We propose Ordered Subspace Clustering (OSC) to segment data drawn from a sequentially ordered union of subspaces. Current subspace clustering techniques learn the relationships within a set of data and then use a separate clustering algorithm such as NCut for final segmentation. In contrast our technique, under certain conditions, is capable of segmenting clusters intrinsically without providing the number of clusters as a parameter. Similar to Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) we formulate the problem as one of finding a sparse representation but include a new penalty term to take care of sequential data. We test our method on data drawn from infrared hyper spectral data, video sequences and face images. Our experiments show that our method, OSC, outperforms the state of the art methods: Spatial Subspace Clustering (SpatSC), Low-Rank Representation (LRR) and SSC.
{"title":"Subspace Clustering for Sequential Data","authors":"Stephen Tierney, Junbin Gao, Yi Guo","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.134","url":null,"abstract":"We propose Ordered Subspace Clustering (OSC) to segment data drawn from a sequentially ordered union of subspaces. Current subspace clustering techniques learn the relationships within a set of data and then use a separate clustering algorithm such as NCut for final segmentation. In contrast our technique, under certain conditions, is capable of segmenting clusters intrinsically without providing the number of clusters as a parameter. Similar to Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) we formulate the problem as one of finding a sparse representation but include a new penalty term to take care of sequential data. We test our method on data drawn from infrared hyper spectral data, video sequences and face images. Our experiments show that our method, OSC, outperforms the state of the art methods: Spatial Subspace Clustering (SpatSC), Low-Rank Representation (LRR) and SSC.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127773441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiyan Yang, Vikas Sindhwani, Quanfu Fan, H. Avron, Michael W. Mahoney
With the goal of accelerating the training and testing complexity of nonlinear kernel methods, several recent papers have proposed explicit embeddings of the input data into low-dimensional feature spaces, where fast linear methods can instead be used to generate approximate solutions. Analogous to random Fourier feature maps to approximate shift-invariant kernels, such as the Gaussian kernel, on Rd, we develop a new randomized technique called random Laplace features, to approximate a family of kernel functions adapted to the semigroup structure of R+d. This is the natural algebraic structure on the set of histograms and other non-negative data representations. We provide theoretical results on the uniform convergence of random Laplace features. Empirical analyses on image classification and surveillance event detection tasks demonstrate the attractiveness of using random Laplace features relative to several other feature maps proposed in the literature.
{"title":"Random Laplace Feature Maps for Semigroup Kernels on Histograms","authors":"Jiyan Yang, Vikas Sindhwani, Quanfu Fan, H. Avron, Michael W. Mahoney","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.129","url":null,"abstract":"With the goal of accelerating the training and testing complexity of nonlinear kernel methods, several recent papers have proposed explicit embeddings of the input data into low-dimensional feature spaces, where fast linear methods can instead be used to generate approximate solutions. Analogous to random Fourier feature maps to approximate shift-invariant kernels, such as the Gaussian kernel, on Rd, we develop a new randomized technique called random Laplace features, to approximate a family of kernel functions adapted to the semigroup structure of R+d. This is the natural algebraic structure on the set of histograms and other non-negative data representations. We provide theoretical results on the uniform convergence of random Laplace features. Empirical analyses on image classification and surveillance event detection tasks demonstrate the attractiveness of using random Laplace features relative to several other feature maps proposed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132806997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have recently shown outstanding image classification performance in the large- scale visual recognition challenge (ILSVRC2012). The success of CNNs is attributed to their ability to learn rich mid-level image representations as opposed to hand-designed low-level features used in other image classification methods. Learning CNNs, however, amounts to estimating millions of parameters and requires a very large number of annotated image samples. This property currently prevents application of CNNs to problems with limited training data. In this work we show how image representations learned with CNNs on large-scale annotated datasets can be efficiently transferred to other visual recognition tasks with limited amount of training data. We design a method to reuse layers trained on the ImageNet dataset to compute mid-level image representation for images in the PASCAL VOC dataset. We show that despite differences in image statistics and tasks in the two datasets, the transferred representation leads to significantly improved results for object and action classification, outperforming the current state of the art on Pascal VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets. We also show promising results for object and action localization.
{"title":"Learning and Transferring Mid-level Image Representations Using Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"M. Oquab, L. Bottou, I. Laptev, Josef Sivic","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.222","url":null,"abstract":"Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have recently shown outstanding image classification performance in the large- scale visual recognition challenge (ILSVRC2012). The success of CNNs is attributed to their ability to learn rich mid-level image representations as opposed to hand-designed low-level features used in other image classification methods. Learning CNNs, however, amounts to estimating millions of parameters and requires a very large number of annotated image samples. This property currently prevents application of CNNs to problems with limited training data. In this work we show how image representations learned with CNNs on large-scale annotated datasets can be efficiently transferred to other visual recognition tasks with limited amount of training data. We design a method to reuse layers trained on the ImageNet dataset to compute mid-level image representation for images in the PASCAL VOC dataset. We show that despite differences in image statistics and tasks in the two datasets, the transferred representation leads to significantly improved results for object and action classification, outperforming the current state of the art on Pascal VOC 2007 and 2012 datasets. We also show promising results for object and action localization.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133563587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a novel algorithm which uses compact hash bits to greatly improve the efficiency of non-linear kernel SVM in very large scale visual classification problems. Our key idea is to represent each sample with compact hash bits, over which an inner product is defined to serve as the surrogate of the original nonlinear kernels. Then the problem of solving the nonlinear SVM can be transformed into solving a linear SVM over the hash bits. The proposed Hash-SVM enjoys dramatic storage cost reduction owing to the compact binary representation, as well as a (sub-)linear training complexity via linear SVM. As a critical component of Hash-SVM, we propose a novel hashing scheme for arbitrary non-linear kernels via random subspace projection in reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Our comprehensive analysis reveals a well behaved theoretic bound of the deviation between the proposed hashing-based kernel approximation and the original kernel function. We also derive requirements on the hash bits for achieving a satisfactory accuracy level. Several experiments on large-scale visual classification benchmarks are conducted, including one with over 1 million images. The results show that Hash-SVM greatly reduces the computational complexity (more than ten times faster in many cases) while keeping comparable accuracies.
{"title":"Hash-SVM: Scalable Kernel Machines for Large-Scale Visual Classification","authors":"Yadong Mu, G. Hua, Wei Fan, Shih-Fu Chang","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.130","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel algorithm which uses compact hash bits to greatly improve the efficiency of non-linear kernel SVM in very large scale visual classification problems. Our key idea is to represent each sample with compact hash bits, over which an inner product is defined to serve as the surrogate of the original nonlinear kernels. Then the problem of solving the nonlinear SVM can be transformed into solving a linear SVM over the hash bits. The proposed Hash-SVM enjoys dramatic storage cost reduction owing to the compact binary representation, as well as a (sub-)linear training complexity via linear SVM. As a critical component of Hash-SVM, we propose a novel hashing scheme for arbitrary non-linear kernels via random subspace projection in reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Our comprehensive analysis reveals a well behaved theoretic bound of the deviation between the proposed hashing-based kernel approximation and the original kernel function. We also derive requirements on the hash bits for achieving a satisfactory accuracy level. Several experiments on large-scale visual classification benchmarks are conducted, including one with over 1 million images. The results show that Hash-SVM greatly reduces the computational complexity (more than ten times faster in many cases) while keeping comparable accuracies.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133713244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce a new approach for recognizing and reconstructing 3D objects in images. Our approach is based on an analysis by synthesis strategy. A forward synthesis model constructs possible geometric interpretations of the world, and then selects the interpretation that best agrees with the measured visual evidence. The forward model synthesizes visual templates defined on invariant (HOG) features. These visual templates are discriminatively trained to be accurate for inverse estimation. We introduce an efficient "brute-force" approach to inference that searches through a large number of candidate reconstructions, returning the optimal one. One benefit of such an approach is that recognition is inherently (re)constructive. We show state of the art performance for detection and reconstruction on two challenging 3D object recognition datasets of cars and cuboids.
{"title":"Analysis by Synthesis: 3D Object Recognition by Object Reconstruction","authors":"Mohsen Hejrati, Deva Ramanan","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.314","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a new approach for recognizing and reconstructing 3D objects in images. Our approach is based on an analysis by synthesis strategy. A forward synthesis model constructs possible geometric interpretations of the world, and then selects the interpretation that best agrees with the measured visual evidence. The forward model synthesizes visual templates defined on invariant (HOG) features. These visual templates are discriminatively trained to be accurate for inverse estimation. We introduce an efficient \"brute-force\" approach to inference that searches through a large number of candidate reconstructions, returning the optimal one. One benefit of such an approach is that recognition is inherently (re)constructive. We show state of the art performance for detection and reconstruction on two challenging 3D object recognition datasets of cars and cuboids.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"5 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131829746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephan Liwicki, Minh-Tri Pham, S. Zafeiriou, M. Pantic, B. Stenger
In this paper we introduce a new distance for robustly matching vectors of 3D rotations. A special representation of 3D rotations, which we coin full-angle quaternion (FAQ), allows us to express this distance as Euclidean. We apply the distance to the problems of 3D shape recognition from point clouds and 2D object tracking in color video. For the former, we introduce a hashing scheme for scale and translation which outperforms the previous state-of-the-art approach on a public dataset. For the latter, we incorporate online subspace learning with the proposed FAQ representation to highlight the benefits of the new representation.
{"title":"Full-Angle Quaternions for Robustly Matching Vectors of 3D Rotations","authors":"Stephan Liwicki, Minh-Tri Pham, S. Zafeiriou, M. Pantic, B. Stenger","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.21","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce a new distance for robustly matching vectors of 3D rotations. A special representation of 3D rotations, which we coin full-angle quaternion (FAQ), allows us to express this distance as Euclidean. We apply the distance to the problems of 3D shape recognition from point clouds and 2D object tracking in color video. For the former, we introduce a hashing scheme for scale and translation which outperforms the previous state-of-the-art approach on a public dataset. For the latter, we incorporate online subspace learning with the proposed FAQ representation to highlight the benefits of the new representation.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132113242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a real-time, robust to outliers and accurate solution to the Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem. The main advantages of our solution are twofold: first, it in- tegrates the outlier rejection within the pose estimation pipeline with a negligible computational overhead, and sec- ond, its scalability to arbitrarily large number of correspon- dences. Given a set of 3D-to-2D matches, we formulate pose estimation problem as a low-rank homogeneous sys- tem where the solution lies on its 1D null space. Outlier correspondences are those rows of the linear system which perturb the null space and are progressively detected by projecting them on an iteratively estimated solution of the null space. Since our outlier removal process is based on an algebraic criterion which does not require computing the full-pose and reprojecting back all 3D points on the image plane at each step, we achieve speed gains of more than 100× compared to RANSAC strategies. An extensive exper- imental evaluation will show that our solution yields accu- rate results in situations with up to 50% of outliers, and can process more than 1000 correspondences in less than 5ms.
{"title":"Very Fast Solution to the PnP Problem with Algebraic Outlier Rejection","authors":"Luis Ferraz, Xavier Binefa, F. Moreno-Noguer","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.71","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a real-time, robust to outliers and accurate solution to the Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem. The main advantages of our solution are twofold: first, it in- tegrates the outlier rejection within the pose estimation pipeline with a negligible computational overhead, and sec- ond, its scalability to arbitrarily large number of correspon- dences. Given a set of 3D-to-2D matches, we formulate pose estimation problem as a low-rank homogeneous sys- tem where the solution lies on its 1D null space. Outlier correspondences are those rows of the linear system which perturb the null space and are progressively detected by projecting them on an iteratively estimated solution of the null space. Since our outlier removal process is based on an algebraic criterion which does not require computing the full-pose and reprojecting back all 3D points on the image plane at each step, we achieve speed gains of more than 100× compared to RANSAC strategies. An extensive exper- imental evaluation will show that our solution yields accu- rate results in situations with up to 50% of outliers, and can process more than 1000 correspondences in less than 5ms.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134542096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graph-based methods are a useful class of methods for improving the performance of unsupervised and semi-supervised machine learning tasks, such as clustering or information retrieval. However, the performance of existing graph-based methods is highly dependent on how well the affinity graph reflects the original data structure. We propose that multimedia such as images or videos consist of multiple separate components, and therefore more than one graph is required to fully capture the relationship between them. Accordingly, we present a new spectral method - the Feature Grouped Spectral Multigraph (FGSM) - which comprises the following steps. First, mutually independent subsets of the original feature space are generated through feature clustering. Secondly, a separate graph is generated from each feature subset. Finally, a spectral embedding is calculated on each graph, and the embeddings are scaled/aggregated into a single representation. Using this representation, a variety of experiments are performed on three learning tasks - clustering, retrieval and recognition - on human action datasets, demonstrating considerably better performance than the state-of-the-art.
{"title":"A Multigraph Representation for Improved Unsupervised/Semi-supervised Learning of Human Actions","authors":"Simon Jones, Ling Shao","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.110","url":null,"abstract":"Graph-based methods are a useful class of methods for improving the performance of unsupervised and semi-supervised machine learning tasks, such as clustering or information retrieval. However, the performance of existing graph-based methods is highly dependent on how well the affinity graph reflects the original data structure. We propose that multimedia such as images or videos consist of multiple separate components, and therefore more than one graph is required to fully capture the relationship between them. Accordingly, we present a new spectral method - the Feature Grouped Spectral Multigraph (FGSM) - which comprises the following steps. First, mutually independent subsets of the original feature space are generated through feature clustering. Secondly, a separate graph is generated from each feature subset. Finally, a spectral embedding is calculated on each graph, and the embeddings are scaled/aggregated into a single representation. Using this representation, a variety of experiments are performed on three learning tasks - clustering, retrieval and recognition - on human action datasets, demonstrating considerably better performance than the state-of-the-art.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133898185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sparse coding and dictionary learning have seen their applications in many vision tasks, which usually is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem. Many iterative methods have been proposed to tackle such an optimization problem. However, it remains an open problem to have a method that is not only practically fast but also is globally convergent. In this paper, we proposed a fast proximal method for solving ℓ0 norm based dictionary learning problems, and we proved that the whole sequence generated by the proposed method converges to a stationary point with sub-linear convergence rate. The benefit of having a fast and convergent dictionary learning method is demonstrated in the applications of image recovery and face recognition.
{"title":"L0 Norm Based Dictionary Learning by Proximal Methods with Global Convergence","authors":"Chenglong Bao, Hui Ji, Yuhui Quan, Zuowei Shen","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.493","url":null,"abstract":"Sparse coding and dictionary learning have seen their applications in many vision tasks, which usually is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem. Many iterative methods have been proposed to tackle such an optimization problem. However, it remains an open problem to have a method that is not only practically fast but also is globally convergent. In this paper, we proposed a fast proximal method for solving ℓ0 norm based dictionary learning problems, and we proved that the whole sequence generated by the proposed method converges to a stationary point with sub-linear convergence rate. The benefit of having a fast and convergent dictionary learning method is demonstrated in the applications of image recovery and face recognition.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"39 11-12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114013897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent progresses in salient object detection have exploited the boundary prior, or background information, to assist other saliency cues such as contrast, achieving state-of-the-art results. However, their usage of boundary prior is very simple, fragile, and the integration with other cues is mostly heuristic. In this work, we present new methods to address these issues. First, we propose a robust background measure, called boundary connectivity. It characterizes the spatial layout of image regions with respect to image boundaries and is much more robust. It has an intuitive geometrical interpretation and presents unique benefits that are absent in previous saliency measures. Second, we propose a principled optimization framework to integrate multiple low level cues, including our background measure, to obtain clean and uniform saliency maps. Our formulation is intuitive, efficient and achieves state-of-the-art results on several benchmark datasets.
{"title":"Saliency Optimization from Robust Background Detection","authors":"Wangjiang Zhu, Shuang Liang, Yichen Wei, Jian Sun","doi":"10.1109/CVPR.2014.360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.360","url":null,"abstract":"Recent progresses in salient object detection have exploited the boundary prior, or background information, to assist other saliency cues such as contrast, achieving state-of-the-art results. However, their usage of boundary prior is very simple, fragile, and the integration with other cues is mostly heuristic. In this work, we present new methods to address these issues. First, we propose a robust background measure, called boundary connectivity. It characterizes the spatial layout of image regions with respect to image boundaries and is much more robust. It has an intuitive geometrical interpretation and presents unique benefits that are absent in previous saliency measures. Second, we propose a principled optimization framework to integrate multiple low level cues, including our background measure, to obtain clean and uniform saliency maps. Our formulation is intuitive, efficient and achieves state-of-the-art results on several benchmark datasets.","PeriodicalId":319578,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115081177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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