Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289719862555
R. Juster
In this selective review, emerging literature linking biological sex, sociocultural gender, and sexual orientation to stress hormone functioning and multisystemic physiological dysregulations are summarized. Beyond sex as a binary biological variable, continuums of sex hormones, gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation each uniquely help delineate pathways and mechanisms linked to stress-related disease trajectories. This implicates glucocorticoid functioning and allostatic load, the “wear and tear” of chronic stress in synergy with unhealthy behaviors. Clinical considerations are also discussed for the field of gender medicine.
{"title":"Sex × Gender and Sexual Orientation in Relation to Stress Hormones and Allostatic Load","authors":"R. Juster","doi":"10.1177/2470289719862555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289719862555","url":null,"abstract":"In this selective review, emerging literature linking biological sex, sociocultural gender, and sexual orientation to stress hormone functioning and multisystemic physiological dysregulations are summarized. Beyond sex as a binary biological variable, continuums of sex hormones, gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation each uniquely help delineate pathways and mechanisms linked to stress-related disease trajectories. This implicates glucocorticoid functioning and allostatic load, the “wear and tear” of chronic stress in synergy with unhealthy behaviors. Clinical considerations are also discussed for the field of gender medicine.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289719862555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48345666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289719882438
Mohammad Salim Abulrahman, Savriddin Khalilov
The number of information technology (IT) jobs is increasing dramatically in Iraq. This has produced an increased need for IT graduates than before. On the other hand, most IT and computer science (CS) departments in private universities are seeing small numbers of females in their courses. This indicates that these private universities have failed in attracting a sufficient percentage of female students. In this article, we explore the gender gap in IT and CS departments at 3 private universities: Tishk, Cihan, and Bayan, using 3 data sets related to the 2017 to 2018 academic year. The research design is descriptive and primary data were collected using personal observations made by the authors over the past 2 years. By analyzing these data sets, we can discover important issues such as students’ diversity in computing departments. For example, we find that a gender gap does not clearly exist in the IT department of Tishk University, while it’s more obvious in CS departments of Bayan and Cihan Universities. This finding implies that there is a need for some initiatives to attract women to IT and CS departments and to more investigate the gender gap in computing within the higher education level. These findings may also be relevant to the computing programs at other large public universities.
{"title":"Exploring Gender Diversity in IT and CS Departments Within 3 Private Universities in Erbil City","authors":"Mohammad Salim Abulrahman, Savriddin Khalilov","doi":"10.1177/2470289719882438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289719882438","url":null,"abstract":"The number of information technology (IT) jobs is increasing dramatically in Iraq. This has produced an increased need for IT graduates than before. On the other hand, most IT and computer science (CS) departments in private universities are seeing small numbers of females in their courses. This indicates that these private universities have failed in attracting a sufficient percentage of female students. In this article, we explore the gender gap in IT and CS departments at 3 private universities: Tishk, Cihan, and Bayan, using 3 data sets related to the 2017 to 2018 academic year. The research design is descriptive and primary data were collected using personal observations made by the authors over the past 2 years. By analyzing these data sets, we can discover important issues such as students’ diversity in computing departments. For example, we find that a gender gap does not clearly exist in the IT department of Tishk University, while it’s more obvious in CS departments of Bayan and Cihan Universities. This finding implies that there is a need for some initiatives to attract women to IT and CS departments and to more investigate the gender gap in computing within the higher education level. These findings may also be relevant to the computing programs at other large public universities.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289719882438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44482185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718807215
M. Glezerman, E. Grossman
Scientific misconduct does not only relate to falsifying scientific data or plagiarism but may also include improper handling of authorship. A researcher may be cited as author of a manuscript without having contributed to the scientific work involved, another who has fulfilled the requirements of authorship is omitted or his/her name does not appear in the order, which would have been appropriate. All these may reflect various degrees of dishonesty and improper scientific conduct. There are even more severe cases, in which scientific research is sponsored, conducted, and sometimes even published by employees of vested parties who prefer their involvement not being disclosed, using proxy authors instead. This form of ghost authorship may sometimes amount to felony. As chair of the Ethics Committee (M.G.) and Dean (E.G.), both at the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, we report on our insights related to authorship and present 2 representative cases.
{"title":"Scientific Misconduct—Insights From the Work of an Ethics Committee","authors":"M. Glezerman, E. Grossman","doi":"10.1177/2470289718807215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718807215","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific misconduct does not only relate to falsifying scientific data or plagiarism but may also include improper handling of authorship. A researcher may be cited as author of a manuscript without having contributed to the scientific work involved, another who has fulfilled the requirements of authorship is omitted or his/her name does not appear in the order, which would have been appropriate. All these may reflect various degrees of dishonesty and improper scientific conduct. There are even more severe cases, in which scientific research is sponsored, conducted, and sometimes even published by employees of vested parties who prefer their involvement not being disclosed, using proxy authors instead. This form of ghost authorship may sometimes amount to felony. As chair of the Ethics Committee (M.G.) and Dean (E.G.), both at the Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, we report on our insights related to authorship and present 2 representative cases.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 1","pages":"92 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718807215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49050555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01Epub Date: 2018-12-20DOI: 10.1177/2470289718820845
Jasmine L Taylor, Nour Makarem, Daichi Shimbo, Brooke Aggarwal
Psychological stress, a subjective perception of an adverse environmental change, is a hallmark of modern society. Although psychological stress has previously been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is unclear whether stress influences cardiovascular risk differently in men versus women. Gender disparities exist in the prevalence of stress as well as in the prevalence and prognosis of CVD; therefore, associations between stress and CVD risk and mortality may vary by sex. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence from recent and landmark studies on gender differences in the associations of stress with CVD risk factors and end points and to highlight clinical and public health implications as well as future research directions in this field. Taken together, research to date indicates that while stress is associated with poorer cardiovascular health metrics in both men and women, the influence of stress on measures of glucose regulation and dyslipidemia and on overall CVD risk may be stronger among women. However, men may be more susceptible to the influence of stress on body adiposity, blood pressure, and CVD mortality. In terms of behavioral risk factors for CVD, associations between stress and diet quantity and quality appear to be stronger among women, but the influence of stress on sedentary behaviors and sleep may be stronger among men. Given that gender disparities exist in the prevalence of overall and different types of stress (eg, financial stress, caregiving stress, and occupational stress), future studies should decipher the potential differential associations between types of stress and cardiovascular risk among men and women to identify vulnerable populations and develop targeted interventions.
{"title":"Gender Differences in Associations Between Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes.","authors":"Jasmine L Taylor, Nour Makarem, Daichi Shimbo, Brooke Aggarwal","doi":"10.1177/2470289718820845","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2470289718820845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychological stress, a subjective perception of an adverse environmental change, is a hallmark of modern society. Although psychological stress has previously been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is unclear whether stress influences cardiovascular risk differently in men versus women. Gender disparities exist in the prevalence of stress as well as in the prevalence and prognosis of CVD; therefore, associations between stress and CVD risk and mortality may vary by sex. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence from recent and landmark studies on gender differences in the associations of stress with CVD risk factors and end points and to highlight clinical and public health implications as well as future research directions in this field. Taken together, research to date indicates that while stress is associated with poorer cardiovascular health metrics in both men and women, the influence of stress on measures of glucose regulation and dyslipidemia and on overall CVD risk may be stronger among women. However, men may be more susceptible to the influence of stress on body adiposity, blood pressure, and CVD mortality. In terms of behavioral risk factors for CVD, associations between stress and diet quantity and quality appear to be stronger among women, but the influence of stress on sedentary behaviors and sleep may be stronger among men. Given that gender disparities exist in the prevalence of overall and different types of stress (eg, financial stress, caregiving stress, and occupational stress), future studies should decipher the potential differential associations between types of stress and cardiovascular risk among men and women to identify vulnerable populations and develop targeted interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 4","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a0/ef/nihms-1599649.PMC8204799.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39245001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718820843
B. Fallon, Joanne Filippelli, N. Joh-Carnella, Elizabeth Milne, Jessica Carradine
Early childhood is an important developmental period, which lays the foundation for future learning, behaviour, physical and mental health and gene expression. The most vulnerable children in society are often referred to and receive services from the child welfare system because of a concern of abuse and neglect and/or a poor developmental trajectory. This paper presents an organizing framework for how the child welfare system, in concert with allied partners, can support interventions for young children and families by acknowledging its crucial role in improving their development and well-being. The framework is informed by research amassed from numerous disciplines, including child welfare, development, neuroscience, neurobiology and epigenetics. Although the notions of protection and well-being are central considerations in child welfare legislation in Ontario, Canada, the operationalization of wellbeing has proven challenging in child welfare practice, policy and research. The framework proposes ten key indicators and priorities for identifying and promoting optimal child development. Findings from the 2013 cycle of the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS-2013), the only provincial source of aggregated child welfare investigation data, are presented to articulate the divide between the environmental context of a population of at-risk children and the conditions that both protect children and increase the likelihood that they will thrive in adulthood. This paper argues there are different points of entry and intervention across sectors and provides a foundation for further discussion on how to promote well-being for society's most vulnerable children.
{"title":"Promoting Protective Factors in Environments of Risk for Young Children: An Organizing Framework for Practice, Policy, and Research","authors":"B. Fallon, Joanne Filippelli, N. Joh-Carnella, Elizabeth Milne, Jessica Carradine","doi":"10.1177/2470289718820843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718820843","url":null,"abstract":"Early childhood is an important developmental period, which lays the foundation for future learning, behaviour, physical and mental health and gene expression. The most vulnerable children in society are often referred to and receive services from the child welfare system because of a concern of abuse and neglect and/or a poor developmental trajectory. This paper presents an organizing framework for how the child welfare system, in concert with allied partners, can support interventions for young children and families by acknowledging its crucial role in improving their development and well-being. The framework is informed by research amassed from numerous disciplines, including child welfare, development, neuroscience, neurobiology and epigenetics. Although the notions of protection and well-being are central considerations in child welfare legislation in Ontario, Canada, the operationalization of wellbeing has proven challenging in child welfare practice, policy and research. The framework proposes ten key indicators and priorities for identifying and promoting optimal child development. Findings from the 2013 cycle of the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS-2013), the only provincial source of aggregated child welfare investigation data, are presented to articulate the divide between the environmental context of a population of at-risk children and the conditions that both protect children and increase the likelihood that they will thrive in adulthood. This paper argues there are different points of entry and intervention across sectors and provides a foundation for further discussion on how to promote well-being for society's most vulnerable children.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"30 12","pages":"110 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718820843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41249565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718811764
G. Levy, I. Solt
Discoveries in molecular genetics over the last two decades have broadened our information about the genomics of complex microbial communities. As in all other fields of medicine, there is an undeniable need to explore the microbiome and the way it is impacted by biological sex. A number, although small, of recent studies have demonstrated that women and men have striking differences in the species that constitute their microbiomes. This effects pathological physiology in fields such as hepatology, oncology, autoimmune disease (most notably diabetes mellitus), autism, and obstetrics. There is still an unfortunate lack of research being done on the “microgenderome”: the interaction between microbiota, sex hormones, and the immune system. This review will highlight some of the main areas to be affected by microgenderome physiology, with an in depth focus on obstetrics.
{"title":"The Human Microbiome and Gender Medicine","authors":"G. Levy, I. Solt","doi":"10.1177/2470289718811764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718811764","url":null,"abstract":"Discoveries in molecular genetics over the last two decades have broadened our information about the genomics of complex microbial communities. As in all other fields of medicine, there is an undeniable need to explore the microbiome and the way it is impacted by biological sex. A number, although small, of recent studies have demonstrated that women and men have striking differences in the species that constitute their microbiomes. This effects pathological physiology in fields such as hepatology, oncology, autoimmune disease (most notably diabetes mellitus), autism, and obstetrics. There is still an unfortunate lack of research being done on the “microgenderome”: the interaction between microbiota, sex hormones, and the immune system. This review will highlight some of the main areas to be affected by microgenderome physiology, with an in depth focus on obstetrics.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 1","pages":"123 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718811764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45904686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787107
Alejandra C. Lastra, H. Attarian
Prevalence estimates of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continue to rise, partially due to better recognition of and screening for the disease, in part due to increase in obesity and in part due to changes in definitions of obstructive hypopneas. Despite increasing knowledge of the deleterious impact of OSA on health, underrecognition continues to be a major concern, especially in women. A middle-aged man that snores and is sleepy has been the accepted “textbook” picture of OSA; women may present with more atypical symptoms and excessive sleepiness that are not reflected on sleepiness scale questionnaires. Even when presenting with snoring and sleepiness, and in the presence of comorbidities, women are less likely to be evaluated for OSA. Symptom burden and poor health outcomes have been documented in women with OSA and treatment improves their health. In this article, we explore possible causes for this underrecognition of OSA in women, including gender bias and healthcare inequity, and propose solutions.
{"title":"The Persistent Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea","authors":"Alejandra C. Lastra, H. Attarian","doi":"10.1177/2470289718787107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718787107","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence estimates of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continue to rise, partially due to better recognition of and screening for the disease, in part due to increase in obesity and in part due to changes in definitions of obstructive hypopneas. Despite increasing knowledge of the deleterious impact of OSA on health, underrecognition continues to be a major concern, especially in women. A middle-aged man that snores and is sleepy has been the accepted “textbook” picture of OSA; women may present with more atypical symptoms and excessive sleepiness that are not reflected on sleepiness scale questionnaires. Even when presenting with snoring and sleepiness, and in the presence of comorbidities, women are less likely to be evaluated for OSA. Symptom burden and poor health outcomes have been documented in women with OSA and treatment improves their health. In this article, we explore possible causes for this underrecognition of OSA in women, including gender bias and healthcare inequity, and propose solutions.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 1","pages":"43 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718787107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41864436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787091
S. Hörist-Kollmann, J. strametz-Juranek
In Europe as well as the United States, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is defined as a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Being a very powerful and independent cardiovascular risk factor, NAFLD increases cardiovascular and overall mortality to a significant degree. The purpose of this review was to determine sex- and gender-specific differences in the prevalence and pathogenesis of NAFLD and delineate the specific characteristics of NAFLD as a systemic disease in men and women. Postmenopausal women and women with endocrine disorders such as the polycystic ovarian syndrome are at high risk of developing NAFLD. The increasing incidence of female NAFLD after menopause appears to be related to reduced estrogen and increased testosterone levels, as well as changes in the distribution of fatty tissue. Finally, the role of gender-specific nutrition patterns in the pathogenesis of NAFLD will be discussed. Fructose consumption from industrialized products is a promoter of NAFLD, depending on the total daily calorie intake of macronutrients. A higher level of health literacy and conscious food behavior have been noted among women of all age groups compared to males, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Health professionals are confronted with the challenges of early diagnosis by the use of sensitive, reliable, and noninvasive diagnostic tools, including screening algorithms for high-risk persons and providing gender-specific nutritional support as a crucial element of treatment and disease prevention.
{"title":"Female Dietary Patterns and the Pathogenesis of NAFLD","authors":"S. Hörist-Kollmann, J. strametz-Juranek","doi":"10.1177/2470289718787091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718787091","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe as well as the United States, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is defined as a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Being a very powerful and independent cardiovascular risk factor, NAFLD increases cardiovascular and overall mortality to a significant degree. The purpose of this review was to determine sex- and gender-specific differences in the prevalence and pathogenesis of NAFLD and delineate the specific characteristics of NAFLD as a systemic disease in men and women. Postmenopausal women and women with endocrine disorders such as the polycystic ovarian syndrome are at high risk of developing NAFLD. The increasing incidence of female NAFLD after menopause appears to be related to reduced estrogen and increased testosterone levels, as well as changes in the distribution of fatty tissue. Finally, the role of gender-specific nutrition patterns in the pathogenesis of NAFLD will be discussed. Fructose consumption from industrialized products is a promoter of NAFLD, depending on the total daily calorie intake of macronutrients. A higher level of health literacy and conscious food behavior have been noted among women of all age groups compared to males, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Health professionals are confronted with the challenges of early diagnosis by the use of sensitive, reliable, and noninvasive diagnostic tools, including screening algorithms for high-risk persons and providing gender-specific nutritional support as a crucial element of treatment and disease prevention.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 1","pages":"49 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718787091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47753085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787086
S. Haga
With the advent of gene-editing tools, changes to sequences encoding genes or regulatory elements can be made with relative ease compared to prior technologies. The development and anticipated commercialization of new applications using gene-editing technologies may span the gamut from therapeutic interventions to agricultural applications to cosmetic or enhancement procedures. Although objections have been raised about the purpose and on whom gene editing should be performed, limiting its uses in the absence of demonstrated harm may be difficult and unwise at this time, even at this early stage of development. The fledgling field may benefit from a review of the history of plastic and cosmetic surgery that underwent a similarly rocky start and continues to evolve to this day. From this brief comparative historical analysis, we may gain some insight about the path forward regarding the use of gene-editing tools for cosmetic purposes.
{"title":"A Brief Comparative History Analysis","authors":"S. Haga","doi":"10.1177/2470289718787086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718787086","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of gene-editing tools, changes to sequences encoding genes or regulatory elements can be made with relative ease compared to prior technologies. The development and anticipated commercialization of new applications using gene-editing technologies may span the gamut from therapeutic interventions to agricultural applications to cosmetic or enhancement procedures. Although objections have been raised about the purpose and on whom gene editing should be performed, limiting its uses in the absence of demonstrated harm may be difficult and unwise at this time, even at this early stage of development. The fledgling field may benefit from a review of the history of plastic and cosmetic surgery that underwent a similarly rocky start and continues to evolve to this day. From this brief comparative historical analysis, we may gain some insight about the path forward regarding the use of gene-editing tools for cosmetic purposes.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"20 2","pages":"56 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718787086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41286361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-20DOI: 10.1177/2470289718787115
Y. Sakata, S. Miyata, Kotaro Nochioka, M. Miura, T. Shiroto, H. Shimokawa
Background: Data on sex differences in heart failure (HF) with reference to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are limited. Methods and Materials: We examined 4683 consecutive patients (mean 69 years) with HF in the CHART-2 study. Results: Compared to men (N = 3188), women with HF (N = 1495) were older and had a lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease and cancer, received less implementation of evidence-based treatment, and were characterized by more severe HF in terms of higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and increased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, despite greater preservation of LVEF. During the median 6.3-year follow-up, all-cause mortality was comparable between women and men (32.8% vs 33.2%, P = .816), while women had higher cardiovascular mortality, particularly among those with LVEF ≥50%. Although no sex differences existed in cause of death among patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and 41% to 49%, women had a higher proportion of cardiovascular death and lower proportion of noncardiovascular death than men among those with LVEF ≥ 50%. Multivariable Cox regression models showed that women with HF had reduced risk of both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, regardless of LVEF category. Beta-blockers were associated with improved mortality in women but not men with LVEF ≤ 40%, while renin–angiotensin system inhibitors were not associated with improved mortality in women with LVEF ≥ 50% but were in men. Conclusion: In addition to sex-specific differences in the age of onset, etiology and response to treatment, women with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%) have higher cardiovascular mortality than men. Sex-related management of congestive heart failure should include a consideration of LVEF.
{"title":"Sex Differences in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reference to Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction","authors":"Y. Sakata, S. Miyata, Kotaro Nochioka, M. Miura, T. Shiroto, H. Shimokawa","doi":"10.1177/2470289718787115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2470289718787115","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Data on sex differences in heart failure (HF) with reference to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are limited. Methods and Materials: We examined 4683 consecutive patients (mean 69 years) with HF in the CHART-2 study. Results: Compared to men (N = 3188), women with HF (N = 1495) were older and had a lower prevalence of ischemic heart disease and cancer, received less implementation of evidence-based treatment, and were characterized by more severe HF in terms of higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and increased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, despite greater preservation of LVEF. During the median 6.3-year follow-up, all-cause mortality was comparable between women and men (32.8% vs 33.2%, P = .816), while women had higher cardiovascular mortality, particularly among those with LVEF ≥50%. Although no sex differences existed in cause of death among patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and 41% to 49%, women had a higher proportion of cardiovascular death and lower proportion of noncardiovascular death than men among those with LVEF ≥ 50%. Multivariable Cox regression models showed that women with HF had reduced risk of both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death, regardless of LVEF category. Beta-blockers were associated with improved mortality in women but not men with LVEF ≤ 40%, while renin–angiotensin system inhibitors were not associated with improved mortality in women with LVEF ≥ 50% but were in men. Conclusion: In addition to sex-specific differences in the age of onset, etiology and response to treatment, women with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%) have higher cardiovascular mortality than men. Sex-related management of congestive heart failure should include a consideration of LVEF.","PeriodicalId":32801,"journal":{"name":"Gender and the Genome","volume":"2 1","pages":"27 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2470289718787115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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