Abstract The article presents a study that aims at casting light on evidentiality in a corpus of argumentative essays written by a group of upper-intermediate university students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) whose first language is Norwegian (henceforth – participants). The corpus of the participants’ essays was examined for the markers of evidentiality, which was operationalised as the source of textual information that originated outside the current text (Hyland, 2005). Specifically, the corpus was searched for reporting verbs associated with evidentiality (for instance, to indicate, to posit, to show, etc.). The results of the corpus analysis indicated that the participants’ argumentative essays appeared to be marked by such verbs associated with evidentiality as to argue, to claim, to say and to state. These findings were discussed in the article through the lens of didactic considerations that would be relevant to tertiary EFL contexts.
{"title":"Evidentiality in Argumentative Essays by Upper-Intermediate EFL Students","authors":"Oleksandr (Alexander) Kapranov","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents a study that aims at casting light on evidentiality in a corpus of argumentative essays written by a group of upper-intermediate university students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) whose first language is Norwegian (henceforth – participants). The corpus of the participants’ essays was examined for the markers of evidentiality, which was operationalised as the source of textual information that originated outside the current text (Hyland, 2005). Specifically, the corpus was searched for reporting verbs associated with evidentiality (for instance, to indicate, to posit, to show, etc.). The results of the corpus analysis indicated that the participants’ argumentative essays appeared to be marked by such verbs associated with evidentiality as to argue, to claim, to say and to state. These findings were discussed in the article through the lens of didactic considerations that would be relevant to tertiary EFL contexts.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131938506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study explores the issue of acquiring stylistic grammar by University students – teacher-trainees. The results of the observation made it possible to arrive at the conclusion about the expedience of teaching stylistic grammar to junior students of language schools, but with different levels of stylistic loading. With this in mind, a corresponding methodology is designed, which incorporates a system of stylistically oriented activities. They embrace non-communicative receptive, quasi-communicative receptive-reproductive and communicative productive exercises to be employed in the English classroom. It is maintained that the employment of the proposed system of activities begins in the junior years and continues through the University course in order to obtain expected learning outcomes.
{"title":"Enhancing Registers and Styles: Grammatical Dimension","authors":"O. Vovk, Larysa Pashis","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study explores the issue of acquiring stylistic grammar by University students – teacher-trainees. The results of the observation made it possible to arrive at the conclusion about the expedience of teaching stylistic grammar to junior students of language schools, but with different levels of stylistic loading. With this in mind, a corresponding methodology is designed, which incorporates a system of stylistically oriented activities. They embrace non-communicative receptive, quasi-communicative receptive-reproductive and communicative productive exercises to be employed in the English classroom. It is maintained that the employment of the proposed system of activities begins in the junior years and continues through the University course in order to obtain expected learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115580976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In literary works, the dialogue is expressed by direct speech construction. The direct speech construction consists of author’s words (AW) and character’s words (CW). The predicate verbs of AW in the dialogue form include not only verbs indicating speech (TVS) but also verbs that do not denote speech (TVN). The dialogue forms are divided into four types according to the positional combinations of AW and CW. Type A: AW is in preposition to CW; Type B: AW is in postposition to CW; Type C: AW is in interposition to CW; Type D: AW includes CW. Previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to the relationship between TVN and the dialogue forms. This paper proposes two analysis criteria: 1) frequency of the 4 types indicated above and frequency of TVN, 2) frequency of the 4 types and frequency of TVN depending on semantics. Here, we study the material selected from Russian novels and Japanese novels of the second half of the 19th – second half of the 20th century. Our analysis has revealed the following: 1) in Russian novels, TVN appears intensively in type C, while in Japanese novels TVN does not appear disproportionately in a specific type of the dialogue form while the use of TVN depends on the most frequently used dialogue form. 2) TVNs meaning ‘facial expression’ and ‘gesture’ are frequently used in all dialogue forms in Russian and Japanese novels. Theoretically, TVN and type C are closely related, but it seems that TVN appears differently in type C due to the difference in recognition of type C between Russian and Japanese.
{"title":"The Relationship Between Dialogue Forms and Verbs of Non-Speech in Russian and Japanese Novels","authors":"Mitsushi Kitajo","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In literary works, the dialogue is expressed by direct speech construction. The direct speech construction consists of author’s words (AW) and character’s words (CW). The predicate verbs of AW in the dialogue form include not only verbs indicating speech (TVS) but also verbs that do not denote speech (TVN). The dialogue forms are divided into four types according to the positional combinations of AW and CW. Type A: AW is in preposition to CW; Type B: AW is in postposition to CW; Type C: AW is in interposition to CW; Type D: AW includes CW. Previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to the relationship between TVN and the dialogue forms. This paper proposes two analysis criteria: 1) frequency of the 4 types indicated above and frequency of TVN, 2) frequency of the 4 types and frequency of TVN depending on semantics. Here, we study the material selected from Russian novels and Japanese novels of the second half of the 19th – second half of the 20th century. Our analysis has revealed the following: 1) in Russian novels, TVN appears intensively in type C, while in Japanese novels TVN does not appear disproportionately in a specific type of the dialogue form while the use of TVN depends on the most frequently used dialogue form. 2) TVNs meaning ‘facial expression’ and ‘gesture’ are frequently used in all dialogue forms in Russian and Japanese novels. Theoretically, TVN and type C are closely related, but it seems that TVN appears differently in type C due to the difference in recognition of type C between Russian and Japanese.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127865755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article deals with possibilities to develop formal models for implementing the cognitive structures with the conceptual core “Absence”. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the material obtained from three languages. The objective of the study is to build linguistic predicative and attributive models that implement cognitive structures with the “Absence” core by analyzing factual material of the three proposed languages.
{"title":"Predicative and Attributive of the Implementation with the “Absence” Core in the and English Languages","authors":"Natalia Diachok, Oksana Popkova","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article deals with possibilities to develop formal models for implementing the cognitive structures with the conceptual core “Absence”. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the material obtained from three languages. The objective of the study is to build linguistic predicative and attributive models that implement cognitive structures with the “Absence” core by analyzing factual material of the three proposed languages.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123937865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Łaziński Marek, Jóźwiak Karolina, Krajewski Grzegorz
Abstract The article presents factors influencing the choice of verbal aspects in Polish legal texts. The Polish legal language norm generally uses imperfective verbs (hereinafter: ipf) in the present tense. The reason is not only the universal directival function of the present tense but also a specific function of the imperfective aspect in Polish, i.e., its definitional meaning. Other Slavic languages use perfective verbs (hereinafter referred to as: pf) as a standard legal norm in codes. The first part of the text, based on Łaziński, Jóźwiak 2017 and Łaziński 2020, is a theoretical analysis with the use of linguistic and legal background. In the second part of the article, the authors present the results of a survey using a fictional statute where respondents had to choose an appropriate verbal aspect. By applying such a strategy it is possible to evaluate the significance of different factors influencing the aspect choice described in the first part of the texts and other factors considered in the survey. In the authors’ opinion, the conclusions of the survey and theoretical discussion have important consequences for both linguistics and law, especially for the grammatical interpretation of the law.
{"title":"Imperfective and Perfective Verbs in Polish Legal Texts. Linguistic Analysis and Results of a Survey","authors":"Łaziński Marek, Jóźwiak Karolina, Krajewski Grzegorz","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents factors influencing the choice of verbal aspects in Polish legal texts. The Polish legal language norm generally uses imperfective verbs (hereinafter: ipf) in the present tense. The reason is not only the universal directival function of the present tense but also a specific function of the imperfective aspect in Polish, i.e., its definitional meaning. Other Slavic languages use perfective verbs (hereinafter referred to as: pf) as a standard legal norm in codes. The first part of the text, based on Łaziński, Jóźwiak 2017 and Łaziński 2020, is a theoretical analysis with the use of linguistic and legal background. In the second part of the article, the authors present the results of a survey using a fictional statute where respondents had to choose an appropriate verbal aspect. By applying such a strategy it is possible to evaluate the significance of different factors influencing the aspect choice described in the first part of the texts and other factors considered in the survey. In the authors’ opinion, the conclusions of the survey and theoretical discussion have important consequences for both linguistics and law, especially for the grammatical interpretation of the law.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121071800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present parallel corpus investigation shows that the Russian correspondences to Swedish bipartite comitatives — med- ‘with’-constructions with the structure [med + NP + PP] — can largely be predicted from the presence and positions of NPs referring to inalienable body parts in the constructions. When a Swedish bipartite med-construction contains an inalienable in the first (subject) part of the bipartite med-construction: [med + NPinalienable + P + NP], perfective converb constructions constitute the most frequent Russian correspondence. When there is an alienable NP in the first part and an inalienable NP in the PP part: [med + NPalienable + P + NPinalienable], by contrast, the Swedish bipartite med-constructions frequently correspond to Russian comitative (s+instrumental) constructions. The study shows two more important correspondence types: bare instrumental constructions expressing manner and finite constructions expressing condition or temporal condition. These four Russian correspondence types (converb constructions, s+instrumental constructions, bare instrumental constructions and finite constructions) represent four different ontological types, as they mark relations between the matrix and eventualities (states/temporary properties) entities, manners, and states of affairs, respectively.
摘要:本文的平行语料库研究表明，俄语与瑞典语的二部构语——med- ' with '——结构为[med + NP + PP]的构语的对应关系在很大程度上可以从构语中指称不可分割的身体部位的NP的存在和位置来预测。当瑞典语的二分半构式在二分半构式的第一部分(主语)中包含一个不可分割的词时:[med + NPinalienable + P + NP]，完成转换构式构成了俄语中最常见的对应关系。当第一部分有一个可让与的NP，而第二部分有一个不可让与的NP时:[med + NPalienable + P + NPinalienable]，相比之下，瑞典语的两部分中间构式经常对应于俄语的共构式(s+工具)。研究显示了两种更重要的对应类型:表达方式的纯工具结构和表达条件或时间条件的有限结构。这四种俄罗斯对应类型(转换结构、s+工具结构、裸工具结构和有限结构)代表了四种不同的本体论类型，因为它们分别标记了矩阵与偶然性(状态/临时属性)实体、方式和事务状态之间的关系。
{"title":"Russian Correspondences to Swedish Bipartite Comitatives","authors":"Simone Mellquist","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present parallel corpus investigation shows that the Russian correspondences to Swedish bipartite comitatives — med- ‘with’-constructions with the structure [med + NP + PP] — can largely be predicted from the presence and positions of NPs referring to inalienable body parts in the constructions. When a Swedish bipartite med-construction contains an inalienable in the first (subject) part of the bipartite med-construction: [med + NPinalienable + P + NP], perfective converb constructions constitute the most frequent Russian correspondence. When there is an alienable NP in the first part and an inalienable NP in the PP part: [med + NPalienable + P + NPinalienable], by contrast, the Swedish bipartite med-constructions frequently correspond to Russian comitative (s+instrumental) constructions. The study shows two more important correspondence types: bare instrumental constructions expressing manner and finite constructions expressing condition or temporal condition. These four Russian correspondence types (converb constructions, s+instrumental constructions, bare instrumental constructions and finite constructions) represent four different ontological types, as they mark relations between the matrix and eventualities (states/temporary properties) entities, manners, and states of affairs, respectively.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115417079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Several Slavic and Baltic languages have an “aggressive” antipassive construction, where in a reflexive marker is used to mark object omission. The construction often carries habitual or potential aspectual meanings and is restricted to a small group of verbs. This study examines the lexical restrictions of the constructions across a sample of 11 Slavic and Baltic languages, with a special focus on Russian. The results show that across the languages, the construction is used to express a set of concepts, of which ‘hit’ and ‘push’ are the most prototypical. Verbs used in the antipassive express unwanted action on an animate patient, and they also share features of inherent atelicity and potential reciprocality. All languages in the survey display syncretism of reciprocal and antipassive markers, resulting in ambiguous plural subject constructions. Based on this, it is suggested that the “aggressive” antipassive with animate subjects has grammaticalized from the reciprocal function of the reflexive marker. Lexical semantics hence play an important role in the extension of functions of reflexive markers in these languages.
{"title":"The Dog Bites: On the “Aggressive” Antipassive in Slavic and Baltic","authors":"Alice Bondarenko","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several Slavic and Baltic languages have an “aggressive” antipassive construction, where in a reflexive marker is used to mark object omission. The construction often carries habitual or potential aspectual meanings and is restricted to a small group of verbs. This study examines the lexical restrictions of the constructions across a sample of 11 Slavic and Baltic languages, with a special focus on Russian. The results show that across the languages, the construction is used to express a set of concepts, of which ‘hit’ and ‘push’ are the most prototypical. Verbs used in the antipassive express unwanted action on an animate patient, and they also share features of inherent atelicity and potential reciprocality. All languages in the survey display syncretism of reciprocal and antipassive markers, resulting in ambiguous plural subject constructions. Based on this, it is suggested that the “aggressive” antipassive with animate subjects has grammaticalized from the reciprocal function of the reflexive marker. Lexical semantics hence play an important role in the extension of functions of reflexive markers in these languages.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114745547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including COVID-19 restrictions and the ability to socialise and connect with others, various opportunities to integrate intercultural education and case studies, and GTAV Alex Lyne Award winner of 2022.
{"title":"From The Editor","authors":"O. Pchelintseva","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including COVID-19 restrictions and the ability to socialise and connect with others, various opportunities to integrate intercultural education and case studies, and GTAV Alex Lyne Award winner of 2022.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130413259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Over recent years, Ukrainian and Russian have been going through a number of sociolinguistic transformations. Feminist linguistic activism has become a marker of sociopolitical changes in the two language spaces. It has spread with a goal to identify and modify the rules that were developed and used to restrain the language and subject it to men-centered linguistic regulations. This article will discuss and compare the transformations Ukrainian and Russian are experiencing as well as analyze the received data on the morphological level.
{"title":"Language Feminization in Ukrainian and Russian","authors":"M. Shchedrina","doi":"10.2478/lccc-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/lccc-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over recent years, Ukrainian and Russian have been going through a number of sociolinguistic transformations. Feminist linguistic activism has become a marker of sociopolitical changes in the two language spaces. It has spread with a goal to identify and modify the rules that were developed and used to restrain the language and subject it to men-centered linguistic regulations. This article will discuss and compare the transformations Ukrainian and Russian are experiencing as well as analyze the received data on the morphological level.","PeriodicalId":314993,"journal":{"name":"LANGUAGE: Codification, Competence, Communication","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122398266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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