Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.22
Christos Ziakis, M. Vlachopoulou
There are several Web Content Management Systems (WCMS) available that are used by web developers in order to develop and manage a website. In addition, over the last years, companies have invested in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques by applying the factors used by search engines, such as Google, in order to rank amongst the first results in Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs). On-page factors such as the implementation of keywords in the title tags and the website loading time are amongst the criteria that are taken into consideration and are directly affected by the website’s technology and WCMS. Following a relevant literature review, the authors conducted research amongst 6682 websites in order to identify whether and which WCMS is used by SEO experts’ websites that appear in the top search results. Findings indicated that custom made websites that do not rely on widely used WCMSs appear more frequently at the top of search results, while the Drupal CMS appears quite high, despite it being used by a small number of websites across the web.
{"title":"Web Content Management Systems used by Search Engine Optimization Experts for Top Rankings in Search Engine Result Pages","authors":"Christos Ziakis, M. Vlachopoulou","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.22","url":null,"abstract":"There are several Web Content Management Systems (WCMS) available that are used by web developers in order to develop and manage a website. In addition, over the last years, companies have invested in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques by applying the factors used by search engines, such as Google, in order to rank amongst the first results in Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs). On-page factors such as the implementation of keywords in the title tags and the website loading time are amongst the criteria that are taken into consideration and are directly affected by the website’s technology and WCMS. Following a relevant literature review, the authors conducted research amongst 6682 websites in order to identify whether and which WCMS is used by SEO experts’ websites that appear in the top search results. Findings indicated that custom made websites that do not rely on widely used WCMSs appear more frequently at the top of search results, while the Drupal CMS appears quite high, despite it being used by a small number of websites across the web.","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.21
S. Postalcioglu
This study focused on the classification of EEG signal. The study aims to make a classification with fast response and high-performance rate. Thus, it could be possible for real-time control applications as Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems. The feature vector is created by Wavelet transform and statistical calculations. It is trained and tested with a neural network. The db4 wavelet is used in the study. Pwelch, skewness, kurtosis, band power, median, standard deviation, min, max, energy, entropy are used to make the wavelet coefficients meaningful. The performance is achieved as 99.414% with the running time of 0.0209 seconds
{"title":"Wavelet Transform Based Feature Extraction for EEG Signal Classification","authors":"S. Postalcioglu","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.21","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the classification of EEG signal. The study aims to make a classification with fast response and high-performance rate. Thus, it could be possible for real-time control applications as Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems. The feature vector is created by Wavelet transform and statistical calculations. It is trained and tested with a neural network. The db4 wavelet is used in the study. Pwelch, skewness, kurtosis, band power, median, standard deviation, min, max, energy, entropy are used to make the wavelet coefficients meaningful. The performance is achieved as 99.414% with the running time of 0.0209 seconds","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127137524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.20
Brallan Alvares, Eric Perez, Joshua Trigueros, Jerry Ho, Eric Ly, H. T. Le
In the United States wildfires are rampant every year, taking lives, damaging properties and causing huge economic losses. This project designs a wildfire detector system using a Many-to-One communication method with XBee/Zigbee and GSM technologies. Testing of the prototypes has shown the system advantageous features, namely low-power, long-lasting, compact, scalable and communication-effective. The maximum power consumption of a Xbee fire detector and a GSM detector is 14W and 27W, respectively. In detection mode, the XBee detector consumes only 1.29W. The fire detectors are powered by solar panels and Ni-MH battery packs. A fully charged battery pack can sustain a detector up to around 19.3 hours in detection mode, and up to about 4.5 hours in alarm mode. The system has a high potential to be used for wide-area outdoor fire monitoring and detection. The covered area can be flexibly adjusted by varying the number of detectors. Early fire detection and alert provided by the system will enable timely responses that save human lives, as well as minimize property damages and other economic losses.
{"title":"Development of a Solar-Powered Wildfire Detector System for Remote Locations with XBee and GSM Capabilities","authors":"Brallan Alvares, Eric Perez, Joshua Trigueros, Jerry Ho, Eric Ly, H. T. Le","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.20","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States wildfires are rampant every year, taking lives, damaging properties and causing huge economic losses. This project designs a wildfire detector system using a Many-to-One communication method with XBee/Zigbee and GSM technologies. Testing of the prototypes has shown the system advantageous features, namely low-power, long-lasting, compact, scalable and communication-effective. The maximum power consumption of a Xbee fire detector and a GSM detector is 14W and 27W, respectively. In detection mode, the XBee detector consumes only 1.29W. The fire detectors are powered by solar panels and Ni-MH battery packs. A fully charged battery pack can sustain a detector up to around 19.3 hours in detection mode, and up to about 4.5 hours in alarm mode. The system has a high potential to be used for wide-area outdoor fire monitoring and detection. The covered area can be flexibly adjusted by varying the number of detectors. Early fire detection and alert provided by the system will enable timely responses that save human lives, as well as minimize property damages and other economic losses.","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130006567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.19
Vanita Agrawal, Pradyut Kumar Goswami, K. K. Sarma
Short-Term Load Forecasting for buildings has gained a lot of importance in recent times due to the ongoing penetration of renewable energy and the upgradation of power system networks to Smart Grids embedded with smart meters. Power System expansion is not able to keep pace with the energy consumption demands. In this scenario, accurate household energy forecasting is one of the key solutions to managing the demand side energy. Even a small percentage of improvement in forecasting error, translates to a lot of saving for both producers and consumers. In this paper, it was found out that Aggregated 1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks can be effectively modeled to predict the household consumption with greater accuracy than a basic 1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network model or a classical Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model. The proposed Aggregated Convolutional Neural Network model was tested on a 4 year household energy consumption dataset and gave very promising Root Mean Square Error reduction
{"title":"Week-ahead Forecasting of Household Energy Consumption Using CNN and Multivariate Data","authors":"Vanita Agrawal, Pradyut Kumar Goswami, K. K. Sarma","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.19","url":null,"abstract":"Short-Term Load Forecasting for buildings has gained a lot of importance in recent times due to the ongoing penetration of renewable energy and the upgradation of power system networks to Smart Grids embedded with smart meters. Power System expansion is not able to keep pace with the energy consumption demands. In this scenario, accurate household energy forecasting is one of the key solutions to managing the demand side energy. Even a small percentage of improvement in forecasting error, translates to a lot of saving for both producers and consumers. In this paper, it was found out that Aggregated 1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks can be effectively modeled to predict the household consumption with greater accuracy than a basic 1-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network model or a classical Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model. The proposed Aggregated Convolutional Neural Network model was tested on a 4 year household energy consumption dataset and gave very promising Root Mean Square Error reduction","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114388361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.18
Debalina Banerjee, Akashjyoti Banik, Sanjib Kumar Singh, K. K. Sarma
Surveillance operations designed to be carried out by a robotic vehicle for entry into an area of higher risks and perform hazardous tasks form the core of this work. The system is integrated with a robotic vehicle that is controlled through a virtual interface and well supported by live video streaming. Here, the motion detection sensor is used as a simple but powerful human presence detector and alarm trigger. Also, the design has a metal detector and gas detecting sensor that can provide precaution against potential landmines present in the operations area and presence of chemicals, high energy materials or poisonous gases on regular and event-based occurrence. The real-time data of the gas sensor is stored in the local machine and also uses a speech recognition system developed using Raspberry Pi microcomputer to detect audio signals. It generates routine alarms on special/unknown/ first time patterns of audio threats. The system is designed using low-cost components.
这项工作的核心是设计机器人车辆进入高风险区域执行危险任务的监控操作。该系统与通过虚拟界面控制的机器人车集成，并得到实时视频流的有力支持。在这里，运动检测传感器被用作简单但功能强大的人员存在检测器和警报触发器。此外，该设计还配备了金属探测器和气体探测传感器，可定期或在事件发生时对行动区内可能存在的地雷以及化学物质、高能量材料或有毒气体进行预防。气体传感器的实时数据存储在本地机器中，还使用 Raspberry Pi 微型计算机开发的语音识别系统来检测音频信号。它会对特殊/未知/首次出现的音频威胁模式发出例行警报。该系统采用低成本组件设计。
{"title":"IoT platform based Smart Assistant for Surveillance","authors":"Debalina Banerjee, Akashjyoti Banik, Sanjib Kumar Singh, K. K. Sarma","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.18","url":null,"abstract":"Surveillance operations designed to be carried out by a robotic vehicle for entry into an area of higher risks and perform hazardous tasks form the core of this work. The system is integrated with a robotic vehicle that is controlled through a virtual interface and well supported by live video streaming. Here, the motion detection sensor is used as a simple but powerful human presence detector and alarm trigger. Also, the design has a metal detector and gas detecting sensor that can provide precaution against potential landmines present in the operations area and presence of chemicals, high energy materials or poisonous gases on regular and event-based occurrence. The real-time data of the gas sensor is stored in the local machine and also uses a speech recognition system developed using Raspberry Pi microcomputer to detect audio signals. It generates routine alarms on special/unknown/ first time patterns of audio threats. The system is designed using low-cost components.","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127916226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.17
Merve Nur Cakir, M. Saleemi, K. Zimmermann
Stochastic Moore automata have in opposition to stochastic Mealy automata the same capabilities as general stochastic automata, but have the advantage that they are easier to access than their pure stochastic counterparts. Cascade decomposition of automata leads to a loop-free partitioning and in this way contributes to the analysis of automata. This paper shows that stochastic Moore automata can be decomposed into cascade products of stochastic Moore automata under mild conditions
{"title":"Cascade Products of Stochastic Automata","authors":"Merve Nur Cakir, M. Saleemi, K. Zimmermann","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.17","url":null,"abstract":"Stochastic Moore automata have in opposition to stochastic Mealy automata the same capabilities as general stochastic automata, but have the advantage that they are easier to access than their pure stochastic counterparts. Cascade decomposition of automata leads to a loop-free partitioning and in this way contributes to the analysis of automata. This paper shows that stochastic Moore automata can be decomposed into cascade products of stochastic Moore automata under mild conditions","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131685564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-02DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.16
Huanzhuo Ye, Yuan Li
This study proposes a service quality evaluation model framework which integrates automatic data acquisition, intelligent data processing and real-time data analysis with online comment data as data sources by introducing natural language processing technology based on management methods to break the traditional idea of over-reliance on human resources for service quality evaluation. The framework is mainly divided into text data preparation, fine-grained sentiment analysis and fuzzy cloud evaluation models. Data preparation module is responsible for preparing the initial data, and the fine-grained sentiment analysis module is responsible for pre-training a fine-grained sentiment classification model. The fuzzy cloud evaluation module uses the data obtained from the first two modules to evaluate service quality. By applying the model into catering industry, the feasibility of the model is proved and individuality, efficiency, dynamicity and intelligence of the model give it more advantage in the practice of service quality evaluation
{"title":"Fuzzy Cloud Evaluation of Service Quality Based on DP-FastText","authors":"Huanzhuo Ye, Yuan Li","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.16","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a service quality evaluation model framework which integrates automatic data acquisition, intelligent data processing and real-time data analysis with online comment data as data sources by introducing natural language processing technology based on management methods to break the traditional idea of over-reliance on human resources for service quality evaluation. The framework is mainly divided into text data preparation, fine-grained sentiment analysis and fuzzy cloud evaluation models. Data preparation module is responsible for preparing the initial data, and the fine-grained sentiment analysis module is responsible for pre-training a fine-grained sentiment classification model. The fuzzy cloud evaluation module uses the data obtained from the first two modules to evaluate service quality. By applying the model into catering industry, the feasibility of the model is proved and individuality, efficiency, dynamicity and intelligence of the model give it more advantage in the practice of service quality evaluation","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121838854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.15
B. Hossieni, M. Afshari, M. Alizadeh, H. Karamikabir
n many applied areas there is a clear need for the extended forms of the well-known distributions.The new distributions are more flexible to model real data that present a high degree of skewness and kurtosis, such that each one solves a particular part of the classical distribution problems. In this paper, a new two-parameter Generalized Odd Gamma distribution, called the (GOGaU) distribution, is introduced and the fitness capability of this model are investigated. Some structural properties of the new distribution are obtained. The different methods including: Maximum likelihood estimators, Bayesian estimators (posterior mean and maximum a posterior), least squares estimators, weighted least squares estimators, Cramér-von-Mises estimators, Anderson-Darling and right tailed Anderson-Darling estimators are discussed to estimate the model parameters. In order to perform the applications, the importance and flexibility of the new model are also illustrated empirically by means of two real data sets. For simulation Stan and JAGS software were utilized in which we have built the GOGaU JAGS module
{"title":"A New Generalized Odd Gamma Uniform Distribution: Mathematical Properties, Application and Simulation","authors":"B. Hossieni, M. Afshari, M. Alizadeh, H. Karamikabir","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.15","url":null,"abstract":"n many applied areas there is a clear need for the extended forms of the well-known distributions.The new distributions are more flexible to model real data that present a high degree of skewness and kurtosis, such that each one solves a particular part of the classical distribution problems. In this paper, a new two-parameter Generalized Odd Gamma distribution, called the (GOGaU) distribution, is introduced and the fitness capability of this model are investigated. Some structural properties of the new distribution are obtained. The different methods including: Maximum likelihood estimators, Bayesian estimators (posterior mean and maximum a posterior), least squares estimators, weighted least squares estimators, Cramér-von-Mises estimators, Anderson-Darling and right tailed Anderson-Darling estimators are discussed to estimate the model parameters. In order to perform the applications, the importance and flexibility of the new model are also illustrated empirically by means of two real data sets. For simulation Stan and JAGS software were utilized in which we have built the GOGaU JAGS module","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132365987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.14
S. Spuzic
The recent implementations of Industry 4.0 and allied mathematical applications such as machine learning and big data analytics are conditioned by mathematizing the basic features of the observed system. For example, the key phenomena in a number of man-made processes are controlled by an orifice, an opening through which is passing a medium of interest. When the observed process is recursive, the related records indicate the possibility of extracting from the accumulating observations knowledge useful for the system optimisation. Many of the process variables such as chemical composition, velocities, temperatures, and forces, are recorded in a convenient digital format. This, however, is not always the case with the orifice geometry. Mathematical transforms presented hereby demonstrate how a broad variety of the orifice geometries can be defined in a generic mathematical format that allows for analysing them within the same observation space
{"title":"A Case of Application of Data Transforms","authors":"S. Spuzic","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.14","url":null,"abstract":"The recent implementations of Industry 4.0 and allied mathematical applications such as machine learning and big data analytics are conditioned by mathematizing the basic features of the observed system. For example, the key phenomena in a number of man-made processes are controlled by an orifice, an opening through which is passing a medium of interest. When the observed process is recursive, the related records indicate the possibility of extracting from the accumulating observations knowledge useful for the system optimisation. Many of the process variables such as chemical composition, velocities, temperatures, and forces, are recorded in a convenient digital format. This, however, is not always the case with the orifice geometry. Mathematical transforms presented hereby demonstrate how a broad variety of the orifice geometries can be defined in a generic mathematical format that allows for analysing them within the same observation space","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129499014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.37394/23205.2021.20.13
Indranil Roy, Swathi Kaluvakuri, Koushik Maddali, Ziping Liu, B. Gupta
In this paper, we have considered a recently reported 2-layer non-DHT-based structured P2P network. Residue Class based on modular arithmetic has been used to realize the overlay topology. At the heart of the architecture (layer-1), there exists a tree like structure, known as pyramid tree. It is not a conventional tree. A node i in this tree represents the cluster-head of a cluster of peers which are interested in a particular resource of type Ri (i.e. peers with a common interest). The cluster-head is the first among these peers to join the system. Root of the tree is assumed to be at level 1. Such a tree is a complete one if at each level j, there are j number of nodes. It is an incomplete one if only at its leaf level, say k, there are less than k number of nodes. Layer 2 consists of the different clusters. The network has some unique structural properties, e.g. each cluster has a diameter of only 1 overlay hop and the diameter of the network is just (2+2d); d being the number of levels of the layer-1 pyramid tree and d depends only on the number of distinct resources. Therefore, the diameter of the network is independent of the number of peers in the whole network. In the present work, we have used some such properties to design low latency intra and inter cluster data lookup protocols. Our choice of considering non-DHT and interest-based overlay networks is justified by the following facts: 1) intra-cluster data lookup protocol has constant complexity and complexity of inter-cluster data lookup is O(d) if tree traversal is used and 2) search latency is independent of the total number of peers present in the overlay network unlike any structured DHT-based network (as a matter fact unlike any existing P2P network, structured or unstructured). Experimental results as well show superiority of the proposed protocols to some noted structured networks from the viewpoints of search latency and complexity involved in it. In addition, we have presented in detail the process of handling churns and proposed a simple yet very effective technique related to cluster partitioning, which, in turn, helps in reducing the number of messages required to be exchanged to handle churns.
{"title":"Efficient Communication Protocols for Non DHT-based Pyramid Tree P2P Architecture","authors":"Indranil Roy, Swathi Kaluvakuri, Koushik Maddali, Ziping Liu, B. Gupta","doi":"10.37394/23205.2021.20.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we have considered a recently reported 2-layer non-DHT-based structured P2P network. Residue Class based on modular arithmetic has been used to realize the overlay topology. At the heart of the architecture (layer-1), there exists a tree like structure, known as pyramid tree. It is not a conventional tree. A node i in this tree represents the cluster-head of a cluster of peers which are interested in a particular resource of type Ri (i.e. peers with a common interest). The cluster-head is the first among these peers to join the system. Root of the tree is assumed to be at level 1. Such a tree is a complete one if at each level j, there are j number of nodes. It is an incomplete one if only at its leaf level, say k, there are less than k number of nodes. Layer 2 consists of the different clusters. The network has some unique structural properties, e.g. each cluster has a diameter of only 1 overlay hop and the diameter of the network is just (2+2d); d being the number of levels of the layer-1 pyramid tree and d depends only on the number of distinct resources. Therefore, the diameter of the network is independent of the number of peers in the whole network. In the present work, we have used some such properties to design low latency intra and inter cluster data lookup protocols. Our choice of considering non-DHT and interest-based overlay networks is justified by the following facts: 1) intra-cluster data lookup protocol has constant complexity and complexity of inter-cluster data lookup is O(d) if tree traversal is used and 2) search latency is independent of the total number of peers present in the overlay network unlike any structured DHT-based network (as a matter fact unlike any existing P2P network, structured or unstructured). Experimental results as well show superiority of the proposed protocols to some noted structured networks from the viewpoints of search latency and complexity involved in it. In addition, we have presented in detail the process of handling churns and proposed a simple yet very effective technique related to cluster partitioning, which, in turn, helps in reducing the number of messages required to be exchanged to handle churns.","PeriodicalId":332148,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129064256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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