Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.7591/9781501713958-007
{"title":"4. The Ottoman Empire’s Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908-1915","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501713958-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501713958-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319701,"journal":{"name":"Secession and Security","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121214355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0002
Ahsan I. Butt
This chapter focuses on the states' decision-making at the point at which an ethno-nationalist movement has made a demand or declaration of independence or significant autonomy. It aims at deconstructing the state's calculus at that precise moment. To build the theory, the chapter relies on three assumptions: first, it assumes that actors are strategic and forward looking; second, it assumes that states are more powerful than substate actors; and third, it treats states as “unitary” actors, a long-standing assumption in international relations. The chapter then shifts to elaborate on why secession represents a significant shift in the balance of power. It discusses how the creation of a new state leaves the host state more vulnerable to the ethnic group, generally speaking. The chapter then outlines the states' two related concerns about the external security implications of any secessionist movement.
{"title":"An External Security Theory of Secessionist Conflict","authors":"Ahsan I. Butt","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the states' decision-making at the point at which an ethno-nationalist movement has made a demand or declaration of independence or significant autonomy. It aims at deconstructing the state's calculus at that precise moment. To build the theory, the chapter relies on three assumptions: first, it assumes that actors are strategic and forward looking; second, it assumes that states are more powerful than substate actors; and third, it treats states as “unitary” actors, a long-standing assumption in international relations. The chapter then shifts to elaborate on why secession represents a significant shift in the balance of power. It discusses how the creation of a new state leaves the host state more vulnerable to the ethnic group, generally speaking. The chapter then outlines the states' two related concerns about the external security implications of any secessionist movement.","PeriodicalId":319701,"journal":{"name":"Secession and Security","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128592446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0006
Ahsan I. Butt
This chapter begins with looking at the Israeli–Palestinian conflict since the 1980s. It discusses Israel's coercive response to Palestinians' secessionist moment, the first intifada. The chapter then investigates how security fears sprung from its rough neighborhood, featuring a history of warfare with its neighbors, and its essentializing of Palestinian nationalism, subsuming it under an “Arab” identity. This chapter also reviews two of the handful of completely peaceful major secessions to occur in the twentieth century: one in 1993 that dissolved Czechoslovakia into its constituent units, and the other in 1905 that separated Norway and Sweden. It illustrates how the muted external security implications of Norwegian and Slovak separatism facilitated their respective host states peacefully negotiating their exit from the polity. The chapter next examines the American Civil War, even though it neither took place in the twentieth century, nor was it, strictly speaking, ethnic in nature.
{"title":"Peaceful and Violent Separatism in North America, Europe, and the Middle East, 1861–1993","authors":"Ahsan I. Butt","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with looking at the Israeli–Palestinian conflict since the 1980s. It discusses Israel's coercive response to Palestinians' secessionist moment, the first intifada. The chapter then investigates how security fears sprung from its rough neighborhood, featuring a history of warfare with its neighbors, and its essentializing of Palestinian nationalism, subsuming it under an “Arab” identity. This chapter also reviews two of the handful of completely peaceful major secessions to occur in the twentieth century: one in 1993 that dissolved Czechoslovakia into its constituent units, and the other in 1905 that separated Norway and Sweden. It illustrates how the muted external security implications of Norwegian and Slovak separatism facilitated their respective host states peacefully negotiating their exit from the polity. The chapter next examines the American Civil War, even though it neither took place in the twentieth century, nor was it, strictly speaking, ethnic in nature.","PeriodicalId":319701,"journal":{"name":"Secession and Security","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114866262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0003
Ahsan I. Butt
This chapter examines why the Pakistani state was so much more indiscriminate and extreme in its use of violence against Bengali secessionists in 1971 than Baloch secessionists three years later. It reveals that the primary reason for the variation in state strategy was the perceived differential in third-party support. The chapter then details how the Bengali movement was deemed to be operating hand-in-glove with the Indian state, while by contrast, the Baloch only received sanctuary from Afghanistan. This distinction between moderate and high levels of third-party support meant that the Bengali movement was deemed a much more significant threat to Pakistan's external security than the Baloch movement was. The chapter also looks at the decision makers and soldiers on the ground who were more aggressive and violent in East Pakistan than they were in Balochistan. It recounts Bangladesh's hard-won freedom from Pakistan and explores how it resulted in significant political instability.
{"title":"Pakistan’s Genocide in Bengal and Limited War in Balochistan, 1971–1977","authors":"Ahsan I. Butt","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines why the Pakistani state was so much more indiscriminate and extreme in its use of violence against Bengali secessionists in 1971 than Baloch secessionists three years later. It reveals that the primary reason for the variation in state strategy was the perceived differential in third-party support. The chapter then details how the Bengali movement was deemed to be operating hand-in-glove with the Indian state, while by contrast, the Baloch only received sanctuary from Afghanistan. This distinction between moderate and high levels of third-party support meant that the Bengali movement was deemed a much more significant threat to Pakistan's external security than the Baloch movement was. The chapter also looks at the decision makers and soldiers on the ground who were more aggressive and violent in East Pakistan than they were in Balochistan. It recounts Bangladesh's hard-won freedom from Pakistan and explores how it resulted in significant political instability.","PeriodicalId":319701,"journal":{"name":"Secession and Security","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133089896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0005
Ahsan I. Butt
This chapter begins with variation across time in the Ottoman treatment of its Armenian population between 1908 and 1915, when the Young Turk regime went from accommodating the Armenians in 1908 to seeking their wholesale forcible removal from Ottoman territory during World War I, leading to genocide. The chapter aims to understand the factors that led to the Ottoman genocide of Armenians, but it is certainly not to suggest that such strategic decisions are moral or excusable under any circumstances. It examines the implications of the increased external vulnerability brought about by Turkey's involvement in World War I in the escalation the Armenians faced. The chapter then investigates how the Young Turks treatment of Armenians changed dramatically, with two factors relating to external security especially relevant. It also outlines the two interpretations on what transpired between the Ottoman state and its Armenian nation. The chapter argues that the external security considerations for the Ottoman state were the crucial driving variable for the escalation from its accommodationist policy to widespread slaughter.
{"title":"The Ottoman Empire’s Escalation from Reforms to the Armenian Genocide, 1908–1915","authors":"Ahsan I. Butt","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713941.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with variation across time in the Ottoman treatment of its Armenian population between 1908 and 1915, when the Young Turk regime went from accommodating the Armenians in 1908 to seeking their wholesale forcible removal from Ottoman territory during World War I, leading to genocide. The chapter aims to understand the factors that led to the Ottoman genocide of Armenians, but it is certainly not to suggest that such strategic decisions are moral or excusable under any circumstances. It examines the implications of the increased external vulnerability brought about by Turkey's involvement in World War I in the escalation the Armenians faced. The chapter then investigates how the Young Turks treatment of Armenians changed dramatically, with two factors relating to external security especially relevant. It also outlines the two interpretations on what transpired between the Ottoman state and its Armenian nation. The chapter argues that the external security considerations for the Ottoman state were the crucial driving variable for the escalation from its accommodationist policy to widespread slaughter.","PeriodicalId":319701,"journal":{"name":"Secession and Security","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128627157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：