International Comparative Jurisprudence最新文献

英文中文

RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT. BALANCING NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS THROUGH MULTILATERALISM 保护的责任。通过多边主义平衡国家利益和国际义务

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.008

T. Lewandowski

Responsibility to Protect is yet another step in post war evolution of international response against genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. Author analyses the concept of R2P through the lens of balancing national interests of the UN Member States (state security, human security, budgetary balance, independence) with international values (solidarity, human rights, peace, security). Author underlines that global responses and actions to prevent and end mass atrocities still lack comprehensive and unified approach. Due to diverse interests of each state, international community faces problems dealing with consequences of atrocities. Author believes that states as individual members of international community are bound to redefine their national interests from the perspective of international community’s responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocities. Such redefinition should be facilitated by the UN through promotion of effective multilateral approach towards R2P implementation.

保护的责任是战后国际社会对种族灭绝、战争罪、危害人类罪和种族清洗的反应演变的又一步骤。作者从平衡联合国成员国的国家利益(国家安全、人类安全、预算平衡、独立)与国际价值(团结、人权、和平、安全)的角度分析了R2P的概念。作者强调，预防和结束大规模暴行的全球反应和行动仍然缺乏全面和统一的方法。由于各国利益的差异，国际社会面临着处理暴行后果的问题。作者认为，各国作为国际社会的个体成员，必然要从国际社会保护人民免遭大规模暴行的责任出发，重新界定其国家利益。联合国应通过促进实施保护责任的有效多边方法，促进这种重新定义。

引用次数: 1

LESSONS OF WORLD WAR II AND THE ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA 第二次世界大战的教训与克里米亚的吞并

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/J.ICJ.2017.03.003

Dainius Žalimas

The article carries out an assessment of the “reunification of Crimea with Russia” from the point of view of contemporary international law and examines the arguments of Russian scholars who aim to justify the acts of Russia in Crimea. The article aims to identify the strategies that are employed in seeking to offer an interpretation of international legal norms that corresponds to the interests of the Russian Federation. The research shows that in the legal discourse a new definition is attached to a “people” as an entity entitled to secession and right to “remedial secession” becomes, in principle, absolute, i.e. the exercise of the right to “remedial secession” is justified not only on the grounds of an actual physical threat, but also on the grounds of vague ideological threats, or temporary political instability. Moreover, the scientific discourse on justifying the „reunification of Crimea with Russia“ relies heavily on historical arguments that suggest restoring “historical justice” and reuniting historically united nations, and aims at diminishing the sovereignty of Ukraine and redefining it in such a way that enhances the scope of Russian sovereignty, while minimizing the sovereignty of post-Soviet states. The research suggests that consequently the current Russian legal discourse has become a political instrument used for constructing concepts and meanings necessary for the realization of Russia’s geopolitical interests as Russian scholars tend to manipulate international legal concepts and combine legal and pseudo-legal reasoning and subsequently an alternative pseudo-legal reality is constructed.

本文从当代国际法的角度对“克里米亚与俄罗斯的统一”进行了评估，并考察了旨在为俄罗斯在克里米亚的行为辩护的俄罗斯学者的论点。这篇文章的目的是确定在寻求对国际法律规范作出符合俄罗斯联邦利益的解释时所采用的战略。研究表明，在法律话语中，“人民”被赋予了一个新的定义，作为一个有权分离的实体，“补救性分离”权在原则上成为绝对的，即“补救性分离”权的行使不仅以实际的物质威胁为理由，而且以模糊的意识形态威胁或暂时的政治不稳定为理由。此外，为“克里米亚与俄罗斯统一”辩护的科学论述在很大程度上依赖于建议恢复“历史正义”和重新统一历史上的联合国的历史论点，旨在削弱乌克兰的主权，并以一种增强俄罗斯主权范围的方式重新定义乌克兰，同时最大限度地减少后苏联国家的主权。研究表明，由于俄罗斯学者倾向于操纵国际法律概念，将法律和伪法律推理结合起来，从而构建另一种伪法律现实，因此，当前的俄罗斯法律话语已成为一种政治工具，用于构建实现俄罗斯地缘政治利益所必需的概念和意义。

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引用次数: 0

STATUTORY LIMITATION OF CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: LESSONS TAKEN FROM THE PROSECUTION OF NAZI CRIMINALS IN GERMANY AFTER 1945 AND THE NEW "DEMJANJUK CASE LAW" 国际法下罪行的法定时效:从1945年后德国对纳粹罪犯的起诉和新的“德米扬鲁克判例法”中吸取的教训

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/J.ICJ.2017.03.004

David Kohout

Taken from the historical perspective, the article primarily examines the issue of (non-) applicability of statutes of limitation to crimes under international law, both from the perspective of the international and national law. Speaking in more detail, this paper looks at the lengthy and variable process of dealing with Nazi criminals after the WWII. It focuses especially on the prosecution of Nazi criminals in (West) Germany, which strictly adhered to application of laws of domestic provenance. Thus, among other principal challenges, the prosecuting officers (as well as the courts and the legislators) had to deal with the issue of the statute of limitation in cases of crimes, which were (as time passed by) often perpetrated several decades earlier. This approach stood in contrast to the position of the international criminal law, which generally provides for the non-applicability of the statutory limitation to crimes under international law. This topic is still actual as we may recently observe in Germany perhaps the last attempts of the prosecuting authorities to bring the deemed perpetrators of the Nazi crimes before the courts. Not only in the well covered John Demjanjuk case we could witness an attempt of the German courts to overcome the statutory limitations through a new interpretative approach to the institute of accessory to murder under the German Criminal Code. However, this shift in the German case law has not been confirmed by higher courts yet and is sometimes also subjected to criticism by legal scholars.

本文从历史的角度出发，主要从国际法和国内法两方面考察了国际法罪行的时效法规(不)适用问题。更详细地说，本文着眼于二战后处理纳粹罪犯的漫长而多变的过程。它特别侧重于在(西)德国对纳粹罪犯的起诉，德国严格遵守国内出处法的适用。因此，除其他主要挑战外，检察官(以及法院和立法者)必须处理犯罪案件的诉讼时效问题，这些案件(随着时间的推移)往往是在几十年前犯下的。这种做法与国际刑法的立场相反，后者一般规定对国际法规定的罪行不适用法定时效。这个问题仍然是现实的，因为我们最近可能在德国看到，也许是检察当局将被认为是纳粹罪行的肇事者带到法庭的最后一次尝试。不仅在广为报道的John Demjanjuk案件中，我们可以看到德国法院试图通过对德国刑法下谋杀从犯制度的一种新的解释方法来克服法定限制。然而，德国判例法的这种转变尚未得到高等法院的确认，有时也受到法律学者的批评。

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引用次数: 0

Object or Subject? The Ongoing 'Objectification' of Asylum Seekers 对象还是主题？对寻求庇护者的持续“客观化”

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.001

P. Kathrani

This article considers how over time asylum seekers have been ‘objectivised’ by the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951. International law is predominantly instrumental in nature. Whilst it may often contain ethical aspects and sometimes be underpinned by liberal objectives, these are usually secondary in nature, with the purpose of regularising the relationship of states around some common aims usually being the paramount goal. In this way, the focus of international law often turns from the ethical components of the law to terms, procedures and mechanisms. This arguably applies to Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951. Whilst originally conceived for Second World War refugees, it placed at the pinnacle of its preamble the moral impulse, ‘…to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms…’ The Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees 1967 removed the temporal and other limitations, however, arguably this moral impulse has waned as the words of the 1951 Convention have been used to control asylum seekers. This article argues that this has objectivised asylum seekers.

本条考虑了1951年《关于难民地位的公约》如何长期“客观化”寻求庇护者。国际法在本质上主要是工具性的。虽然它通常包含伦理方面，有时以自由主义目标为基础，但这些目标通常是次要的，围绕一些共同目标规范国家关系的目的通常是首要目标。这样，国际法的重点往往从法律的伦理组成部分转向术语、程序和机制。这可以说适用于1951年《关于难民地位的公约》。虽然最初是为第二次世界大战难民设想的，但它将道德冲动置于序言的顶峰，“……确保难民尽可能广泛地行使这些基本权利和自由……”然而，1967年《关于难民地位的议定书》取消了时间和其他限制，可以说，随着1951年《公约》的措辞被用来控制寻求庇护者，这种道德冲动已经减弱。这篇文章认为，这已经使寻求庇护者客观化了。

引用次数: 1

THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS’ CONTROL OVER STATES’ DEROGATION IN TIME OF EMERGENCY: EXAMPLE OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LESSONS LEARNED FROM WW2 欧洲人权法院在紧急情况下对国家减损的控制&二战经验教训的有效性实例

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.002

Marine Toullier

This Article has two aims: the first is to check if the European Court of Human Rights has learned lessons from WW2, being a safeguard for the arbitrary abuses, the escalating of violence, protectionism, nationalism, etc, and the second aim is to analyse if European Court is playing a moderating role towards the Member States in controlling state’s derogation in time of emergency. Because of terrorism, we are at a crossroads, like the tightrope walker who roams on a thread at a vertiginous height and can fall any time. We reached a crucial point, where our societies have the choice between two roads: growing of the extremes, withdrawal behaviours, nationalism, escalation of intolerance, even civil wars between cultural or ethnical or religious groups inside the population, or, a multidimensional integration to guarantee both for state and human beings security, survival of our free-based societies and our values. To help European States to choose the second path, the European Court of Human Rights should be a helpful instrument, because it supposed to put forward measures to control what are genuine abuses and prevent the states from authoritarian drifts. This Article will study from the case law about states’ derogation in time of emergency, if the conditions are gathered for the European Court of Human Rights to constraint member states to be reasonable. The structure of the study of the European Court of Human Rights case law will follow the level of control of the European judge: 1. The Court exerts a limited control over the conditions of implementation of Article 15, 2. But the Court imposes a stricter control over the respect of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the measures taken in the framework of the derogation of Article 15.

这篇文章有两个目的：第一个目的是检查欧洲人权法院是否从二战中吸取了教训，作为对任意虐待、暴力升级、保护主义、民族主义等的保障，第二个目的是分析欧洲法院是否在紧急情况下对成员国发挥了调节作用，控制国家的减损。由于恐怖主义，我们正处于十字路口，就像走钢丝的人一样，在令人眩晕的高度踩着线漫游，随时可能摔倒。我们到达了一个关键时刻，我们的社会可以在两条道路之间做出选择：极端势力的滋长、退缩行为、民族主义、不容忍升级，甚至是人口中文化或种族或宗教团体之间的内战，或者是多层面的融合，以保障国家和人类的安全，我们自由社会的生存和我们的价值观。为了帮助欧洲国家选择第二条道路，欧洲人权法院应该是一个有用的工具，因为它应该提出措施来控制真正的虐待行为，并防止国家出现独裁倾向。如果欧洲人权法院收集到约束成员国合理的条件，本条将从国家在紧急情况下减损的判例法中进行研究。欧洲人权法院判例法研究的结构将遵循欧洲法官的控制水平：1。法院对第十五条第二款的执行条件施加了有限的控制。但是，法院通过在克减第15条的框架内采取的措施，对《保护人权和基本自由公约》的遵守情况进行了更严格的控制。

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引用次数: 1

Capital flows in international investment law – trends, framework and reasons: focus on emerging China 国际投资法中的资本流动——趋势、框架和原因——聚焦新兴中国

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/J.ICJ.2017.03.007

Andrius Bambalas

International investment law scholars do not provide sufficient analysis of underlying process of investment (capital flows). As China has become the second biggest economy in the world and the third biggest investor in the world that channels outward investments mainly through state owned enterprises the question about the underlying reasons of such investments remain. To address this issue the author reviews the historic periods of capital flows and current trends; examines the theoretical framework of and reasons for foreign investment from state as well private (as against state agent) investor’s perspective and assesses the underlying reasons of China’s capital export policies.

国际投资法学者没有对投资的基本过程(资本流动)提供充分的分析。随着中国成为世界第二大经济体和第三大主要通过国有企业进行对外投资的投资国，有关此类投资背后原因的问题依然存在。为了解决这个问题，作者回顾了资本流动的历史时期和当前趋势;从国家和私人(相对于国家代理)投资者的角度考察了外国投资的理论框架和原因，并评估了中国资本输出政策的潜在原因。

引用次数: 0

CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION ON UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS DIRECTIVE: IMPLICATIONS ON ESTONIAN DOMESTIC LAW 欧洲联盟法院关于不公平合同条款指令的判例法:对爱沙尼亚国内法的影响

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2017-03-14 DOI: 10.13165/J.ICJ.2017.03.010

P. Kalamees, K. Sein

The present article analyses the relevant judgments of the CJEU and looks into whether Estonian legislation and the case law of the Estonian Supreme Court (Riigikohus) concerning standard terms are consistent with the interpretations given by the CJEU. The article does not investigate all aspects associated with the rules on standard terms but rather concentrates only on the procedural obligations of a national court in deciding upon the unfair nature of standard terms and the consequences of establishing the unfairness of standard terms. The article also enquires whether the Estonian legislation on the order for payment procedure is in line with the UCTD. The authors submit that Estonian law - both the rules on standard terms as well as the procedural rules - is generally consistent with the requirements set out by the CJEU. In most cases, the Estonian Supreme Court (Riigikohus) also follows the procedural standards created by the CJEU case law on UCTD. Nevertheless, the Estonian rules on order for payment procedure not in all aspects meet the CJEU standards set in the recent Finanmadrid case, as the Estonian procedural law does not allow the unfairness control of standard terms in the initial proceeding nor at the later enforcement stage. Therefore, the Estonian Code of Civil Procedure needs to be changed to bring it in line with the UCTD.

本文分析了欧洲法院的有关判决，并探讨爱沙尼亚立法和爱沙尼亚最高法院(Riigikohus)关于标准条款的判例法是否与欧洲法院的解释相一致。这篇文章并没有研究与标准条款规则有关的所有方面，而只是集中讨论了国家法院在判定标准条款的不公平性质以及确立标准条款不公平的后果方面的程序义务。该条还询问爱沙尼亚关于付款程序顺序的立法是否符合UCTD。发件人认为，爱沙尼亚法律- -包括关于标准条款的规则和程序规则- -大体上符合欧洲法院提出的要求。在大多数情况下，爱沙尼亚最高法院(Riigikohus)也遵循欧洲法院判例法关于联合起诉的程序标准。然而，爱沙尼亚关于付款程序命令的规则并非在所有方面都符合欧洲法院在最近的马德里财政案中规定的标准，因为爱沙尼亚程序法不允许在最初的诉讼程序中或在后来的执行阶段对标准条款进行不公平的控制。因此，需要修改《爱沙尼亚民事诉讼法》，使之与UCTD保持一致。

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引用次数: 3

Violated or protected. Women's rights in armed conflicts after the Second World War 被侵犯的或被保护的第二次世界大战后武装冲突中的妇女权利

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.icj.2016.12.002

Natalia Buchowska

From the contemporary legal perspective war atrocities have to be seen as mass violations of human rights. They affect all members of the society, regardless of their gender, age, skin color, nationality or ethnic origin. Women however, were and still are particularly vulnerable to all forms of such violations, in particular - becoming victims of various forms of violence. The aim of the paper is to answer the question of whether the legal and the actual position of women in the armed conflicts has changed in any terms. In order to achieve this goal, the most typical examples of violations of women's rights during present-day hostilities will be indicated and examined. Moreover, the Author will analyze international legislation having as object the protection of women in armed conflicts, in search for any evolution of that legal framework.

从当代法律的角度来看，战争暴行必须被视为对人权的大规模侵犯。它们影响到社会的所有成员，不论其性别、年龄、肤色、国籍或族裔出身。然而，妇女过去和现在仍然特别容易受到各种形式的这种侵犯，特别是成为各种形式暴力的受害者。本文的目的是回答妇女在武装冲突中的法律地位和实际地位是否有任何变化的问题。为了实现这一目标，将指出和审查当今敌对行动中侵犯妇女权利的最典型例子。此外，作者将分析以在武装冲突中保护妇女为目标的国际立法，以寻找该法律框架的任何演变。

引用次数: 7

Civil actions for damages caused by war crimes vs. State immunity from jurisdiction and the political act doctrine: ECtHR, ICJ and Italian Courts☆ 战争罪损害赔偿民事诉讼与国家管辖豁免和政治行为理论:欧洲人权法院、国际法院和意大利法院

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.icj.2017.02.002

Francesco De Santis di Nicola

Civil actions for war crimes serve the purposes of obtaining a public acknowledgment of the tort and that of reaffirming the legal binding force of the rules protecting fundamental human rights. However, two main obstacles arise before such actions since the defendant is a State: immunity from jurisdiction and the political act doctrine. The interaction between the Italian Supreme Courts (Corte di Cassazione and Corte Costituzionale), the European Court of Human Rights and the International Court of Justice provides clear examples of the achievements and the remaining challenges in this field, where the right of access to a court and the right to an effective remedy should not be excluded in the name of an absolute sovereignty or of an unaccountable raison d’État.

战争罪民事诉讼的目的是使公众承认侵权行为，并重申保护基本人权的规则的法律约束力。然而，由于被告是一个国家，在采取这种行动之前会出现两个主要障碍:管辖豁免和政治行为学说。意大利最高法院(卡萨齐奥尼法院和宪法法院)、欧洲人权法院和国际法院之间的相互作用为这一领域取得的成就和仍然存在的挑战提供了明确的例子，在这一领域，诉诸法院的权利和获得有效补救的权利不应以绝对主权或无法解释的État理由的名义被排除在外。

引用次数: 2

EU in the face of migrant crisis: Reasons for ineffective human rights protection 面对移民危机的欧盟:人权保护不力的原因

Q4 Social Sciences

International Comparative Jurisprudence

Pub Date : 2016-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.icj.2017.01.003

Simas Grigonis

Despite the fact that EU was acknowledged to ensure human rights protection level equivalent to the one ensured under European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), it is doubtful if the EU was able to ensure human rights in time of recent migrant crisis. It is argued in the Article that, absence of comprehensive EU-level migrant policy restricted EU's ability to prevent the crisis and to mitigate its consequences as well as human rights violations. In addition, being oriented to ex post rights defense, EU's system was also practically unsuitable to defend the rights of the asylum seekers after the violations actually occurred. It is proposed that EU should address migration issues immediately by introducing major migration policy reform.

虽然欧盟的人权保障水平与《欧洲人权公约》(ECHR)相当，但在最近的移民危机中，欧盟能否保障人权令人怀疑。文章认为，缺乏全面的欧盟层面的移民政策限制了欧盟预防危机和减轻其后果以及侵犯人权的能力。此外，欧盟的制度以事后维权为导向，实际上也不适合在侵犯行为发生后对寻求庇护者的权利进行维权。建议欧盟应立即通过引入重大的移民政策改革来解决移民问题。

引用次数: 13

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