It is therefore recommended that all relevant organizations and governmental ministries that deals with employment and labour matters should frequently engage all employers through their respective human resources departments, to further assist in the creation and implementation of favourable employment contracts that best suits their respective employees, especially, for those employed in privately owned informal enterprises, employed for less than 1 year, 1-2 years and 3-5 years, who are in their 20s and 30s (age-wise), and already attained a technical or vocational certificates/diplomas, junior and senior secondary education","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121215818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immanuel Shipanga, Opeoluwa Oyedele, Tarcy C. Matengu
Mortality studies are important for the effectiveness of subsystem of health services in a country. Before the Coronavirus pandemic outbreak, there has been a gradual decline in the global mortality indicators, which can be linked to the improving economic development and social wellbeing of the global population, especially, in developing regions such as East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. This decline in mortality and the high fertility in developing countries are the contributing factors to the increase on global population. Apart from the aggregated frequencies of deaths and crude death rates reported in population census reports, little to no attention has been paid to detailed inference mortality analysis with respect to the age-sex variation perspective in Namibia. Thus, this paper used the negative binomial regression modelling technique to perform an inference mortality analysis across all ages and both sexes in the country as well as across regions and marital status using the 2016 Civil Registration Vital systems data from the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between mortality and theindividuals' age, sex, marital status and region. In addition, Oshana, Kavango East, Khomas, Hardap and Omaheke regions had high mortality rates, while infants and elderly individuals had a high probability of dying. Furthermore, the study revealed that individuals who were single and aged 15-59 and 5-14 years had less expected death count. Hence, it is recommended that interventions (such as affordable and proper health care and well-being services) targeted at the (most) vulnerable age groups, marital group and regions be made a priority, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goal 3.
{"title":"Socio-Demographic Variations on Age-Sex Mortality in Namibia: An Analysis of the 2016 Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Data","authors":"Immanuel Shipanga, Opeoluwa Oyedele, Tarcy C. Matengu","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.88","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality studies are important for the effectiveness of subsystem of health services in a country. Before the Coronavirus pandemic outbreak, there has been a gradual decline in the global mortality indicators, which can be linked to the improving economic development and social wellbeing of the global population, especially, in developing regions such as East Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. This decline in mortality and the high fertility in developing countries are the contributing factors to the increase on global population. Apart from the aggregated frequencies of deaths and crude death rates reported in population census reports, little to no attention has been paid to detailed inference mortality analysis with respect to the age-sex variation perspective in Namibia. Thus, this paper used the negative binomial regression modelling technique to perform an inference mortality analysis across all ages and both sexes in the country as well as across regions and marital status using the 2016 Civil Registration Vital systems data from the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between mortality and theindividuals' age, sex, marital status and region. In addition, Oshana, Kavango East, Khomas, Hardap and Omaheke regions had high mortality rates, while infants and elderly individuals had a high probability of dying. Furthermore, the study revealed that individuals who were single and aged 15-59 and 5-14 years had less expected death count. Hence, it is recommended that interventions (such as affordable and proper health care and well-being services) targeted at the (most) vulnerable age groups, marital group and regions be made a priority, in order to meet Sustainable Development Goal 3.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115923051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder in Namibia and affects about 20 million people worldwide. Risk factors for schizophrenia in Namibia have not been extensively investigated. The objective of the study was to establish prevalence and factors influencing schizophrenia symptoms based on secondary data from the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Descriptive statistics were computed to profile the background characteristics of the sample. Chi-square tests were conducted to assess association between socio-demographic variables and schizophrenia symptoms. Binary logistic regression was performed to establish determinants of schizophrenia symptoms. The prevalence of schizophrenia symptoms was 12.4% (13.6% among females and 11.0% among males). Regression results indicated that females (OR=1.159, 95% CI: 1.022-1.314, p=0.021) were more likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to their male counterparts. Those who resided in urban areas (OR=0.699, 95% CI: 0.609-0.803, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who resided in rural areas. Those with no formal education (OR=0.378, 95% 0.273-0.523, p<0.001); those with primary education (OR=0.646, 95% CI: 0.501-0.834, p<0.001) and those with secondary education (OR=0.619, 95% CI: 0.495-0.775, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those with higher education. Results also showed that those who had never married (OR=0.275, 95% CI: 0.225-0.335, p<0.001); the married (OR=0.229, 95% CI: 0.184-0.284, p<0.001); and those living with a partner (OR=0.283, 95% CI: 0.225-0.355, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who were on separation. Respondents who did not consume alcoholic drinks (OR=0.597, 95% CI: 0.526-0.677, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who consumed alcoholic drinks. Schizophrenia symptoms were not significantly influenced by wealth index (p>0.05). There is need to step up gender-specific mental health programs especially in rural areas. Efforts to stabilize marital relationships at national level should be strengthened. Mental health could also be improved through drug abuse prevention and rehabilitation programs.
{"title":"A Logistic Regression Model to Assess Factors Influencing Schizophrenia Symptoms in Namibia","authors":"E. N. N. Nakunipa, L. Pazvakawambwa, P. Iiyambo","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.89","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder in Namibia and affects about 20 million people worldwide. Risk factors for schizophrenia in Namibia have not been extensively investigated. The objective of the study was to establish prevalence and factors influencing schizophrenia symptoms based on secondary data from the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Descriptive statistics were computed to profile the background characteristics of the sample. Chi-square tests were conducted to assess association between socio-demographic variables and schizophrenia symptoms. Binary logistic regression was performed to establish determinants of schizophrenia symptoms. The prevalence of schizophrenia symptoms was 12.4% (13.6% among females and 11.0% among males). Regression results indicated that females (OR=1.159, 95% CI: 1.022-1.314, p=0.021) were more likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to their male counterparts. Those who resided in urban areas (OR=0.699, 95% CI: 0.609-0.803, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who resided in rural areas. Those with no formal education (OR=0.378, 95% 0.273-0.523, p<0.001); those with primary education (OR=0.646, 95% CI: 0.501-0.834, p<0.001) and those with secondary education (OR=0.619, 95% CI: 0.495-0.775, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those with higher education. Results also showed that those who had never married (OR=0.275, 95% CI: 0.225-0.335, p<0.001); the married (OR=0.229, 95% CI: 0.184-0.284, p<0.001); and those living with a partner (OR=0.283, 95% CI: 0.225-0.355, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who were on separation. Respondents who did not consume alcoholic drinks (OR=0.597, 95% CI: 0.526-0.677, p<0.001) were less likely to have schizophrenia symptoms compared to those who consumed alcoholic drinks. Schizophrenia symptoms were not significantly influenced by wealth index (p>0.05). There is need to step up gender-specific mental health programs especially in rural areas. Efforts to stabilize marital relationships at national level should be strengthened. Mental health could also be improved through drug abuse prevention and rehabilitation programs.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129949074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crime in the Windhoek municipal area continue to be on an increase trend as the population grow over time. Despite past effort done to reduce crime, crime seems to be on a continuously increasing trend; mostly in area regarded as crime hotspots by Windhoek municipal Police. Past study done to analyse the crime record have concentrated mostly on cross-sectional analysis, which does not take correlation into account, thus makes it difficult to compare snapshots of crime over time. The main aim of this research was to analyse reported crime data for the period (2011-2016), using a more robust method known as longitudinal data analysis. This method helped us to visualise the different crime frequencies at different time points (month, day or time of day) in all identified police zones. Furthermore, the use of Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) was also done, to model these crime data, where the best correlation structure was identified to be the exchangeable correlation structure, which assume constant correlation over time.
{"title":"Application of Longitudinal Analysis to Crime Data: Windhoek Case study (2011-2016)","authors":"L. Unandapo","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.87","url":null,"abstract":"Crime in the Windhoek municipal area continue to be on an increase trend as the population grow over time. Despite past effort done to reduce crime, crime seems to be on a continuously increasing trend; mostly in area regarded as crime hotspots by Windhoek municipal Police. Past study done to analyse the crime record have concentrated mostly on cross-sectional analysis, which does not take correlation into account, thus makes it difficult to compare snapshots of crime over time. The main aim of this research was to analyse reported crime data for the period (2011-2016), using a more robust method known as longitudinal data analysis. This method helped us to visualise the different crime frequencies at different time points (month, day or time of day) in all identified police zones. Furthermore, the use of Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) was also done, to model these crime data, where the best correlation structure was identified to be the exchangeable correlation structure, which assume constant correlation over time.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126115339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place to fight poverty, Namibia continues to experience prevalence of poverty with large numbers of households still living in poverty conditions and unable to afford the minimum daily essentials for a decent life. In this quantitative cross-sectional study design, the impact of sociodemographic characteristics of households on their poverty levels was statistically analysed using an ordered probit regression on data from the 2015/16 Namibia household income and expenditure survey. Results showed that sociodemographic characteristics such as the types of household dwelling unit, highest education attainment of the head of household, household main language, household tenure and household main source of income had a significant impact on the household's poverty levels. Households living in a mobile home dwelling unit, whose heads had secondary education as their highest educational attainment as well as households that were mortgaged and whose main source of income were from other sources were less likely to be severely household poor and more likely to be household poor. Furthermore, households living in a singlequarters dwelling unit and whose main language were Setswana were more likely to be severely household poor and less likely to be household poor. It is therefore recommended that the Namibian government and policy makers put more efforts in improving the sociodemographic characteristics of households, particularly those living in a single quarter dwelling unit and whose main language were Setswana.
{"title":"Household poverty levels in Namibia and their associated sociodemographic factors: An empirical investigation of the 2015/16 Namibia household income and expenditure survey","authors":"Opeoluwa Oyedele","doi":"10.54421/njrst.v4i1.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54421/njrst.v4i1.84","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place to fight poverty, Namibia continues to experience prevalence of poverty with large numbers of households still living in poverty conditions and unable to afford the minimum daily essentials for a decent life. In this quantitative cross-sectional study design, the impact of sociodemographic characteristics of households on their poverty levels was statistically analysed using an ordered probit regression on data from the 2015/16 Namibia household income and expenditure survey. Results showed that sociodemographic characteristics such as the types of household dwelling unit, highest education attainment of the head of household, household main language, household tenure and household main source of income had a significant impact on the household's poverty levels. Households living in a mobile home dwelling unit, whose heads had secondary education as their highest educational attainment as well as households that were mortgaged and whose main source of income were from other sources were less likely to be severely household poor and more likely to be household poor. Furthermore, households living in a singlequarters dwelling unit and whose main language were Setswana were more likely to be severely household poor and less likely to be household poor. It is therefore recommended that the Namibian government and policy makers put more efforts in improving the sociodemographic characteristics of households, particularly those living in a single quarter dwelling unit and whose main language were Setswana.","PeriodicalId":314128,"journal":{"name":"Namibian Journal for Research, Science and Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124790638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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