Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0009
E. Orduña
In this chapter a short history of the Vasco-Iberian theory and its significance in contemporary scholarship is presented. In the first part, the principal scholars who have defended a relationship between Basque and Iberian in one way or another are reviewed, and what could be labelled as ‘classical Vasco-Iberism’ is described. We subsequently focus on those aspects of the Vasco-Iberian theory that still have some influence in modern scholarship, and the new proposals that have been put forward following this theory in the fields of Iberian phonetics, morphology, syntax, and onomastics.
{"title":"The Vasco-Iberian theory","authors":"E. Orduña","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter a short history of the Vasco-Iberian theory and its significance in contemporary scholarship is presented. In the first part, the principal scholars who have defended a relationship between Basque and Iberian in one way or another are reviewed, and what could be labelled as ‘classical Vasco-Iberism’ is described. We subsequently focus on those aspects of the Vasco-Iberian theory that still have some influence in modern scholarship, and the new proposals that have been put forward following this theory in the fields of Iberian phonetics, morphology, syntax, and onomastics.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128881833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0004
J. Ferrer, N. Moncunill
This chapter presents the main characteristics of Palaeohispanic scripts and current lines of research to provide a deeper understanding of their origin, development, and mutual dependency. The scripts share a similar corpus of signs along with some common structural features, in particular the coexistence of alphabetical and syllabic characters; most exhibit a ‘dual system’, wherein similar signs with comparable phonetic values are differentiated by adding a stroke to the basic shape of the character. These common elements suggest a common ancestor, considered to have arisen from the Phoenician alphabet. However, there are also important differences between the scripts, mainly concerning the different value of the signs in each; the scripts accordingly can be attributed to two separate groups, the northern and the southern scripts. Decipherment of these two groups has not attained the same level; whereas the northern scripts can be considered fully deciphered, at present the southern ones are only partially decoded.
{"title":"Palaeohispanic writing systems","authors":"J. Ferrer, N. Moncunill","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the main characteristics of Palaeohispanic scripts and current lines of research to provide a deeper understanding of their origin, development, and mutual dependency. The scripts share a similar corpus of signs along with some common structural features, in particular the coexistence of alphabetical and syllabic characters; most exhibit a ‘dual system’, wherein similar signs with comparable phonetic values are differentiated by adding a stroke to the basic shape of the character. These common elements suggest a common ancestor, considered to have arisen from the Phoenician alphabet. However, there are also important differences between the scripts, mainly concerning the different value of the signs in each; the scripts accordingly can be attributed to two separate groups, the northern and the southern scripts. Decipherment of these two groups has not attained the same level; whereas the northern scripts can be considered fully deciphered, at present the southern ones are only partially decoded.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124998197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0001
J. D. Hoz
After defining the use of the term ‘Palaeohispanic’ and providing an overview of the epigraphic and linguistic geography of the Iberian peninsula in antiquity and the advances in their study over the years, a series of key questions in historical philology, specifically as concerns Palaeohispanic languages and epigraphy, are introduced: script and text decipherment; the complexity of philology as the science that is concerned with the encounter between texts, cultures, and societies; their historical nature, which requires their chronology to be studied; and the problems of language contact and the relationships between language and ethnicity. Finally, the chapter discusses the confrontation between Palaeohispanic languages and scripts and Latin culture, the transformations that it gave rise to, and the death of the former.
{"title":"Method and methods","authors":"J. D. Hoz","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"After defining the use of the term ‘Palaeohispanic’ and providing an overview of the epigraphic and linguistic geography of the Iberian peninsula in antiquity and the advances in their study over the years, a series of key questions in historical philology, specifically as concerns Palaeohispanic languages and epigraphy, are introduced: script and text decipherment; the complexity of philology as the science that is concerned with the encounter between texts, cultures, and societies; their historical nature, which requires their chronology to be studied; and the problems of language contact and the relationships between language and ethnicity. Finally, the chapter discusses the confrontation between Palaeohispanic languages and scripts and Latin culture, the transformations that it gave rise to, and the death of the former.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128887408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0011
E. Luján
The number of inscriptions written totally or partially in Lusitanian is limited: only six or seven with Lusitanian vocabulary and/or grammatical words, usually dated to the first two centuries CE. All are written in the Latin alphabet, and most are bilingual, displaying code-switching between Latin and Lusitanian. There are also many deity names in Latin inscriptions. The chapter summarizes Lusitanian phonology, morphology, and syntax, though entire categories are not attested at all. Scholarly debate about the classification of Lusitanian has focused on whether it should be considered a Celtic language. The chapter reviews the main issues, such as the fate of Indo-European */p/ or the outcome of voiced aspirate stops. The prevailing opinion is that Lusitanian was not Celtic. It must have diverged from western Indo-European dialects before the kernel of what would evolve into the Celtic and Italic families had been constituted. An appendix provides the text of extant Lusitanian inscriptions and representative Latin inscriptions displaying Lusitanian deity names and/or their epithets.
{"title":"Language and writing among the Lusitanians","authors":"E. Luján","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The number of inscriptions written totally or partially in Lusitanian is limited: only six or seven with Lusitanian vocabulary and/or grammatical words, usually dated to the first two centuries CE. All are written in the Latin alphabet, and most are bilingual, displaying code-switching between Latin and Lusitanian. There are also many deity names in Latin inscriptions. The chapter summarizes Lusitanian phonology, morphology, and syntax, though entire categories are not attested at all. Scholarly debate about the classification of Lusitanian has focused on whether it should be considered a Celtic language. The chapter reviews the main issues, such as the fate of Indo-European */p/ or the outcome of voiced aspirate stops. The prevailing opinion is that Lusitanian was not Celtic. It must have diverged from western Indo-European dialects before the kernel of what would evolve into the Celtic and Italic families had been constituted. An appendix provides the text of extant Lusitanian inscriptions and representative Latin inscriptions displaying Lusitanian deity names and/or their epithets.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133045868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0003
J. Zamora
For a long time, Phoenician epigraphic finds in the Iberian peninsula were few in number, leading some scholars to assume that the practice of writing was limited amongst the Phoenicians in the far west of the Mediterranean (who had therefore played almost no part in the birth of Palaeohispanic scripts). However, the increase in the number of finds and, above all, new ways of studying and interpreting the body of evidence allow us to detect signs of regular written practices in the westernmost Phoenician colonial settlements. This chapter provides a brief summary of the history of these finds and an overview of the extant epigraphic evidence (including its distribution, both geographical and chronological, and its main characteristics and difficulties) in order to infer the uses of writing, and thus the degree of literacy and development of epigraphic practices, amongst the Phoenicians in the Iberian peninsula.
{"title":"Phoenician epigraphy in the Iberian peninsula","authors":"J. Zamora","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"For a long time, Phoenician epigraphic finds in the Iberian peninsula were few in number, leading some scholars to assume that the practice of writing was limited amongst the Phoenicians in the far west of the Mediterranean (who had therefore played almost no part in the birth of Palaeohispanic scripts). However, the increase in the number of finds and, above all, new ways of studying and interpreting the body of evidence allow us to detect signs of regular written practices in the westernmost Phoenician colonial settlements. This chapter provides a brief summary of the history of these finds and an overview of the extant epigraphic evidence (including its distribution, both geographical and chronological, and its main characteristics and difficulties) in order to infer the uses of writing, and thus the degree of literacy and development of epigraphic practices, amongst the Phoenicians in the Iberian peninsula.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128182224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0014
B. D. Ariño, M. J. Estarán, I. Simon
This chapter offers a comprehensive summary of the impact of the Roman conquest and subsequent colonization on the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula and their epigraphy. After analysing the evolution of the earliest Roman inscriptions from Hispania and the strategies adopted by local elites to integrate within the new order, this study reflects the twofold effect of Roman epigraphic culture on the Palaeohispanic tradition: the adoption and new forms of use of Roman epigraphic supports by local peoples, directly linked to an increase in writing on non-perishable supports, and the spread of the Latin language and alphabet in indigenous texts, which was merely the written manifestation of a far-reaching linguistic process, materialized in multiple epigraphic phenomena reflecting a multilingual society. This phase of contacts was followed by another that clearly illustrated the disappearance of Palaeohispanic languages and scripts at varying rates, depending on the intensity of the Roman presence in each region.
{"title":"Writing, colonization, and Latinization in the Iberian peninsula","authors":"B. D. Ariño, M. J. Estarán, I. Simon","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a comprehensive summary of the impact of the Roman conquest and subsequent colonization on the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula and their epigraphy. After analysing the evolution of the earliest Roman inscriptions from Hispania and the strategies adopted by local elites to integrate within the new order, this study reflects the twofold effect of Roman epigraphic culture on the Palaeohispanic tradition: the adoption and new forms of use of Roman epigraphic supports by local peoples, directly linked to an increase in writing on non-perishable supports, and the spread of the Latin language and alphabet in indigenous texts, which was merely the written manifestation of a far-reaching linguistic process, materialized in multiple epigraphic phenomena reflecting a multilingual society. This phase of contacts was followed by another that clearly illustrated the disappearance of Palaeohispanic languages and scripts at varying rates, depending on the intensity of the Roman presence in each region.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116176751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0006
J. D. Hoz
In antiquity present-day Andalusia was occupied by several different peoples, among whom the main cultural role was taken by the Tartessians, subsequently the Turdetani. The first part of this chapter aims to define the limits and variety of the different ethnic groups. Thereafter, the material available to study the languages of the region is analysed: inscriptions, place names, and personal names. This material is limited and poses numerous problems, but it enables us to define linguistic zones, to emphasize the plurilingual nature of the area, to detect the probable role of Phoenician as a lingua franca, and to draw attention to certain features of Turdetanian, the most widely spoken of the vernacular languages of the region.
{"title":"The linguistic situation in the territory of Andalusia","authors":"J. D. Hoz","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In antiquity present-day Andalusia was occupied by several different peoples, among whom the main cultural role was taken by the Tartessians, subsequently the Turdetani. The first part of this chapter aims to define the limits and variety of the different ethnic groups. Thereafter, the material available to study the languages of the region is analysed: inscriptions, place names, and personal names. This material is limited and poses numerous problems, but it enables us to define linguistic zones, to emphasize the plurilingual nature of the area, to detect the probable role of Phoenician as a lingua franca, and to draw attention to certain features of Turdetanian, the most widely spoken of the vernacular languages of the region.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122427821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0008
A. Mullen, C. R. Darasse
During the late Iron Age, Southern Gaul presents a range of cultural and linguistic contacts, not only between Celtic- and Iberian-speaking populations, but also between these and peoples from across the Mediterranean, speaking multiple languages, including Greek, Latin, and Etruscan. The epigraphic landscape can be roughly divided into two zones: in the western part up to the River Hérault, Palaeohispanic epigraphy in the north-eastern script is predominant; in the eastern part, local populations adapted the Greek alphabet to write their language, creating so-called ‘Gallo-Greek’ epigraphy. This contribution illustrates how these populations, circumstances, and written texts were intertwined.
{"title":"Cultural and linguistic contacts in southern Gaul","authors":"A. Mullen, C. R. Darasse","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"During the late Iron Age, Southern Gaul presents a range of cultural and linguistic contacts, not only between Celtic- and Iberian-speaking populations, but also between these and peoples from across the Mediterranean, speaking multiple languages, including Greek, Latin, and Etruscan. The epigraphic landscape can be roughly divided into two zones: in the western part up to the River Hérault, Palaeohispanic epigraphy in the north-eastern script is predominant; in the eastern part, local populations adapted the Greek alphabet to write their language, creating so-called ‘Gallo-Greek’ epigraphy. This contribution illustrates how these populations, circumstances, and written texts were intertwined.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124481962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0002
A. Lorrio, J. Sanmartí
This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the human geography of the Iberian peninsula during the Iron Age. It compares and contrasts different sources (Greek and Latin texts, coins minted by indigenous peoples, and archaeological evidence) to recreate the palaeoethnological panorama of the region and reconstruct the historical processes that led to its formation, including the impact of the Phoenicians and Greeks. This analysis indicates the existence of a linguistically non-Indo-European area, mainly the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions between the Pyrenees and the mouth of the Guadiana, and an Indo-European one in the centre of the peninsula and along the greater part of the Atlantic coast. Ethnic groups of varying size and political importance are attested in both areas. Population growth and iron metallurgy played a crucial role in the formation of this human reality, together with the development of urbanization, which started in the Mediterranean coastal areas and progressively spread.
{"title":"The Iberian peninsula in pre-Roman times","authors":"A. Lorrio, J. Sanmartí","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the human geography of the Iberian peninsula during the Iron Age. It compares and contrasts different sources (Greek and Latin texts, coins minted by indigenous peoples, and archaeological evidence) to recreate the palaeoethnological panorama of the region and reconstruct the historical processes that led to its formation, including the impact of the Phoenicians and Greeks. This analysis indicates the existence of a linguistically non-Indo-European area, mainly the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal regions between the Pyrenees and the mouth of the Guadiana, and an Indo-European one in the centre of the peninsula and along the greater part of the Atlantic coast. Ethnic groups of varying size and political importance are attested in both areas. Population growth and iron metallurgy played a crucial role in the formation of this human reality, together with the development of urbanization, which started in the Mediterranean coastal areas and progressively spread.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122321545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0007
J. Velaza
The first part of this chapter is devoted to the description of Iberian literacy, from the time of the earliest documents (dated to the fifth century BCE) until the abandonment of the Iberian writing systems in the first century CE. The second part of the chapter offers a linguistic description of the still undeciphered Iberian language, which aims to show its best-known aspects (the onomastic system, some nominal suffixes) and also its most debated questions. Finally, comments on a selection of inscriptions are offered.
{"title":"Iberian writing and language","authors":"J. Velaza","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198790822.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of this chapter is devoted to the description of Iberian literacy, from the time of the earliest documents (dated to the fifth century BCE) until the abandonment of the Iberian writing systems in the first century CE. The second part of the chapter offers a linguistic description of the still undeciphered Iberian language, which aims to show its best-known aspects (the onomastic system, some nominal suffixes) and also its most debated questions. Finally, comments on a selection of inscriptions are offered.","PeriodicalId":315878,"journal":{"name":"Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126693036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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