Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0801001
Joseph Alape Ariza, Andrea Pinzon Reyes, Arbey Hernan Medina Rocha, Rodrigo Cabrera Perez, Clara Isabel Bermudez Santana
: Prosteroid cancer is a global health issue, with 1,414,259 new instances diagnosed annually and 375,304 deaths attributed to PCa globally in 2020. It is caused by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and enhanced cell proliferation. The human prostate is composed of two basic cell types: secretory luminal cells and basal epithelial cells. Lesions arise when these processes emerge in the normally functioning prostate epithelium, setting off a chain reaction that may either lead to primary PCa or proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) or create an intermediate stage known as prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Hormonal replacement helps the gland bounce back just as rapidly, while estrogenic hormones in dietary carcinogens have been linked to prostate cancer recurrence. As basal cells are not postmitotic, glandular renewal must be caused by the proliferation of surviving basal cells. Prostate adenocarcinoma is a significant clinical challenge, with 2.5 million patients worldwide surviving after being diagnosed with this type of cancer. It is based on the finding that the cytokeratin subtype composition of tumor cells always matches that of luminal cells and never that of basal cells. Cancer cells produce PSA and PAP, and have a unique phenotype known as epithelial transition in immune-like cells. The British National Cancer Institute (NHI) defines cancer survival as "the physical, psychosocial, and economic problems of cancer from diagnosis to death." After treatment for prostate cancer, most men report psychosexual difficulties. This is especially true for men over the age of 50. Prostate cancer is able to actively suppress anti-tumor immune responses due to the expression of immune cell molecules (such as heterogeneous cytokines and their receptors, transcription factors regulating immune cells signaling, Ig motifs, and immune checkpoint molecules).
{"title":"Prostate Cancer and Immune Evasion Mechanisms","authors":"Joseph Alape Ariza, Andrea Pinzon Reyes, Arbey Hernan Medina Rocha, Rodrigo Cabrera Perez, Clara Isabel Bermudez Santana","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0801001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0801001","url":null,"abstract":": Prosteroid cancer is a global health issue, with 1,414,259 new instances diagnosed annually and 375,304 deaths attributed to PCa globally in 2020. It is caused by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and enhanced cell proliferation. The human prostate is composed of two basic cell types: secretory luminal cells and basal epithelial cells. Lesions arise when these processes emerge in the normally functioning prostate epithelium, setting off a chain reaction that may either lead to primary PCa or proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) or create an intermediate stage known as prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Hormonal replacement helps the gland bounce back just as rapidly, while estrogenic hormones in dietary carcinogens have been linked to prostate cancer recurrence. As basal cells are not postmitotic, glandular renewal must be caused by the proliferation of surviving basal cells. Prostate adenocarcinoma is a significant clinical challenge, with 2.5 million patients worldwide surviving after being diagnosed with this type of cancer. It is based on the finding that the cytokeratin subtype composition of tumor cells always matches that of luminal cells and never that of basal cells. Cancer cells produce PSA and PAP, and have a unique phenotype known as epithelial transition in immune-like cells. The British National Cancer Institute (NHI) defines cancer survival as \"the physical, psychosocial, and economic problems of cancer from diagnosis to death.\" After treatment for prostate cancer, most men report psychosexual difficulties. This is especially true for men over the age of 50. Prostate cancer is able to actively suppress anti-tumor immune responses due to the expression of immune cell molecules (such as heterogeneous cytokines and their receptors, transcription factors regulating immune cells signaling, Ig motifs, and immune checkpoint molecules).","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117304513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0602002
S. Demiral, F. Dinçoğlan, O. Sager, M. Beyzadeoğlu
Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare subtype of B cell lymphoma [1]. Nodular lymphocyte predominant hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) constitutes a distinct and typically indolent subtype of hodgkin lymphoma with favorable therapeutic outcomes [2-5]. Radiation therapy (RT) plays a major role in management of NLPHL. However, active surveillance has even been considered as an initial management strategy for selected patients given the typically indolent disease course and concerns regarding treatment induced toxicities [6]. In the context of RT, several studies have addressed use of different approaches for improving the toxicity profile of irradiation such as dose deescalation and limited field RT (LFRT) [7-12]. Irradiation of limited treatment volumes may serve as a viable method in the context of reduced adverse effects, however, this strategy should be utilized carefully with accurate and precise target definition to avoid any geographical misses which may lead to treatment failure. RT planning for NLPHL is typically based on computed tomography (CT) simulation at treatment position. Incorporation of additional imaging modalities offer great potential for improved target definition. Herein, we assess multimodality imaging based target definition of cervical lymph nodes in precise LFRT for NLPHL.
{"title":"Multimodality Imaging Based Target Definition of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Precise Limited Field Radiation Therapy (Lfrt) for Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (Nlphl)","authors":"S. Demiral, F. Dinçoğlan, O. Sager, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602002","url":null,"abstract":"Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare subtype of B cell lymphoma [1]. Nodular lymphocyte predominant hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) constitutes a distinct and typically indolent subtype of hodgkin lymphoma with favorable therapeutic outcomes [2-5]. Radiation therapy (RT) plays a major role in management of NLPHL. However, active surveillance has even been considered as an initial management strategy for selected patients given the typically indolent disease course and concerns regarding treatment induced toxicities [6]. In the context of RT, several studies have addressed use of different approaches for improving the toxicity profile of irradiation such as dose deescalation and limited field RT (LFRT) [7-12]. Irradiation of limited treatment volumes may serve as a viable method in the context of reduced adverse effects, however, this strategy should be utilized carefully with accurate and precise target definition to avoid any geographical misses which may lead to treatment failure. RT planning for NLPHL is typically based on computed tomography (CT) simulation at treatment position. Incorporation of additional imaging modalities offer great potential for improved target definition. Herein, we assess multimodality imaging based target definition of cervical lymph nodes in precise LFRT for NLPHL.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117201941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0501003
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin
{"title":"Safety Issues of Biosimilar Products: Letter to the Editor","authors":"Abdul Kader Mohiuddin","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0501003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0501003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129101558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0602004
O. Sager, F. Dinçoğlan, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a frequent head and neck neoplasm which is endemic in Southern China [1-3]. Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma may benefit from multidisciplinary management including systemic agents and radiation therapy (RT). Since the role of surgery is typically limited for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment, RT constitutes an integral part of multimodality management. In the context of RT, there has been substantial progress in cancer management over the years with introduction of contemporary irradiation strategies, adaptive RT approaches, automatic segmentation techniques, molecular imaging methods, stereotactic irradiation, along with modernized treatment delivery techniques such as Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT), Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART), Breathing Adapted Radiation Therapy (BART) [4-41].While the improvements in radiation oncology are encouraging, the toxicity profile of radiation delivery remains to be a concern for patients receiving RT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the setting of locally recurrent disease, it is more critical to consider adverse effects of reirradiation to avoid severe complications which may deteriorate quality of life and functionality.
{"title":"Treatment Volume Determination for Irradiation Ofrecurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Multimodality Imaging: An Original Article","authors":"O. Sager, F. Dinçoğlan, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602004","url":null,"abstract":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a frequent head and neck neoplasm which is endemic in Southern China [1-3]. Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma may benefit from multidisciplinary management including systemic agents and radiation therapy (RT). Since the role of surgery is typically limited for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment, RT constitutes an integral part of multimodality management. In the context of RT, there has been substantial progress in cancer management over the years with introduction of contemporary irradiation strategies, adaptive RT approaches, automatic segmentation techniques, molecular imaging methods, stereotactic irradiation, along with modernized treatment delivery techniques such as Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT), Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART), Breathing Adapted Radiation Therapy (BART) [4-41].While the improvements in radiation oncology are encouraging, the toxicity profile of radiation delivery remains to be a concern for patients receiving RT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the setting of locally recurrent disease, it is more critical to consider adverse effects of reirradiation to avoid severe complications which may deteriorate quality of life and functionality.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122562307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0402005
O. Parkash, R. Dhankhar, K. Dahiya, Manas Dubey, R. Atri, V. Kaushal
Head and neck cancer (HNC) including lip, oral cavity, nasopharynx, other pharynx and larynx is the 7 th most common cancer globally. The incidence wise male-female ratio for HNC is nearly 3.7: 1 in India and nearly 2.7:1 globally [1].An increase in incidence of HNC (squamous cell carcinoma) is observed with increase in age and usually presents after 40 years of age [2]. Most of the head and neck cancers are triggered by alcohol and tobacco, which together probably account for three-quarters of cases [3].Tobacco smoking is associated with increased risk for all of the more common forms of HNC, the risk among cigarette smokers may be ten or more times than that for non-smokers [4,5].
{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Mycobacterium w Vaccine Based Immunotherapy plus Concomitant Chemoradiation versus Concomitant Chemoradiation alone in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer","authors":"O. Parkash, R. Dhankhar, K. Dahiya, Manas Dubey, R. Atri, V. Kaushal","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0402005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0402005","url":null,"abstract":"Head and neck cancer (HNC) including lip, oral cavity, nasopharynx, other pharynx and larynx is the 7 th most common cancer globally. The incidence wise male-female ratio for HNC is nearly 3.7: 1 in India and nearly 2.7:1 globally [1].An increase in incidence of HNC (squamous cell carcinoma) is observed with increase in age and usually presents after 40 years of age [2]. Most of the head and neck cancers are triggered by alcohol and tobacco, which together probably account for three-quarters of cases [3].Tobacco smoking is associated with increased risk for all of the more common forms of HNC, the risk among cigarette smokers may be ten or more times than that for non-smokers [4,5].","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122439175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0602003
Article, FerratDincoglan, O. Sager, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu
Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor among group of mesenchymal malignancies as a whole, orbital RMS constitutes the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in the head and neck region in children [1-3]. Tissue of origin is the pluripotent mesenchyme, and the prognosis may be rather favorable, however, orbital embryonal RMS may pose a formidable challenge to the ocular oncologist in terms of diagnosis and management [1-3]. Affected patients may typically present with a rapidly enlarging mass frequuently localized in the upper inner quadrant. While pain is not a typical symptom, proptosis and diplopia may occur. Also, edema may result from invasion of the eyelid. Majority of orbital RMS are of the embryonal subtype occuring in the first decade of life. Treatments strategies for orbital embryonal RMS may include surgery, radiation therapy (RT), and chemotherapy. Satisfactory survival outcomes may be achieved for orbital embryonal RMS by use of these therapies, however, adverse effects of administered treatments are major concerns regarding management given the long life expectancy of affected patients. Within this context, improving the toxicity profile of treatment has been a critical aspect of management. In terms of RT, contemporary techniques and proton therapy have been utilized for improving the therapeutic ratio [4-7]. In this original article, we evaluated target definition for orbital embryonal RMS with multimodality imaging.
{"title":"Target Definitionoforbital Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Rms) by Multimodality Imaging: An Original Article","authors":"Article, FerratDincoglan, O. Sager, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602003","url":null,"abstract":"Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor among group of mesenchymal malignancies as a whole, orbital RMS constitutes the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in the head and neck region in children [1-3]. Tissue of origin is the pluripotent mesenchyme, and the prognosis may be rather favorable, however, orbital embryonal RMS may pose a formidable challenge to the ocular oncologist in terms of diagnosis and management [1-3]. Affected patients may typically present with a rapidly enlarging mass frequuently localized in the upper inner quadrant. While pain is not a typical symptom, proptosis and diplopia may occur. Also, edema may result from invasion of the eyelid. Majority of orbital RMS are of the embryonal subtype occuring in the first decade of life. Treatments strategies for orbital embryonal RMS may include surgery, radiation therapy (RT), and chemotherapy. Satisfactory survival outcomes may be achieved for orbital embryonal RMS by use of these therapies, however, adverse effects of administered treatments are major concerns regarding management given the long life expectancy of affected patients. Within this context, improving the toxicity profile of treatment has been a critical aspect of management. In terms of RT, contemporary techniques and proton therapy have been utilized for improving the therapeutic ratio [4-7]. In this original article, we evaluated target definition for orbital embryonal RMS with multimodality imaging.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134066566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0601002
R. Bell, A. Kirkwood, D. Hargrave, A. Michalski, H. Hyare, T. Jacques, S. Stoneham, Y., Chang, N. Fersht, M. Gaze, K. Phipps, A. Shankar
Low-grade gliomas [LGG] and in particular, pilocytic astrocytomas, are the most common of childhood tumours of the central nervous system [Bergthold et al 2014 [1], Gupta et al 2017 [2], Ryall et al 2017 [3]]. These are a mixed group of tumours with a World Heath Organization grading of I or II with a generally good outcome [Ryall, et.al, 2017 [3]. Leptomeningeal dissemination [spread via the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] pathways] is rare with reported incidence of around 5% at diagnosis to 10% at progression [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Dodgshun et al, 2016 [5], Yecies et al 2018 [6]] Hence, published data is limited on the incidence, natural history, patterns of dissemination or clinical outcome in both children and TYA with disseminated LGG [d-LGG]. While some reports suggest that children with d-LGG have an acceptable treatment outcome [Tsang et al 2017 [7], Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Bian et al 2013 [8], Perilongo et al 2003 [9], Hukin et al 2002], a few other published series depict a more dismal outlook [Von Hornstein et al 2011 [11], Rodriguez et al 2012 [12]]. As the natural history of the disease remains uncertain, it is unsurprising that there is also ambiguity with regard to the most effective treatment for children with d-LGG [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Gnekov et al 2004 [13], Akar et al 2000 [14]]. In this report, we seek to initiate a dialogue on how this group of patients can best be managed using retrospectively gathered information on treatment outcomes in thirty-six children and adolescents with disseminated disease treated at the London Cancer Paediatric and Adolescent Neuro-Oncology Service [University College and Great Ormond street Hospitals, North London Cancer Network] UK.
低级别胶质瘤(LGG)，尤其是毛细胞星形细胞瘤，是儿童时期最常见的中枢神经系统肿瘤[Bergthold et al 2014 [1]， Gupta et al 2017 [2]， Ryall et al 2017[3]]。这是一组混合肿瘤，世界卫生组织分级为I或II，总体预后良好[Ryall等，2017]。轻脑膜播散[通过脑脊液[CSF]途径传播]是罕见的，据报道，诊断时的发病率约为5%，进展时为10% [Chamidine等2016 [4]，Dodgshun等2016 [5]，Yecies等2018[6]]因此，已发表的数据仅限于儿童和TYA弥散性LGG [d-LGG]的发病率、自然病史、传播模式或临床结果。虽然一些报道表明d-LGG患儿的治疗结果可以接受[Tsang等人2017 [7]，Chamidine等人2016 [4]，Bian等人2013 [8]，Perilongo等人2003 [9]，Hukin等人2002]，但其他一些已发表的系列报道描绘了更为悲观的前景[Von Hornstein等人2011 [11]，Rodriguez等人2012[12]]。由于该疾病的自然史仍然不确定，因此对于d-LGG儿童最有效的治疗方法也存在模糊性[Chamidine等人2016 [4]，Gnekov等人2004 [13]，Akar等人2000[14]]。在本报告中，我们试图利用在英国伦敦癌症儿科和青少年神经肿瘤服务中心[大学学院和大奥蒙德街医院，北伦敦癌症网络]对36名患有播散性疾病的儿童和青少年进行回顾性收集的治疗结果信息，就如何最好地管理这组患者展开对话。
{"title":"Disseminated Low Grade Glioma in Children and Young Adults","authors":"R. Bell, A. Kirkwood, D. Hargrave, A. Michalski, H. Hyare, T. Jacques, S. Stoneham, Y., Chang, N. Fersht, M. Gaze, K. Phipps, A. Shankar","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0601002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0601002","url":null,"abstract":"Low-grade gliomas [LGG] and in particular, pilocytic astrocytomas, are the most common of childhood tumours of the central nervous system [Bergthold et al 2014 [1], Gupta et al 2017 [2], Ryall et al 2017 [3]]. These are a mixed group of tumours with a World Heath Organization grading of I or II with a generally good outcome [Ryall, et.al, 2017 [3]. Leptomeningeal dissemination [spread via the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] pathways] is rare with reported incidence of around 5% at diagnosis to 10% at progression [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Dodgshun et al, 2016 [5], Yecies et al 2018 [6]] Hence, published data is limited on the incidence, natural history, patterns of dissemination or clinical outcome in both children and TYA with disseminated LGG [d-LGG]. While some reports suggest that children with d-LGG have an acceptable treatment outcome [Tsang et al 2017 [7], Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Bian et al 2013 [8], Perilongo et al 2003 [9], Hukin et al 2002], a few other published series depict a more dismal outlook [Von Hornstein et al 2011 [11], Rodriguez et al 2012 [12]]. As the natural history of the disease remains uncertain, it is unsurprising that there is also ambiguity with regard to the most effective treatment for children with d-LGG [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Gnekov et al 2004 [13], Akar et al 2000 [14]]. In this report, we seek to initiate a dialogue on how this group of patients can best be managed using retrospectively gathered information on treatment outcomes in thirty-six children and adolescents with disseminated disease treated at the London Cancer Paediatric and Adolescent Neuro-Oncology Service [University College and Great Ormond street Hospitals, North London Cancer Network] UK.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0701001
S. Bushi, Artan Trebicka
Of the millions of new cases of cancer worldwide and deaths associated with cancer, a large number of them were breast and gynecological tumors (Molina R et al., 2005). Some tumor markers are fundamental to the workflow in diagnosis, control of therapy and the monitoring of advanced gynecological diseases (Sturgeon CM et al 2010). The biomarker should be absent in healthy people as well as in good conditions and it is released exclusively from specific tumor cells (Duffy MJ et al 2013). Tumor markers are soluble glycoproteins that are found in the blood, urine, or tissues of patients with certain types of cancer. They are typically produced by tumor cells, but in some cases they may be produced by the body in response to malignancy or to certain benign conditions. Tumor markers are not elevated in all cancer patients, particularly patients with early-stage cancer. The various tumor markers differ in their usefulness for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, assessing therapeutic response, and detecting recurrence. Normalization of tumor marker values may indicate cure despite radiographic evidence of persistent disease. In this situation, residual tumor is frequently nonviable. Sometimes, tumor marker values may rise after effective treatment (due to cell lysis), but the increase may not portend treatment failure. A consistent increase in a tumor marker value, combined with lack of clinical improvement, may indicate treatment failure. Residual elevation after definitive treatment usually indicates persistent disease. Many new tumor markers have been discovered since the development of monoclonal antibodies, and most tumor markers are now detected with them. No marker is completely specific. Therefore, diagnostic immunohistochemistry must be used in conjunction with morphologic and clinical findings. [2]Among asymptomatic persons, the biomarker should allow for the examination of early cancer or premalignant disease and in symptomatic patients the biomarker should help in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant disease. After diagnosis, an ideal biomarker should also be used to estimate the prognosis and predict the most appropriate treatment. For patients receiving systemic therapy, the level of expression should correlate with therapeutic response and tumor burden (Duffy MJ et al 2015). A biomarker should contribute to improving beneficial clinical outcomes such as increased overall survival (OS), progression-free disease survival (PFS) or Abstract: Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence over time. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to a progressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remain the primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerably increased providing great opportunities for imp
在全世界数以百万计的癌症新病例和与癌症有关的死亡中，大部分是乳腺癌和妇科肿瘤(Molina R et al.， 2005)。一些肿瘤标志物是晚期妇科疾病诊断、治疗控制和监测工作流程的基础(Sturgeon等，2010年)。该生物标志物在健康人群和良好条件下都不存在，并且只从特定的肿瘤细胞中释放(Duffy MJ et al . 2013)。肿瘤标志物是在某些类型癌症患者的血液、尿液或组织中发现的可溶性糖蛋白。它们通常是由肿瘤细胞产生的，但在某些情况下，它们可能是由身体对恶性肿瘤或某些良性疾病的反应产生的。并非所有癌症患者，特别是早期癌症患者的肿瘤标志物都升高。各种肿瘤标志物在筛查、诊断、预后、评估治疗反应和检测复发方面的作用各不相同。肿瘤标志物值的正常化可能表明治愈，尽管影像学证据表明疾病持续存在。在这种情况下，残余肿瘤通常是不能存活的。有时，肿瘤标志物在有效治疗后可能升高(由于细胞溶解)，但升高并不预示治疗失败。肿瘤标志物的持续升高，加上缺乏临床改善，可能表明治疗失败。最终治疗后的残余升高通常表明疾病持续存在。自单克隆抗体发展以来，人们发现了许多新的肿瘤标志物，目前大多数肿瘤标志物都是用单克隆抗体检测的。没有任何标记是完全特异的。因此，诊断性免疫组织化学必须结合形态学和临床结果。[2]在无症状患者中，生物标志物应允许检查早期癌症或癌前病变，在有症状患者中，生物标志物应有助于良恶性疾病的鉴别诊断。诊断后，还应使用理想的生物标志物来估计预后并预测最合适的治疗。对于接受全身治疗的患者，表达水平应与治疗反应和肿瘤负荷相关(Duffy MJ et al . 2015)。生物标志物应有助于改善有益的临床结果，如提高总生存期(OS)、无进展疾病生存期(PFS)或妇科肿瘤，包括子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌和卵巢癌，随着时间的推移发病率增加。筛查程序的广泛引入和诊断成像方法的进步导致妇科癌症检测的逐步增加。准确诊断和适当监测疾病仍然是成功治疗的首要目标。在过去的几年里，关于癌症生物标志物的知识大大增加，为改善癌症的检测和治疗提供了巨大的机会。此外，在过去几年中，成像技术有了重要的发展。目前，包括血清肿瘤生物标志物与影像技术的评估在内的多模式方法似乎是评估女性癌症患者肿瘤存在、扩散、复发和/或治疗反应的最佳策略。本文综述了生物标志物与新型影像方法的应用，并强调了它们在女性癌症诊断和随访中的作用。
{"title":"The Role of Tumor Markers for Evaluation the Course of Chemotherapy","authors":"S. Bushi, Artan Trebicka","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0701001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0701001","url":null,"abstract":"Of the millions of new cases of cancer worldwide and deaths associated with cancer, a large number of them were breast and gynecological tumors (Molina R et al., 2005). Some tumor markers are fundamental to the workflow in diagnosis, control of therapy and the monitoring of advanced gynecological diseases (Sturgeon CM et al 2010). The biomarker should be absent in healthy people as well as in good conditions and it is released exclusively from specific tumor cells (Duffy MJ et al 2013). Tumor markers are soluble glycoproteins that are found in the blood, urine, or tissues of patients with certain types of cancer. They are typically produced by tumor cells, but in some cases they may be produced by the body in response to malignancy or to certain benign conditions. Tumor markers are not elevated in all cancer patients, particularly patients with early-stage cancer. The various tumor markers differ in their usefulness for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, assessing therapeutic response, and detecting recurrence. Normalization of tumor marker values may indicate cure despite radiographic evidence of persistent disease. In this situation, residual tumor is frequently nonviable. Sometimes, tumor marker values may rise after effective treatment (due to cell lysis), but the increase may not portend treatment failure. A consistent increase in a tumor marker value, combined with lack of clinical improvement, may indicate treatment failure. Residual elevation after definitive treatment usually indicates persistent disease. Many new tumor markers have been discovered since the development of monoclonal antibodies, and most tumor markers are now detected with them. No marker is completely specific. Therefore, diagnostic immunohistochemistry must be used in conjunction with morphologic and clinical findings. [2]Among asymptomatic persons, the biomarker should allow for the examination of early cancer or premalignant disease and in symptomatic patients the biomarker should help in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant disease. After diagnosis, an ideal biomarker should also be used to estimate the prognosis and predict the most appropriate treatment. For patients receiving systemic therapy, the level of expression should correlate with therapeutic response and tumor burden (Duffy MJ et al 2015). A biomarker should contribute to improving beneficial clinical outcomes such as increased overall survival (OS), progression-free disease survival (PFS) or Abstract: Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence over time. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to a progressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remain the primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerably increased providing great opportunities for imp","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127610555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0601003
{"title":"Evaluation of Target Volume Determination for Irradiation of Pilocytic Astrocytomas: An Original Article","authors":"","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0601003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0601003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115330414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.20431/2455-6009.0402006
Gholamreza Jahanshahi, A. Talebi, Soheila Derisavy
Within the past 10 years, the application of saliva as a diagnostic tool has gained considerable attention and well-accepted method. As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers superiority over serum due to both noninvasive collection methods and a cost-effective approach for screening of large populations. In addition, collection of saliva offers a reduced risk of infection compared to the serum sampling (1). Early detection of disease plays a significant role in successful treatment. In most cases of various diseases, early diagnosis leads to a greater survival rate with a reduced chance of the disease recurrence. Successful monitoring of a disease, especially in its early stage, may also reduce any severe impacts on a patient’s health or help to prevent and/or delay succeeding complications. Following disease progression, and monitor post-treatment therapeutic effect through a noninvasive method is one of the primary objectives in the field of healthcare research. Saliva, a multi-constituent oral fluid that can be collected through noninvasive methods, has considerable potential Abstract
{"title":"The Sensitivity and Specificity of Saliva Biomarker MMP-9 for Detection Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)","authors":"Gholamreza Jahanshahi, A. Talebi, Soheila Derisavy","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0402006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0402006","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past 10 years, the application of saliva as a diagnostic tool has gained considerable attention and well-accepted method. As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers superiority over serum due to both noninvasive collection methods and a cost-effective approach for screening of large populations. In addition, collection of saliva offers a reduced risk of infection compared to the serum sampling (1). Early detection of disease plays a significant role in successful treatment. In most cases of various diseases, early diagnosis leads to a greater survival rate with a reduced chance of the disease recurrence. Successful monitoring of a disease, especially in its early stage, may also reduce any severe impacts on a patient’s health or help to prevent and/or delay succeeding complications. Following disease progression, and monitor post-treatment therapeutic effect through a noninvasive method is one of the primary objectives in the field of healthcare research. Saliva, a multi-constituent oral fluid that can be collected through noninvasive methods, has considerable potential Abstract","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125890877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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