This study investigates the mutual thermal interactions between buildings and the microclimate within urban area centers. Buildings are the primary energy consumers in cities and one of the main causes of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) formation. In this paper, a flexible simulation environment is developed and used to model the mutual thermal interactions between building energy systems and their urban surroundings in Phoenix, AZ, characterized by its hot climate. The impacts of various operating strategies for both commercial and residential buildings are assessed on both UHI effects and energy consumption. Specifically, the study evaluates the impacts of indoor temperature settings, precooling strategies, and air infiltration/exfiltration rates. It has been found that heat rejected by air conditioning systems significantly impacts UHI formation in urban centers located in hot climates. Specifically, commercial buildings were found to cause more UHI effects than residential buildings due to higher cooling loads. The impacts of heat rejected from HVAC systems are found to be more dominant than that from air exfiltration on the microclimate of urban centers. For urban center made-up of commercial buildings with a street aspect ratio of 2, heat from air exfiltration is estimated to be as low as 10% of the heat rejected by HVAC systems.
{"title":"Impact of Building Design and Operating Strategies on Urban Heat Island Effects Part II: Sensitivity Analysis","authors":"B. Ameer, M. Krarti","doi":"10.1115/1.4066200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the mutual thermal interactions between buildings and the microclimate within urban area centers. Buildings are the primary energy consumers in cities and one of the main causes of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) formation. In this paper, a flexible simulation environment is developed and used to model the mutual thermal interactions between building energy systems and their urban surroundings in Phoenix, AZ, characterized by its hot climate. The impacts of various operating strategies for both commercial and residential buildings are assessed on both UHI effects and energy consumption. Specifically, the study evaluates the impacts of indoor temperature settings, precooling strategies, and air infiltration/exfiltration rates. It has been found that heat rejected by air conditioning systems significantly impacts UHI formation in urban centers located in hot climates. Specifically, commercial buildings were found to cause more UHI effects than residential buildings due to higher cooling loads. The impacts of heat rejected from HVAC systems are found to be more dominant than that from air exfiltration on the microclimate of urban centers. For urban center made-up of commercial buildings with a street aspect ratio of 2, heat from air exfiltration is estimated to be as low as 10% of the heat rejected by HVAC systems.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"33 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste heat recovered from a refrigeration machine is associated with the double benefit of generating cold and heat with just one unit. Additional energy is required in most cases to achieve these benefits. To evaluate the efficiency of waste heat recovery, two novel efficiency indicators are described. The Overhead-COP describes additional electrical power required to raise the temperature to make waste heat useable. The Coefficient of Savings describes power reduction when condenser heat is fed into a cold district heating network instead of exhausting it to high temperature outside air. Results are reported from a case study in a food logistic center with high cooling demand in Isny, Germany. Waste heat at this facility was previously released unused to outside air. We describe how this waste heat can be used to supply sustainable heat supply to a new residential area. During the design phase, it is difficult to choose the best operating temperature for district heating networks (DHN). The novel indicators are used to value the effort to make waste heat useable. Whereas a sup-ply temperature of 20 °C has no disadvantages for the operator, a supply temperature of 40 °C is associated with an increase in electricity consumption. Resulting OCOPs are above 5.0 even under unfavourable conditions and exceed the theoretically calculated [1,2] and measured [3] COPs for air-sourced heat pumps. Although using waste heat is not free, it is beneficial when overall efficiency is considered.
从制冷机中回收的废热具有双重优势，即只需一台设备即可产生冷量和热量。在大多数情况下，需要额外的能源才能实现这些优势。为了评估余热回收的效率，介绍了两种新的效率指标。溢流系数（Overhead-COP）描述了提高温度使废热可用所需的额外电能。节约系数描述了将冷凝器热量送入冷区供热网络而不是将其排入高温室外空气时所减少的功率。本文报告了在德国伊斯尼一个制冷需求量很大的食品物流中心进行的案例研究结果。该设施的余热之前一直未使用，而是排放到室外空气中。我们介绍了如何利用这些余热为一个新住宅区提供可持续的供热。在设计阶段，很难选择区域供热网络（DHN）的最佳运行温度。新颖的指标可用于评估为利用废热所做的努力。20 °C 的上层温度对运营商没有任何不利影响，而 40 °C 的供热温度则会增加耗电量。即使在不利条件下，所产生的 OCOP 也高于 5.0，超过了空气源热泵理论计算 [1,2] 和实测 [3] 的 COP。虽然使用废热不是免费的，但考虑到整体效率，使用废热是有益的。
{"title":"A PROPOSED METHOD AND CASE STUDY OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN AN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION","authors":"Nikolaus Wechs, Alexander Floss, Dale K. Tiller","doi":"10.1115/1.4066067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066067","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Waste heat recovered from a refrigeration machine is associated with the double benefit of generating cold and heat with just one unit. Additional energy is required in most cases to achieve these benefits. To evaluate the efficiency of waste heat recovery, two novel efficiency indicators are described. The Overhead-COP describes additional electrical power required to raise the temperature to make waste heat useable. The Coefficient of Savings describes power reduction when condenser heat is fed into a cold district heating network instead of exhausting it to high temperature outside air. Results are reported from a case study in a food logistic center with high cooling demand in Isny, Germany. Waste heat at this facility was previously released unused to outside air. We describe how this waste heat can be used to supply sustainable heat supply to a new residential area. During the design phase, it is difficult to choose the best operating temperature for district heating networks (DHN). The novel indicators are used to value the effort to make waste heat useable. Whereas a sup-ply temperature of 20 °C has no disadvantages for the operator, a supply temperature of 40 °C is associated with an increase in electricity consumption. Resulting OCOPs are above 5.0 even under unfavourable conditions and exceed the theoretically calculated [1,2] and measured [3] COPs for air-sourced heat pumps. Although using waste heat is not free, it is beneficial when overall efficiency is considered.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Lüchinger, Núria Duran Adroher, Heimo Walter, Jörg Worlitschek, P. Schuetz
Thermal energy storage (TES) plays a pivotal role in integrating renewable energy. Nevertheless, there are major challenges in the diffusion of TES such as selection of the optimum system size, system integration, and optimization. A key target for using TES is to increase the thermal self-sufficiency of a building or an entire district. Thermal self-sufficiency, unlike total energy self-sufficiency, concerns heating exclusively. Thus, thermal self-sufficiency measures the ability of a system to meet its heating demand from local renewable energy sources. Thermal self-sufficiency is an important metric for practitioners and researchers in the design, optimization, and evaluation of energy systems, especially when considering TES. Unfortunately, no comprehensive method exists in literature for determining thermal self-sufficiency with TES. Energy profiles and simulations are required to determine thermal self-sufficiency. This article aims to close this gap and presents a new method for evaluating thermal self-sufficiency for a building with a TES. Using this approach, the upper and lower limits of the building thermal self-sufficiency are derived for various heat storage capacities and annual heat demands, demonstrating the impact of a TES on the system. In addition, the approach is largely technology agnostic. The new approach helps to quantify the effects of integrating TES on the share of renewable energies and the degree of self-sufficiency that can be achieved, thereby supporting the design of efficient heating/energy systems.
{"title":"AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE THERMAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE","authors":"Richard Lüchinger, Núria Duran Adroher, Heimo Walter, Jörg Worlitschek, P. Schuetz","doi":"10.1115/1.4066068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thermal energy storage (TES) plays a pivotal role in integrating renewable energy. Nevertheless, there are major challenges in the diffusion of TES such as selection of the optimum system size, system integration, and optimization. A key target for using TES is to increase the thermal self-sufficiency of a building or an entire district. Thermal self-sufficiency, unlike total energy self-sufficiency, concerns heating exclusively. Thus, thermal self-sufficiency measures the ability of a system to meet its heating demand from local renewable energy sources. Thermal self-sufficiency is an important metric for practitioners and researchers in the design, optimization, and evaluation of energy systems, especially when considering TES. Unfortunately, no comprehensive method exists in literature for determining thermal self-sufficiency with TES. Energy profiles and simulations are required to determine thermal self-sufficiency. This article aims to close this gap and presents a new method for evaluating thermal self-sufficiency for a building with a TES. Using this approach, the upper and lower limits of the building thermal self-sufficiency are derived for various heat storage capacities and annual heat demands, demonstrating the impact of a TES on the system. In addition, the approach is largely technology agnostic. The new approach helps to quantify the effects of integrating TES on the share of renewable energies and the degree of self-sufficiency that can be achieved, thereby supporting the design of efficient heating/energy systems.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"38 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajay Kumar Sharma, Patrick E. Phelan, N. Neithalath, Divya Chopra, Zhiyong Zhu
High albedo roof coatings are designed with the specific aim of reflecting a greater proportion of solar radiation compared to traditional roofing materials, thereby lowering the solar energy absorption into the roof. In this paper, we present the energy saving potential of silicone, acrylic, and aluminum roof coatings using EnergyPlus. Two of the DOE prototype commercial buildings – standalone retail of area 2294 m2 (24,692 ft2) and strip-mall of area 2090 m2 (22,500 ft2) across four cities namely Phoenix, Houston, Los Angeles, and Miami, have been used to model the effects of different types of coatings. The performance with reflective coatings was compared with respect to a black roof having a solar reflectance of 5% and a thermal emittance of 90%. Furthermore, we quantified the capacity of reflective coatings to reduce rooftop temperatures. A sensitivity analysis was done to assess the impact of solar reflectance and thermal emittance on the ability of roof coatings to reduce surface temperatures, a key factor behind energy savings. A contour plot between these properties reveals that high values of both result in reduced cooling needs and a heating penalty which is insignificant when compared with cooling savings for cooling-dominant climates like Phoenix where the cooling demand significantly outweighs the heating demand, yielding significant energy savings. Additionally, the study investigates how the insulation thermal resistance of the roof relates to the energy savings resulting from the application of reflective coatings, particularly in terms of their effect on HVAC energy consumption.
{"title":"ASSESSING ENERGY SAVINGS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REFLECTIVE ROOF COATINGS IN FOUR USA CLIMATE ZONES","authors":"Ajay Kumar Sharma, Patrick E. Phelan, N. Neithalath, Divya Chopra, Zhiyong Zhu","doi":"10.1115/1.4066069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066069","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 High albedo roof coatings are designed with the specific aim of reflecting a greater proportion of solar radiation compared to traditional roofing materials, thereby lowering the solar energy absorption into the roof. In this paper, we present the energy saving potential of silicone, acrylic, and aluminum roof coatings using EnergyPlus. Two of the DOE prototype commercial buildings – standalone retail of area 2294 m2 (24,692 ft2) and strip-mall of area 2090 m2 (22,500 ft2) across four cities namely Phoenix, Houston, Los Angeles, and Miami, have been used to model the effects of different types of coatings. The performance with reflective coatings was compared with respect to a black roof having a solar reflectance of 5% and a thermal emittance of 90%. Furthermore, we quantified the capacity of reflective coatings to reduce rooftop temperatures. A sensitivity analysis was done to assess the impact of solar reflectance and thermal emittance on the ability of roof coatings to reduce surface temperatures, a key factor behind energy savings. A contour plot between these properties reveals that high values of both result in reduced cooling needs and a heating penalty which is insignificant when compared with cooling savings for cooling-dominant climates like Phoenix where the cooling demand significantly outweighs the heating demand, yielding significant energy savings. Additionally, the study investigates how the insulation thermal resistance of the roof relates to the energy savings resulting from the application of reflective coatings, particularly in terms of their effect on HVAC energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"55 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper introduces a simplified simulation environment to model the reciprocal thermal interactions between urban air and buildings. Specifically, the simulation environment accounts for several factors that are responsible for the formation of urban heat island and its effects. Dynamic modeling of urban components including both urban canopy and boundary layers as well as ground medium and building energy systems is integrated within the developed simulation environment. A validation analysis of the developed simulation environment is carried out using field data obtained during the summer for the City of Toulouse. The developed simulation environment can be applied to evaluate various mitigation options to reduce the urban heat island effects and improve energy efficiency levels of urban built environments.
{"title":"Impact of Building Operating Strategies on Urban Heat Island Effects Part I: Model Development and Validation","authors":"B. Ameer, M. Krarti","doi":"10.1115/1.4066053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066053","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper introduces a simplified simulation environment to model the reciprocal thermal interactions between urban air and buildings. Specifically, the simulation environment accounts for several factors that are responsible for the formation of urban heat island and its effects. Dynamic modeling of urban components including both urban canopy and boundary layers as well as ground medium and building energy systems is integrated within the developed simulation environment. A validation analysis of the developed simulation environment is carried out using field data obtained during the summer for the City of Toulouse. The developed simulation environment can be applied to evaluate various mitigation options to reduce the urban heat island effects and improve energy efficiency levels of urban built environments.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"101 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141802586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With a particular emphasis on sustainability, this research investigates the influence of reflectance and emissivity qualities on the amount of energy used by residential buildings of a mid-rise height located in various temperature zones in India. In the first part of the study, the impacts of highly reflecting, cool roofs were evaluated using base-case and proposed simulations. In the second phase, a comparison was made between the possible energy savings that may be obtained by switching from low to high solar reflective roofs. An analysis of the reflectance and emissivity characteristics of the roof was carried out with the assistance of the eQUEST simulation tool. The study findings were validated using the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) schedule for the residential building energy labeling program. According to the results, highly reflecting roofs, which have a reflectivity of 0.8 and an emissivity of 0.9, dramatically lowered cooling loads by 38% and 20% in hot and dry areas, 21-25% in composite climates, 17-25% in warm and humid climates, and 37% in colder climates. These cost-effective solutions could be applied to existing and new constructions and have the potential to provide large energy and monetary savings by improving the performance of the building envelope, which in turn contributes to efforts to make the building more environmentally friendly.
{"title":"Exploring the Influence of Reflectivity and Emissivity on Energy Consumption Across Varied Climate Zones in India","authors":"Rohit Thakur, Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1115/1.4066021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With a particular emphasis on sustainability, this research investigates the influence of reflectance and emissivity qualities on the amount of energy used by residential buildings of a mid-rise height located in various temperature zones in India. In the first part of the study, the impacts of highly reflecting, cool roofs were evaluated using base-case and proposed simulations. In the second phase, a comparison was made between the possible energy savings that may be obtained by switching from low to high solar reflective roofs. An analysis of the reflectance and emissivity characteristics of the roof was carried out with the assistance of the eQUEST simulation tool. The study findings were validated using the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) schedule for the residential building energy labeling program. According to the results, highly reflecting roofs, which have a reflectivity of 0.8 and an emissivity of 0.9, dramatically lowered cooling loads by 38% and 20% in hot and dry areas, 21-25% in composite climates, 17-25% in warm and humid climates, and 37% in colder climates. These cost-effective solutions could be applied to existing and new constructions and have the potential to provide large energy and monetary savings by improving the performance of the building envelope, which in turn contributes to efforts to make the building more environmentally friendly.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":" 565","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Special Issue (SI) on Advanced Data Analytics and Technologies for Decoding Human Health & Well-being in Built Environments that comes to partial closure in this issue is a necessary first step in a larger and longer conversation centered on the well-being of the people within built environments. The discussion started in 2022 with an International Workshop in Nottingham, UK, funded by the US National Science Foundation. The workshop, titled “Biosensing-enabled, Wellbeing-Centric Sustainable Built Environment Ecosystems,” covers the topics of human health and well-being, and the use of data and building energy technologies were discussed amply by a group of experts from the US and the UK. Fundamental questions in this conversation include how it may be possible to measure and quantify human well-being in different contexts of indoor and outdoor environments, workplaces, or health centers and how technology at different scales and components, from the individual scale to the outdoor, community environments, can enable a reasonable state of well-being.
{"title":"Editorial Note","authors":"Yimin Zhu, Ming Sun, Yong Tao","doi":"10.1115/1.4065960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065960","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This Special Issue (SI) on Advanced Data Analytics and Technologies for Decoding Human Health & Well-being in Built Environments that comes to partial closure in this issue is a necessary first step in a larger and longer conversation centered on the well-being of the people within built environments. The discussion started in 2022 with an International Workshop in Nottingham, UK, funded by the US National Science Foundation. The workshop, titled “Biosensing-enabled, Wellbeing-Centric Sustainable Built Environment Ecosystems,” covers the topics of human health and well-being, and the use of data and building energy technologies were discussed amply by a group of experts from the US and the UK. Fundamental questions in this conversation include how it may be possible to measure and quantify human well-being in different contexts of indoor and outdoor environments, workplaces, or health centers and how technology at different scales and components, from the individual scale to the outdoor, community environments, can enable a reasonable state of well-being.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"84 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramon Peruchi Pacheco da Silva, F. Samadi, Josh Losole, Joseph Carpenter
This paper investigates the often overlooked yet crucial role of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in advancing sustainable manufacturing practices in the United States. Through all outcomes of the energy assessments conducted by the Industrial Assessment Centers (IACs) in various industrial settings, the current study focuses on the energy consumption of HVAC systems and assesses the impact of their energy-efficient measures on the overall industrial energy usage. In-depth analysis covers both technological and economic facets of resource management practices, utilizing case studies and data from energy assessments on 20,818 small- and medium-sized manufacturing facilities. The results reveal substantial potential for reducing energy consumption, estimated at 71.9 million MMBtu per year, along with annual energy cost savings of approximately $744 million per year and a noteworthy mitigation of 8.7 million metric tons of CO2 emissions per year, all achievable through HVAC system improvements. These findings show the practical significance of sustainable HVAC practices and their potential to improve energy efficiency and mitigate the environmental impact within the manufacturing sector.
{"title":"Strategic Evaluation of Sustainable Practices for HVAC Systems in Small and Medium-Sized U.S. Manufacturers","authors":"Ramon Peruchi Pacheco da Silva, F. Samadi, Josh Losole, Joseph Carpenter","doi":"10.1115/1.4065961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065961","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the often overlooked yet crucial role of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in advancing sustainable manufacturing practices in the United States. Through all outcomes of the energy assessments conducted by the Industrial Assessment Centers (IACs) in various industrial settings, the current study focuses on the energy consumption of HVAC systems and assesses the impact of their energy-efficient measures on the overall industrial energy usage. In-depth analysis covers both technological and economic facets of resource management practices, utilizing case studies and data from energy assessments on 20,818 small- and medium-sized manufacturing facilities. The results reveal substantial potential for reducing energy consumption, estimated at 71.9 million MMBtu per year, along with annual energy cost savings of approximately $744 million per year and a noteworthy mitigation of 8.7 million metric tons of CO2 emissions per year, all achievable through HVAC system improvements. These findings show the practical significance of sustainable HVAC practices and their potential to improve energy efficiency and mitigate the environmental impact within the manufacturing sector.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew B. Klavekoske, Vincent J. Cushing, Gregor P. Henze
Large commercial buildings may display demand flexibility, which reduces electric energy expenses for the building owner and carbon emissions from grid operations, provides distributed energy resources, and increases the penetration of renewable energy sources. Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) and building thermal mass control can individually and jointly provide such flexibility. The performance and financial payback of these technology options can be dramatically improved if based on hourly electric prices and carbon emissions rates. In this study, a modeled but actual large office building, simulated using New York City hourly electric prices, hourly CO_2e emissions rates, and weather data for the summer 2019 cooling season is based on these dynamic driving parameters. A joint optimization of a building's thermal mass and indoor CO2 content is presented. Superior energy savings and carbon emissions reductions are found for the joint optimization scenario when compared to both the baseline operation and individual optimization of building thermal mass and indoor CO2 content. These findings motivate the development of a real-time joint control system that utilizes closed-loop model predictive control (MPC) to optimally harness both sources of demand flexibility, a system which would require the future development of forecasting algorithms for external and control oriented system models.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Demand Flexibility Potential through Joint Optimization of Building Thermal Response and Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Buildings","authors":"Andrew B. Klavekoske, Vincent J. Cushing, Gregor P. Henze","doi":"10.1115/1.4065704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065704","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Large commercial buildings may display demand flexibility, which reduces electric energy expenses for the building owner and carbon emissions from grid operations, provides distributed energy resources, and increases the penetration of renewable energy sources. Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) and building thermal mass control can individually and jointly provide such flexibility. The performance and financial payback of these technology options can be dramatically improved if based on hourly electric prices and carbon emissions rates. In this study, a modeled but actual large office building, simulated using New York City hourly electric prices, hourly CO_2e emissions rates, and weather data for the summer 2019 cooling season is based on these dynamic driving parameters. A joint optimization of a building's thermal mass and indoor CO2 content is presented. Superior energy savings and carbon emissions reductions are found for the joint optimization scenario when compared to both the baseline operation and individual optimization of building thermal mass and indoor CO2 content. These findings motivate the development of a real-time joint control system that utilizes closed-loop model predictive control (MPC) to optimally harness both sources of demand flexibility, a system which would require the future development of forecasting algorithms for external and control oriented system models.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":" 1087","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141363659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports the development of extreme meteorological year (XMY) data for simulating buildings that are heated and cooled entirely by ambient energy in four climates varying in outdoor temperature and cloudiness. Electrification of conventional buildings is insufficient to meet climate goals, since nearly half of US electricity will still be produced from fossil fuels by 2050. Ambient-conditioned buildings depend on non-fossil sources such as the sun for heating, and nighttime air or sky radiation for cooling. Such buildings are more susceptible to weather variability than conventional buildings, which simply use more auxiliary energy whenever weather conditions are challenging. On the other hand, ambient-conditioned buildings are more resilient to power outages so long as the design accounts for unusual weather during extreme years to consistently maintain indoor comfort. Ambient-conditioned buildings designed to remain comfortable with typical meteorological year (TMY2020) data produced up to over 1000 hours per year of uncomfortable indoor temperature during the years (1998–2020) from which the TMY was derived. Parameters related to outdoor air temperature, sky temperature and insolation were found to be unreliable for identifying the most challenging years. Rather, a whole-building model allowed identification of the two most challenging years for heating and cooling, respectively. An XMY file concatenated from the most challenging summer and the most challenging winter provided a good match of indoor temperature predictions to those from the full, individual years. This new XMY file facilitates the design of ambient-conditioned buildings for reliable indoor comfort.
{"title":"Model-based extreme weather data for predicting the performance of buildings entirely conditioned by ambient energy","authors":"M. K. Sharp","doi":"10.1115/1.4065155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065155","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study reports the development of extreme meteorological year (XMY) data for simulating buildings that are heated and cooled entirely by ambient energy in four climates varying in outdoor temperature and cloudiness. Electrification of conventional buildings is insufficient to meet climate goals, since nearly half of US electricity will still be produced from fossil fuels by 2050. Ambient-conditioned buildings depend on non-fossil sources such as the sun for heating, and nighttime air or sky radiation for cooling. Such buildings are more susceptible to weather variability than conventional buildings, which simply use more auxiliary energy whenever weather conditions are challenging. On the other hand, ambient-conditioned buildings are more resilient to power outages so long as the design accounts for unusual weather during extreme years to consistently maintain indoor comfort. Ambient-conditioned buildings designed to remain comfortable with typical meteorological year (TMY2020) data produced up to over 1000 hours per year of uncomfortable indoor temperature during the years (1998–2020) from which the TMY was derived. Parameters related to outdoor air temperature, sky temperature and insolation were found to be unreliable for identifying the most challenging years. Rather, a whole-building model allowed identification of the two most challenging years for heating and cooling, respectively. An XMY file concatenated from the most challenging summer and the most challenging winter provided a good match of indoor temperature predictions to those from the full, individual years. This new XMY file facilitates the design of ambient-conditioned buildings for reliable indoor comfort.","PeriodicalId":326594,"journal":{"name":"ASME Journal of Engineering for Sustainable Buildings and Cities","volume":" 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140215795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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