Research in user interface design is like the weather—everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything about it. While this isn't strictly true, the great majority of guidelines for user interface design that one is likely to come across are based on the experience or gut feelings of a particular designer. These are better than nothing, but they are made less useful since 1) a particular recommendation could be based on factors unique to the designer's own system, 2) the population for whom the particular system is intended is either not described in detail or is not a generalizable sample of computer users, 3) designers' gut feelings are notoriously inaccurate sources for human factors guidelines. Thus the main body of recommendations available to the designer of a new system is more in the category of folklore than of readily accepted engineering principles. So long as one recognizes these limitations, it is still very helpful to consider the recommendations one finds in the literature when designing a new system. Some of these are based on experimental evidence, while others are repeated often enough and with so little opposition that their utility is better than average. In this paper, I will show how these principles have been applied in designing the Etude text processing system. After summarizing the major ideas behind the design of Etude, I will focus on several specific areas of user interface design, comparing Etude's approach with the appropriate recommendations from the folklore. I will conclude by briefly describing a forthcoming experiment which is intended to determine if adherence to the folklore has in fact produced a system that is easy to use.
{"title":"Etude and the folklore of user interface design","authors":"M. Good","doi":"10.1145/800209.806452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806452","url":null,"abstract":"Research in user interface design is like the weather—everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything about it. While this isn't strictly true, the great majority of guidelines for user interface design that one is likely to come across are based on the experience or gut feelings of a particular designer. These are better than nothing, but they are made less useful since 1) a particular recommendation could be based on factors unique to the designer's own system, 2) the population for whom the particular system is intended is either not described in detail or is not a generalizable sample of computer users, 3) designers' gut feelings are notoriously inaccurate sources for human factors guidelines. Thus the main body of recommendations available to the designer of a new system is more in the category of folklore than of readily accepted engineering principles.\u0000 So long as one recognizes these limitations, it is still very helpful to consider the recommendations one finds in the literature when designing a new system. Some of these are based on experimental evidence, while others are repeated often enough and with so little opposition that their utility is better than average. In this paper, I will show how these principles have been applied in designing the Etude text processing system. After summarizing the major ideas behind the design of Etude, I will focus on several specific areas of user interface design, comparing Etude's approach with the appropriate recommendations from the folklore. I will conclude by briefly describing a forthcoming experiment which is intended to determine if adherence to the folklore has in fact produced a system that is easy to use.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114860339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Text processing and word processing systems typically require users to intersperse additional information in the natural text of the document being processed. This added information, called “markup,” serves two purposes: 1. it separates the logical elements of the document; and 2. it specifies the processing functions to be performed on those elements.
{"title":"A generalized approach to document markup","authors":"C. Goldfarb","doi":"10.1145/800209.806456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806456","url":null,"abstract":"Text processing and word processing systems typically require users to intersperse additional information in the natural text of the document being processed. This added information, called “markup,” serves two purposes:\u0000 1. it separates the logical elements of the document; and\u0000 2. it specifies the processing functions to be performed on those elements.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123870490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Cornell Program Synthesizer is a syntax-directed programming environment that has been used in introductory programming courses since June, 1979. We present our experience with the Synthesizer by introducing its main features, by presenting our basic principles of design, and by discussing important design decisions.
{"title":"The why and wherefore of the Cornell Program Synthesizer","authors":"T. Teitelbaum, T. Reps, Susan Horwitz","doi":"10.1145/800209.806448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806448","url":null,"abstract":"The Cornell Program Synthesizer is a syntax-directed programming environment that has been used in introductory programming courses since June, 1979. We present our experience with the Synthesizer by introducing its main features, by presenting our basic principles of design, and by discussing important design decisions.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134591951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PEN, a new portable video editor, uses a number of simple but effective techniques. Most are not new, but are unavailable in the literature. We will describe our goals for PEN's display module, discuss implementation alternatives and describe in detail the techniques used in the editor.
{"title":"Design of the PEN video editor display module","authors":"D. Barach, D. Taenzer, R. Wells","doi":"10.1145/800209.806464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806464","url":null,"abstract":"PEN, a new portable video editor, uses a number of simple but effective techniques. Most are not new, but are unavailable in the literature. We will describe our goals for PEN's display module, discuss implementation alternatives and describe in detail the techniques used in the editor.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133254423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first ACM conference specifically devoted to text manipulation, but there have been good papers and books on the topic published in the past. To help define the state of the field as of the time of this first conference, we have assembled this small annotated bibliography listing classic or important past work on text manipulation, including material on text editing, document formatting, typography, graphic communication, writing style, string and pattern matching, and other problems of interest to researchers in this field. Ben Schneiderman of the University of Maryland and Chris Fraser of the University of Arizona have provided us with some of the annotations of papers on text editing. In a bibliography like this one it is impossible to include every relevant paper, or even every important paper. We in general have chosen to include those that have been influential, are widely available, and are also reasonably current. We have additionally included a number of papers and books that supply background knowledge about relevant applications areas that might not be widely known to computer scientists.
{"title":"An annotated bibliography of background material on text manipulation","authors":"B. Reid, David Hanson","doi":"10.1145/800209.806467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806467","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first ACM conference specifically devoted to text manipulation, but there have been good papers and books on the topic published in the past. To help define the state of the field as of the time of this first conference, we have assembled this small annotated bibliography listing classic or important past work on text manipulation, including material on text editing, document formatting, typography, graphic communication, writing style, string and pattern matching, and other problems of interest to researchers in this field. Ben Schneiderman of the University of Maryland and Chris Fraser of the University of Arizona have provided us with some of the annotations of papers on text editing.\u0000 In a bibliography like this one it is impossible to include every relevant paper, or even every important paper. We in general have chosen to include those that have been influential, are widely available, and are also reasonably current. We have additionally included a number of papers and books that supply background knowledge about relevant applications areas that might not be widely known to computer scientists.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130438554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an algorithm for updating the image displayed on a conventional video terminal. It assumes that the terminal is capable of doing the usual insert/delete line and insert/delete character operations. It takes as input a description of the image currently on the screen and a description of the new image desired and produces a series of operations to do the desired transformation in a near-optimal manner. The algorithm is interesting because it applies results from the theoretical string-to-string correction problem (a generalization of the problem of finding a longest common subsequence), to a problem that is usually approached with crude ad-hoc techniques.
{"title":"A redisplay algorithm","authors":"James Gosling","doi":"10.1145/800209.806463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806463","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an algorithm for updating the image displayed on a conventional video terminal. It assumes that the terminal is capable of doing the usual insert/delete line and insert/delete character operations. It takes as input a description of the image currently on the screen and a description of the new image desired and produces a series of operations to do the desired transformation in a near-optimal manner. The algorithm is interesting because it applies results from the theoretical string-to-string correction problem (a generalization of the problem of finding a longest common subsequence), to a problem that is usually approached with crude ad-hoc techniques.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"314 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124461320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many people, writing is painful and editing one's own prose is difficult, tedious, and error-prone. It is often hard to see which parts of a document are difficult to read or how to transform a wordy sentence into a more concise one. It is even harder to discover that one overuses a particular linguistic construct. The system of programs described here helps writers to evaluate documents and to produce better written and more readable prose. The system consists of programs to measure surface features of text that are important to good writing style as well as programs to do some of the tedious jobs of a copy editor. Some of the surface features measured are readability, sentence and word length, sentence type, word usage, and sentence openers. The copy editing programs find spelling errors, wordy phrases, bad diction, some punctuation errors, double words, and split infinitives.
{"title":"Computer aids for writers","authors":"L. Cherry","doi":"10.1145/800209.806455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806455","url":null,"abstract":"For many people, writing is painful and editing one's own prose is difficult, tedious, and error-prone. It is often hard to see which parts of a document are difficult to read or how to transform a wordy sentence into a more concise one. It is even harder to discover that one overuses a particular linguistic construct. The system of programs described here helps writers to evaluate documents and to produce better written and more readable prose. The system consists of programs to measure surface features of text that are important to good writing style as well as programs to do some of the tedious jobs of a copy editor. Some of the surface features measured are readability, sentence and word length, sentence type, word usage, and sentence openers. The copy editing programs find spelling errors, wordy phrases, bad diction, some punctuation errors, double words, and split infinitives.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114490927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Chamberlin, J. King, D. Slutz, S. Todd, B. W. Wade
This paper describes the architecture of a proposed document composition system named JANUS, which is intended to provide support for authors of complex documents containing mixtures of text, line art, and tone art. The JANUS system is highly interactive, providing authors with immediate feedback and direct electronic control over page layouts, using a special two-display workstation. Authors communicate with the system by marking up their documents with high-level descriptive “tags”. A tag definition language is provided whereby new tags may be defined and the format of each tagged object may be controlled.
{"title":"JANUS: An interactive system for document composition","authors":"D. Chamberlin, J. King, D. Slutz, S. Todd, B. W. Wade","doi":"10.1145/800209.806458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806458","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the architecture of a proposed document composition system named JANUS, which is intended to provide support for authors of complex documents containing mixtures of text, line art, and tone art. The JANUS system is highly interactive, providing authors with immediate feedback and direct electronic control over page layouts, using a special two-display workstation. Authors communicate with the system by marking up their documents with high-level descriptive “tags”. A tag definition language is provided whereby new tags may be defined and the format of each tagged object may be controlled.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114684011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A language-directed editor combines the text manipulation functions of a general-purpose editor with the syntax-checking functions of a compiler. It allows a user to create and modify a program in terms of its syntactic structure. The design of a user interface and an implementation for one such editor is described in language-independent terms. The design rationale is given. The implementation is outlined in terms of its major data structures.
{"title":"The design of a language-directed editor for block-structured languages","authors":"Joseph M. Morris, M. Schwartz","doi":"10.1145/800209.806451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806451","url":null,"abstract":"A language-directed editor combines the text manipulation functions of a general-purpose editor with the syntax-checking functions of a compiler. It allows a user to create and modify a program in terms of its syntactic structure. The design of a user interface and an implementation for one such editor is described in language-independent terms. The design rationale is given. The implementation is outlined in terms of its major data structures.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134019155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently much attention has been focused on structure-oriented program editors that have specific knowledge about the syntax and semantics of a particular programming language [1, 4, 5, 18]. These editors provide many desirable features for editing programs. However, the user interface is constrained by the syntax and semantics of the target language, and editing operations that are simple in a text editor can be quite complicated in a structure-oriented editor. In addition, the user has an editor that is limited to a single language and must use a different editor for text editing. Existing implementations of structure-oriented editors use a parse-tree representation for a program along with a supporting lexical analyzer, parser, and pretty-printer; this representation significantly complicates the implementation of an editor. We believe that the most natural representation of programs is text and that the editor should be able to take advantage of the same visual cues that programmers use to understand their programs. With a text-oriented model of program structure, the editor is both a program editor and a document editor. As a program editor it provides features to support many different programming languages, such as LISP, APL, PASCAL, and BLISS. As a document editor it provides basic word-processing functions such as text justification and spelling correction. A text orientation considerably simplifies the design of the editor and presents the user with a simple but powerful model of program structure. This paper describes a text-oriented display editor called Z. Z is the production editor in the Yale Computer Science Department.
{"title":"Z - the 95% program editor","authors":"Steven R. Wood","doi":"10.1145/800209.806447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/800209.806447","url":null,"abstract":"Recently much attention has been focused on structure-oriented program editors that have specific knowledge about the syntax and semantics of a particular programming language [1, 4, 5, 18]. These editors provide many desirable features for editing programs. However, the user interface is constrained by the syntax and semantics of the target language, and editing operations that are simple in a text editor can be quite complicated in a structure-oriented editor. In addition, the user has an editor that is limited to a single language and must use a different editor for text editing. Existing implementations of structure-oriented editors use a parse-tree representation for a program along with a supporting lexical analyzer, parser, and pretty-printer; this representation significantly complicates the implementation of an editor.\u0000 We believe that the most natural representation of programs is text and that the editor should be able to take advantage of the same visual cues that programmers use to understand their programs. With a text-oriented model of program structure, the editor is both a program editor and a document editor. As a program editor it provides features to support many different programming languages, such as LISP, APL, PASCAL, and BLISS. As a document editor it provides basic word-processing functions such as text justification and spelling correction. A text orientation considerably simplifies the design of the editor and presents the user with a simple but powerful model of program structure. This paper describes a text-oriented display editor called Z. Z is the production editor in the Yale Computer Science Department.","PeriodicalId":315448,"journal":{"name":"SIGPLAN SIGOA Symposium on Text Manipulation","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127374758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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