Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8618
HA DrAdekola, DI Fallatah, OA Oyesanya, AT Amusan, IB Onajobi, OJ Samson, OD Popoola, HO Egberongbe
This study investigated serological evidence for Zika, hepatitis B and rubella virus infection in 92 pregnant women attending a south-west based Nigerian tertiary care centre from January to May 2023. Of the 92 samples, 31 (33.7%), 14 (15.2%), and 90 (97.8%) exhibited seropositivity for Zika, hepatitis B, and rubella virus respectively. Cases of co-positives were also reported, with 28.3% seropositive for both Zika and rubella virus, 10.9% for hepatitis B and rubella virus, and 4.3% for all three viruses. The findings of this study underscore that a considerable portion of participants are susceptible to Zika and hepatitis B virus. Conversely, the majority of the participants appeared to be protected against rubella virus. This study strongly advocates initiation of public awareness campaigns and formulation of vaccination policies targeting women of reproductive age. Such measures are crucial for countering viral infections which could harm the developing foetus and give rise to pregnancy-related complications.
{"title":"Serologic evidence of Zika virus, hepatitis B virus and rubella virus in pregnant women attending a south-west based Nigerian tertiary care centre An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based study","authors":"HA DrAdekola, DI Fallatah, OA Oyesanya, AT Amusan, IB Onajobi, OJ Samson, OD Popoola, HO Egberongbe","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8618","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated serological evidence for Zika, hepatitis B and rubella virus infection in 92 pregnant women attending a south-west based Nigerian tertiary care centre from January to May 2023. Of the 92 samples, 31 (33.7%), 14 (15.2%), and 90 (97.8%) exhibited seropositivity for Zika, hepatitis B, and rubella virus respectively. Cases of co-positives were also reported, with 28.3% seropositive for both Zika and rubella virus, 10.9% for hepatitis B and rubella virus, and 4.3% for all three viruses. The findings of this study underscore that a considerable portion of participants are susceptible to Zika and hepatitis B virus. Conversely, the majority of the participants appeared to be protected against rubella virus. This study strongly advocates initiation of public awareness campaigns and formulation of vaccination policies targeting women of reproductive age. Such measures are crucial for countering viral infections which could harm the developing foetus and give rise to pregnancy-related complications.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8661
Dr Dolan Champa, Modak, DC Modak, SK Guha, D. Majumdar
Literature published between December 2019 and March 2021 suggested that India had contributed to approximately 71% of the total global cases of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to analyse the clinical patterns and evaluate treatment outcomes at twelve months of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) diagnosed during the Covid -19 pandemic second wave.A prospective observational study was carried out at the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata between April 2021 and May 2021. Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B injection (10 mg/kg/day for 42 days in patients with cerebral involvement and 5mg/kg/day for 21 days in patients with non-cerebral involvement) was initiated followed by oral posaconazole (300 mg twice on the first day, followed by 300 mg daily for 6–12 months) (as per ICMR guidelines). Diabetes and other co-morbidities were adequately optimised.Seventeen patients were admitted with symptoms of ROCM with males outnumbering females. Four patients (23.5%) with extensive cerebral involvement died within the first week of initiation of treatment. Three (17.6%) patients had diabetic ketoacidosis. The survival rate of overall ROCM was 76.5%.The study shows that timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduces the mortality of ROCM except in cerebral involvement, where the outcome was guarded despite aggressive treatment. Six-month treatment was inadequate in most of the cases, and multiple surgical interventions along with antifungals accelerated the recovery.
{"title":"Clinical characteristics and analysis of treatment outcome at one year of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis cases during the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic (2nd wave); experiences from a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India","authors":"Dr Dolan Champa, Modak, DC Modak, SK Guha, D. Majumdar","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8661","url":null,"abstract":"Literature published between December 2019 and March 2021 suggested that India had contributed to approximately 71% of the total global cases of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to analyse the clinical patterns and evaluate treatment outcomes at twelve months of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) diagnosed during the Covid -19 pandemic second wave.A prospective observational study was carried out at the School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata between April 2021 and May 2021. Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B injection (10 mg/kg/day for 42 days in patients with cerebral involvement and 5mg/kg/day for 21 days in patients with non-cerebral involvement) was initiated followed by oral posaconazole (300 mg twice on the first day, followed by 300 mg daily for 6–12 months) (as per ICMR guidelines). Diabetes and other co-morbidities were adequately optimised.Seventeen patients were admitted with symptoms of ROCM with males outnumbering females. Four patients (23.5%) with extensive cerebral involvement died within the first week of initiation of treatment. Three (17.6%) patients had diabetic ketoacidosis. The survival rate of overall ROCM was 76.5%.The study shows that timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment reduces the mortality of ROCM except in cerebral involvement, where the outcome was guarded despite aggressive treatment. Six-month treatment was inadequate in most of the cases, and multiple surgical interventions along with antifungals accelerated the recovery.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8681
C. N. Badanasinghe
Antibiotics are implicated as one of the most common medications to cause allergic reactions. Further, they account for the highest number of deaths due to drug induced anaphylaxis. Yet, antibiotic allergies are over-reported and most often, patients with a self-reported or recorded antibiotic allergy are not truly allergic when clinically evaluated, tested, and re-challenged. These antibiotic allergy “mislabels” can have devastating consequences on public health as they may result in displacement of the first-line treatment options with increased use of restricted, broad spectrum antibiotics leading to emergence of antibiotic resistance and significantly higher healthcare cost. Owing to the public health implications of inaccurate antibiotic allergy labels, this review aims to include a contextual account on classification, presentation and mechanisms of antibiotic allergy and a practical approach for investigation and management in the attempt to avoid mislabelling, misinterpretation of investigations and mismanagement of patients with antibiotic allergy.
{"title":"Antibiotic allergy: Mislabels, Misinterpretation and Mismanagement","authors":"C. N. Badanasinghe","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i2.8681","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are implicated as one of the most common medications to cause allergic reactions. Further, they account for the highest number of deaths due to drug induced anaphylaxis. Yet, antibiotic allergies are over-reported and most often, patients with a self-reported or recorded antibiotic allergy are not truly allergic when clinically evaluated, tested, and re-challenged. These antibiotic allergy “mislabels” can have devastating consequences on public health as they may result in displacement of the first-line treatment options with increased use of restricted, broad spectrum antibiotics leading to emergence of antibiotic resistance and significantly higher healthcare cost. Owing to the public health implications of inaccurate antibiotic allergy labels, this review aims to include a contextual account on classification, presentation and mechanisms of antibiotic allergy and a practical approach for investigation and management in the attempt to avoid mislabelling, misinterpretation of investigations and mismanagement of patients with antibiotic allergy.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8598
Dr N.P. Senanayake, FS Hiflan, H. Abeygoonawardena, RA Karawgoda, NS Chandrasiri, A. Balasuriya
Introduction: Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) developed soon after the introduction of methicillin. These bacteria have shown resistance to multiple drugs and therefore vancomycin became the antibiotic of choice for treatment of MRSA infections. Vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This study aimed to compare broth microdilution (BMD) and E-test in determining vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against MRSA.Methods: A total of 30 clinical isolates of MRSA were acquired from Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. These MRSA strains were identified by cefoxitin disk diffusion and the vancomycin MIC was determined through BMD and E-test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to test if the samples originated from the same distribution with post hoc determination of the correlation between methods using the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: All 30 MRSA isolates were 100% vancomycin susceptible (≤2 μg/mL) irrespective of methodology, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) established breakpoints. However, the E-test MIC values were 1 to 2 dilutions higher than those of BMD. A statistically significant difference between vancomycin MICs of BMD and E-test (p = <0.00001) was calculated which indicated a difference in accuracy.Conclusion: Due to cost, convenience, and the ability to detect vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), exploring the possibility of using E-test as an alternative to BMD is worthwhile.
导言：与医疗保健相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是在甲氧西林问世后不久出现的。这些细菌对多种药物产生耐药性，因此万古霉素成为治疗 MRSA 感染的首选抗生素。万古霉素是一种杀菌抗生素，通过抑制细菌细胞壁的合成发挥作用。本研究旨在比较肉汤微量稀释法（BMD）和电子测试法在确定万古霉素对 MRSA 的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）方面的作用：方法：从斯里兰卡科伦坡南部教学医院共获得 30 株 MRSA 临床分离株。这些 MRSA 菌株通过头孢西丁盘扩散法进行鉴定，并通过 BMD 和 E 测试确定万古霉素 MIC。采用 Kruskal-Wallis 检验法检测样本是否来自同一分布区，并采用 Mann-Whitney U 检验法对不同方法之间的相关性进行事后测定：结果：根据临床与实验室标准协会（CLSI）确定的断点，无论采用哪种方法，所有30株MRSA分离株都对万古霉素100%敏感（≤2 μg/mL）。不过，E-测试的 MIC 值比 BMD 的 MIC 值高 1 到 2 个稀释倍数。经计算，BMD 和 E-test 的万古霉素 MIC 值差异有统计学意义（p = <0.00001），这表明两者的准确性存在差异：由于成本低、方便且能检测万古霉素中间型金黄色葡萄球菌 (VISA)，因此值得探索使用 E-test 替代 BMD 的可能性。
{"title":"Comparison of broth microdilution and E-test for susceptibility of MRSA to vancomycin","authors":"Dr N.P. Senanayake, FS Hiflan, H. Abeygoonawardena, RA Karawgoda, NS Chandrasiri, A. Balasuriya","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8598","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) developed soon after the introduction of methicillin. These bacteria have shown resistance to multiple drugs and therefore vancomycin became the antibiotic of choice for treatment of MRSA infections. Vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This study aimed to compare broth microdilution (BMD) and E-test in determining vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against MRSA.Methods: A total of 30 clinical isolates of MRSA were acquired from Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. These MRSA strains were identified by cefoxitin disk diffusion and the vancomycin MIC was determined through BMD and E-test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to test if the samples originated from the same distribution with post hoc determination of the correlation between methods using the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: All 30 MRSA isolates were 100% vancomycin susceptible (≤2 μg/mL) irrespective of methodology, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) established breakpoints. However, the E-test MIC values were 1 to 2 dilutions higher than those of BMD. A statistically significant difference between vancomycin MICs of BMD and E-test (p = <0.00001) was calculated which indicated a difference in accuracy.Conclusion: Due to cost, convenience, and the ability to detect vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), exploring the possibility of using E-test as an alternative to BMD is worthwhile.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"141 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8584
S. H. Jayathilaka, A. H. Jayatissa, S. N. Chandrasiri, K. Jayatilleke, J. Kottahachchi
Introduction: Enterobacterales is a large family of Gram-negative bacilli including many pathogens. Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) have emerged as a global threat. This study was conducted to detect carbapenemase production by Enterobacterales isolates from clinical specimens and to correlate the occurrence of CPE with age, gender, and duration of hospital stay of the patients included in the study.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using 120 consecutive, non-repetitive clinical isolates identified as Enterobacterales by the microbiology laboratories of Colombo South Teaching Hospital and Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital. The demographic data of the patients was gathered and used to analyse the correlation with CPE occurrence. All isolates were identified up to species level using API 20E kits. Screening for detection of carbapenemase was carried out using meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem disks. The Modified Hodge Test (MHT), which is one of the suggested procedures to determine carbapenemase production, was performed to identify carbapenemase producing isolates.Results: Of the120 isolates, 14 (11.7%) were resistant to at least one of the carbapenems tested. MHT detected carbapenemase production in ten (8.3%) isolates. The majority of these isolates were Klebsiella sp. (6; 60.0%). Of carbapenemase producing isolates, six were from urine specimens (60%). Eight (80.0%) of the CPE harbouring patients were males and eight (80.0%) were aged above 50 years. The mean duration of hospital stay of the patients was 7.2 days (±SD 5.65days).Conclusion: The proportion of CPE was 8.3% according to this study and emphasises the importance of conducting more studies on the prevalence of CPE in Sri Lanka.
导言：肠杆菌科是一个庞大的革兰氏阴性杆菌家族，包括许多病原体。产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌（CPE）已成为一种全球性威胁。本研究旨在检测从临床标本中分离出的肠杆菌产生碳青霉烯酶的情况，并将 CPE 的发生与研究对象的年龄、性别和住院时间相关联：科伦坡南方教学医院（Colombo South Teaching Hospital）和斯里贾耶瓦德纳普拉综合医院（Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital）微生物实验室对 120 例连续、非重复的临床分离物进行了描述性横断面研究。收集的患者人口统计学数据用于分析 CPE 发生的相关性。所有分离菌株均使用 API 20E 试剂盒进行鉴定，直至确定菌种。使用美罗培南、亚胺培南和厄他培南药片进行碳青霉烯酶的筛查。改良霍奇试验（MHT）是确定碳青霉烯酶产量的建议程序之一，该试验用于鉴定碳青霉烯酶产量分离物：结果：在 120 个分离株中，有 14 个（11.7%）对至少一种碳青霉烯类耐药。在 10 个（8.3%）分离株中，MHT 检测到碳青霉烯酶的产生。这些分离菌大多是克雷伯氏菌（6；60.0%）。在产生碳青霉烯酶的分离物中，6 个来自尿液标本（60%）。八名（80.0%）携带 CPE 的患者为男性，八名（80.0%）年龄在 50 岁以上。患者的平均住院时间为 7.2 天（±SD 5.65 天）：结论：根据这项研究，CPE 的比例为 8.3%，强调了在斯里兰卡开展更多 CPE 患病率研究的重要性。
{"title":"Detection of carbapenemase producing enterobacterales using the Modified Hodge Test from clinical isolates in Colombo South Teaching Hospital and Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka in 2017","authors":"S. H. Jayathilaka, A. H. Jayatissa, S. N. Chandrasiri, K. Jayatilleke, J. Kottahachchi","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8584","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Enterobacterales is a large family of Gram-negative bacilli including many pathogens. Carbapenemase producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) have emerged as a global threat. This study was conducted to detect carbapenemase production by Enterobacterales isolates from clinical specimens and to correlate the occurrence of CPE with age, gender, and duration of hospital stay of the patients included in the study.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using 120 consecutive, non-repetitive clinical isolates identified as Enterobacterales by the microbiology laboratories of Colombo South Teaching Hospital and Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital. The demographic data of the patients was gathered and used to analyse the correlation with CPE occurrence. All isolates were identified up to species level using API 20E kits. Screening for detection of carbapenemase was carried out using meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem disks. The Modified Hodge Test (MHT), which is one of the suggested procedures to determine carbapenemase production, was performed to identify carbapenemase producing isolates.Results: Of the120 isolates, 14 (11.7%) were resistant to at least one of the carbapenems tested. MHT detected carbapenemase production in ten (8.3%) isolates. The majority of these isolates were Klebsiella sp. (6; 60.0%). Of carbapenemase producing isolates, six were from urine specimens (60%). Eight (80.0%) of the CPE harbouring patients were males and eight (80.0%) were aged above 50 years. The mean duration of hospital stay of the patients was 7.2 days (±SD 5.65days).Conclusion: The proportion of CPE was 8.3% according to this study and emphasises the importance of conducting more studies on the prevalence of CPE in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"114 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140758734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8602
Dr SR Siriwardana, C. Piyabani
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in community and hospital settings. Infections of the urinary system can range from pyelonephritis to urethritis. Acute renal infections encompass entities such as acute pyelonephritis, acute focal bacterial nephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, and pyonephrosis, while xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition that affects the kidneys.The diagnosis of UTIs predominantly relies on clinical assessment and confirmation through abnormal laboratory results. Routine medical imaging is therefore typically reserved for complicated cases, aiming to identify contributing factors such as renal calculi, determine the type of infection, and evaluate the extent of the infection and its associated complications. Furthermore, imaging has become crucial for radiologists during interventional procedures in treating pyonephrosis and renal abscesses. Traditional imaging tools, like abdominal X-rays, are vital for identifying renal calculi and gas shadows in emphysematous pyelonephritis, while ultrasonography emerges as an excellent modality for assessing urinary infections in emergency scenarios, pregnancy, and paediatric cases. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the imaging method of choice in the most complex situations, allowing for precise assessment of the disease burden. Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences yield promising results in specific scenarios such as pregnancy and paediatric subjects where minimising radiation exposure is a concern. This review focuses on elucidating the essential radiological modalities and their distinctive features in the context of renal infections, offering valuable guidance to microbiologists and physicians.
尿路感染（UTI）是社区和医院环境中最常见的细菌感染之一。泌尿系统感染包括肾盂肾炎和尿道炎。急性肾脏感染包括急性肾盂肾炎、急性局灶性细菌性肾炎、肾和肾周脓肿、气肿性肾盂肾炎和肾盂积水，而黄疽性肾盂肾炎是一种影响肾脏的慢性肉芽肿性炎症。因此，常规医学影像检查通常用于复杂病例，目的是确定肾结石等诱发因素、确定感染类型、评估感染程度及其相关并发症。此外，在治疗肾盂积水和肾脓肿的介入手术中，影像学检查对放射科医生来说也至关重要。传统的成像工具，如腹部 X 光片，对于鉴别气肿性肾盂肾炎的肾结石和气体阴影至关重要，而超声波检查则是评估急诊、妊娠和儿科病例中泌尿系统感染的绝佳方式。对比度增强计算机断层扫描（CECT）或非对比度计算机断层扫描（NCCT）是最复杂情况下的首选成像方法，可精确评估疾病负担。目前的磁共振成像（MRI）序列在特定情况下（如妊娠和儿科受试者）产生了很好的效果，因为在这些情况下，最大限度地减少辐射暴露是一个值得关注的问题。本综述重点阐明了肾脏感染的基本放射学模式及其独特之处，为微生物学家和医生提供了宝贵的指导。
{"title":"Role of Imaging in Renal Infections: A Narrative Review","authors":"Dr SR Siriwardana, C. Piyabani","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8602","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in community and hospital settings. Infections of the urinary system can range from pyelonephritis to urethritis. Acute renal infections encompass entities such as acute pyelonephritis, acute focal bacterial nephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, and pyonephrosis, while xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition that affects the kidneys.The diagnosis of UTIs predominantly relies on clinical assessment and confirmation through abnormal laboratory results. Routine medical imaging is therefore typically reserved for complicated cases, aiming to identify contributing factors such as renal calculi, determine the type of infection, and evaluate the extent of the infection and its associated complications. Furthermore, imaging has become crucial for radiologists during interventional procedures in treating pyonephrosis and renal abscesses. Traditional imaging tools, like abdominal X-rays, are vital for identifying renal calculi and gas shadows in emphysematous pyelonephritis, while ultrasonography emerges as an excellent modality for assessing urinary infections in emergency scenarios, pregnancy, and paediatric cases. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the imaging method of choice in the most complex situations, allowing for precise assessment of the disease burden. Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences yield promising results in specific scenarios such as pregnancy and paediatric subjects where minimising radiation exposure is a concern. This review focuses on elucidating the essential radiological modalities and their distinctive features in the context of renal infections, offering valuable guidance to microbiologists and physicians.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140418391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8615
Dr Stephen Pradeep Moses, Tr Chinniah
The occurrence of extra-intestinal Salmonella neck infections is uncommon, especially with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). We report a case of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection of a thyroglossal cyst in a 78-year-old diabetic woman admitted with gastroenteritis along with a neck swelling. The ultrasound revealed a thyroglossal cyst and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done. Culture of the aspirate grew Salmonella species enterica subspecies enterica serogroup C. The patient was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 10 days on discharge. She was readmitted two months later with an increasing neck mass and FNAC was repeated. Culture of the aspirate grew Salmonella species enterica subspecies enterica serogroup C. She was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 5 days on discharge. Extra-intestinal infections, though uncommon, should be considered among immune-compromised patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms caused by Salmonella species.
{"title":"Recurrent Non Typhoidal Salmonella Infection of the Thyroglossal Duct Cyst in a Diabetic Patient - A Case Report","authors":"Dr Stephen Pradeep Moses, Tr Chinniah","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8615","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of extra-intestinal Salmonella neck infections is uncommon, especially with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). We report a case of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection of a thyroglossal cyst in a 78-year-old diabetic woman admitted with gastroenteritis along with a neck swelling. The ultrasound revealed a thyroglossal cyst and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done. Culture of the aspirate grew Salmonella species enterica subspecies enterica serogroup C. The patient was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 10 days on discharge. She was readmitted two months later with an increasing neck mass and FNAC was repeated. Culture of the aspirate grew Salmonella species enterica subspecies enterica serogroup C. She was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for 5 days on discharge. Extra-intestinal infections, though uncommon, should be considered among immune-compromised patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms caused by Salmonella species.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"113 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140422415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8607
D. R. Rangaswamy, N. Kamble, K. Kavatagi
Neonatal meningitis caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis, is an exceedingly rare occurrence, with only one documented case in the paediatric population as of 2019. Typically associated with nosocomial infections, we report a unique case of community-acquired S. paucimobilis meningitis in a neonate. A 25-day-old female neonate presented with poor feeding, lethargy, fever, and a maculopapular rash. A diagnostic workup revealed features suggestive of meningitis, with cerebrospinal fluid analysis confirming the presence of S. paucimobilis. The neonate responded positively to antibiotic therapy and recovered without complications.
{"title":"Sphingomonas paucimobilis Meningitis in a Neonate First Case Report","authors":"D. R. Rangaswamy, N. Kamble, K. Kavatagi","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v14i1.8607","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal meningitis caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis, is an exceedingly rare occurrence, with only one documented case in the paediatric population as of 2019. Typically associated with nosocomial infections, we report a unique case of community-acquired S. paucimobilis meningitis in a neonate. A 25-day-old female neonate presented with poor feeding, lethargy, fever, and a maculopapular rash. A diagnostic workup revealed features suggestive of meningitis, with cerebrospinal fluid analysis confirming the presence of S. paucimobilis. The neonate responded positively to antibiotic therapy and recovered without complications.","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"133 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8652
G. Samaraweera, M. Perera, P. Opanayake, N. Wageesha, N. De Silva, P. Perera
NA
NA
{"title":"A preliminary study on antibacterial activity of common antiseptic and herbal soaps in Sri Lanka against Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"G. Samaraweera, M. Perera, P. Opanayake, N. Wageesha, N. De Silva, P. Perera","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8652","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>NA</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"85 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138957782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8635
Prof. Jananie Kottahachchi, G. Dilrukshi, J. Kottahachchi, Dmbt Dissanayake, C. Surige, W. Suranimala, W. Perera, K. Kapuwalla, Ssn Fernando
NA
NA
{"title":"Serotypes distribution and virulence factors of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Western Province of Sri Lanka","authors":"Prof. Jananie Kottahachchi, G. Dilrukshi, J. Kottahachchi, Dmbt Dissanayake, C. Surige, W. Suranimala, W. Perera, K. Kapuwalla, Ssn Fernando","doi":"10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v13i5.8635","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>NA</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":32303,"journal":{"name":"Sri Lankan Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"19 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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