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Native American Realism 印第安人现实主义
Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190642891.013.10
Lee Schweninger
This chapter argues that American Indian realist writings provide glimpses into cultures essentially unknown to mainstream readers of literary realism by writers outside the mainstream realist canon. It thus takes as one of its points of departure arguments for canon expansion. It also argues for widening the parameters of realism to include genres other than the novel, because so many of the writers during this era are mixed-genre writers. Basing its argument on a variety of genres, then, the chapter places several American Indian writers and their writings in social-historical contexts, such as resistance to mainstream culture, compulsory boarding school, allotment of Indian lands, coerced assimilation, and the 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee.
本章认为,美国印第安人的现实主义作品提供了主流现实主义文学读者对主流现实主义经典之外的作家所知的文化的一瞥。因此,它把正典扩展作为它的出发点之一。它还主张扩大现实主义的范围,包括小说以外的其他流派,因为这个时代的许多作家都是混合流派的作家。本章以不同的体裁为基础,将几位美国印第安作家及其作品置于社会历史背景中,如对主流文化的抵制、强制性寄宿学校、印第安人土地的分配、强制同化以及1890年的伤膝大屠杀。
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引用次数: 0
Realism and Poetry 现实主义与诗歌
Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190642891.013.29
Jonathan N. Barron
American poetic realism still remains a largely unknown and untold story. Although it came to American poetry relatively late by comparison with fiction, the typical American realist poem has a distinctive nexus combining theme, diction, and style. Chief among the first American realists are Robert Frost, Edgar Lee Masters, Carl Sandburg, and Sara Teasdale. Specifically, realist poetry expresses a pragmatic philosophy rejecting the individual’s location in the world as something knowable, fixed, and stable. Realist poets reject as amoral and quietist the commitment to beauty for the sake of beauty and tend toward virtues associated with masculinity. Their poetry rejects generic nouns in favor of particulars and depicts recognizable contemporary landscapes and, above all, contemporary American cities such as Chicago, Boston, or New York. It emphasizes the interior space of the self as revealed by the new science of psychology. It also focuses on the living idiom of talk and speech rather than a “literary” language.
美国诗歌现实主义在很大程度上仍然是一个不为人知和不为人知的故事。尽管与小说相比,美国现实主义诗歌进入美国诗歌的时间相对较晚,但典型的美国现实主义诗歌在主题、措辞和风格上有着独特的联系。美国最早的现实主义作家主要有罗伯特·弗罗斯特、埃德加·李·马斯特斯、卡尔·桑德伯格和萨拉·蒂斯代尔。具体来说,现实主义诗歌表达了一种实用主义哲学,拒绝将个人在世界上的位置视为可知、固定和稳定的东西。现实主义诗人拒绝为美而美的承诺,认为这是不道德的和安静的,他们倾向于与男子气概有关的美德。他们的诗歌摒弃一般名词,青睐细节,描绘可辨认的当代风景,尤其是当代美国城市,如芝加哥、波士顿或纽约。它强调由心理学新科学揭示的自我的内部空间。它还侧重于说话和演讲的生活习语,而不是“文学”语言。
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引用次数: 0
Realism and Medicine 现实主义与医学
Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190642891.013.26
P. Barrish
Exploring the relationship between literature and medicine, this chapter analyzes how three novels from the American realist period—Henry James’s Washington Square (1880), Sarah Orne Jewett’s A Country Doctor (1884), and Charles Chesnutt’s The Marrow of Tradition (1901)—represent the medical profession during its rise to what Paul Starr has called “professional sovereignty” in the United States. Although today we may take medicine’s elite status in our society for granted, together these novels reveal that its turn-of-the-century consolidation as a profession in which society would ultimately invest unique forms of authority and prestige was anything but uncontested. Through the fictions they created, realist writers offered nuanced critical perspectives on the modes through which medicine asserted its sovereignty and also probed underlying gendered and racial tensions, even violence, that the profession’s own self-representations sought to occlude.
本章探讨了文学与医学之间的关系,分析了美国现实主义时期的三部小说——亨利·詹姆斯的《华盛顿广场》(1880年)、莎拉·欧恩·朱伊特的《乡村医生》(1884年)和查尔斯·切斯纳特的《传统的精髓》(1901年)——如何代表了美国医学界崛起至保罗·斯塔尔所谓的“专业主权”的过程。尽管今天我们可能认为医学在我们社会中的精英地位是理所当然的,但这些小说共同揭示了,在世纪之交,它作为一种职业的巩固,社会最终将赋予它独特的权威和声望,这绝不是没有争议的。通过他们创作的小说,现实主义作家对医学维护其主权的模式提供了细致入微的批评视角,也探讨了潜在的性别和种族紧张关系,甚至暴力,这是这个职业自己的自我表现试图掩盖的。
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引用次数: 0
Racial Realism 种族的现实主义
Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190642891.013.23
J. Sheffer
Realism as it has been articulated by white, middle-class literary gatekeepers since its heyday in the early twentieth century (and frequently into the present) has failed to address racism and imperialism of the era. Gene Jarrett describes black authors developing new literary forms in order “to re-create a lived or living world according to prevailing ideologies of race or racial difference.” This chapter expands Jarrett’s definition of “racial realism” beyond the black-white binary in order to show how writers of color from a variety of backgrounds crafted their own versions of realism, deploying allegory and making strategic use of stock genres such as the oriental romance and the western. For white readers in particular, these seemingly “nonrealist” plot elements provided intellectual distance from the contemporary injustices of racism in the age of US imperialism. However, for in-group readers, racial realism functioned both literally and figuratively to highlight experiences of racism and to legitimize histories too often ignored, misunderstood, or misrepresented in mainstream literary realism. Writers such as Winnifred Eaton and Mourning Dove created their own texts that were shaped by multiple literary ancestors and spoke simultaneously, though distinctly, to white readers and to their own communities of color.
现实主义在20世纪早期的鼎盛时期就被白人中产阶级的文学看门人所阐述(并经常延续到现在),但它未能解决那个时代的种族主义和帝国主义。Gene Jarrett描述黑人作家发展新的文学形式是为了“根据种族或种族差异的主流意识形态重新创造一个活生生的或活生生的世界”。本章将贾勒特对“种族现实主义”的定义扩展到黑白二元之外,以展示来自不同背景的有色人种作家如何制作自己版本的现实主义,运用寓言,并策略性地使用东方浪漫和西方等传统体裁。尤其是对白人读者来说,这些看似“非现实主义”的情节元素为美帝国主义时代当代种族主义的不公正提供了智力上的距离。然而,对于群体内的读者来说,种族现实主义在字面上和比喻上都起到了突出种族主义经历的作用,并使主流文学现实主义中经常被忽视、误解或歪曲的历史合法化。像温妮弗莱德·伊顿和莫宁·达夫这样的作家创造了他们自己的文本,这些文本受到多位文学祖先的影响,同时对白人读者和他们自己的有色人种群体发表了不同的看法。
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引用次数: 237
Asian American Realism 亚裔美国现实主义
Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190642891.013.13
Julia H. Lee
This chapter examines the use of realism in Asian American literature and the debate surrounding its political and aesthetic meanings in Asian American literary criticism. Even though realist narratives have dominated Asian American literary history, the use and significance of realism nevertheless continue to stir controversy within the field. The chapter explores both sides of the “realism controversy” within Asian American studies and makes the case that realism exposes the contradictions of Asian American identity and that Asian American identity exposes the contradictions of realism. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Hisaye Yamamoto’s short story “The Legend of Miss Sasagawara” (1950), focusing on how the author deploys a realist mode of narration to reveal the historically contingent process by which Japanese American identity and community in the internment era are constituted.
本章探讨现实主义在亚裔美国文学中的运用,以及围绕现实主义在亚裔美国文学批评中的政治和美学意义的争论。尽管现实主义叙事在亚裔美国文学史上占据主导地位,但现实主义的使用和意义仍然在该领域内引发争议。本章探讨了亚裔美国人研究中“现实主义争议”的两个方面,并指出现实主义暴露了亚裔美国人身份的矛盾,而亚裔美国人身份暴露了现实主义的矛盾。本章最后分析了山本久业的短篇小说《佐佐原小姐的传说》(1950),重点分析了作者如何运用现实主义的叙事方式,揭示了日裔美国人在拘留时代的身份和社区形成的历史偶然过程。
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引用次数: 0
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The Oxford Handbook of American Literary Realism
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