Silvio Polly da Costa Valladão, J. Loenneke, X. Ye, Corbit Franks, Thomas L. Andre
Introduction: Monitoring Training Load in soccer is used to achieve the best individualized performance outcomes and to prevent injuries. However, there is no clear recommendation for which ‘match duration’ should be used in the calculation of match Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Training Load (sRPE-TL) in NCAA DI women’s soccer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a duration standard to be used in the calculation of sRPE-TL in collegiate NCAA DI women’s soccer matches. A secondary aim was to investigate whether multiple positions require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL. Methods: Seventeen athletes (means ± standard deviations: age 20 ± 1.1 yrs., height 170 ± 6.6 cm, weight 64.6 ± 7.0 kg) participated in this study. Repeated measures correlations were used to determine the relationship between the different sRPE-TL calculations and objective variables (e.g., GPS variables and HR-based variable). Data was analyzed using the rmcorr package in R Studio executing R. Alpha was set a-priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The s-RPE-TL using the four ‘minutes played’ durations (‘minutes played only’, ‘warm-up added’, ‘halftime added’, and ‘warm-up and halftime added’) were strongly correlated with TLS (r = .773, .776, .789, .786), total distance (r = .825, .813, .811, .798), number of sprints (r = .716, .717, .712, .711), HSD (r = .608, .615, .609, .612), and mechanical load (r = .738, .738, .734, .732). When separated by positions, the correlations between sRPE-TL and objective data were similar across all four ‘minutes played’ durations. Conclusions: Any of the ‘minutes played’ durations should be used to calculate match sRPE-TL values for the entire team. Multiple positions do not require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL which facilitates sRPE-TL comparisons across positions.
{"title":"Minutes Played Should be Used for the Calculation of Session Rating of Perceived Exertion During Matches in NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer","authors":"Silvio Polly da Costa Valladão, J. Loenneke, X. Ye, Corbit Franks, Thomas L. Andre","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10545","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Monitoring Training Load in soccer is used to achieve the best individualized performance outcomes and to prevent injuries. However, there is no clear recommendation for which ‘match duration’ should be used in the calculation of match Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Training Load (sRPE-TL) in NCAA DI women’s soccer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a duration standard to be used in the calculation of sRPE-TL in collegiate NCAA DI women’s soccer matches. A secondary aim was to investigate whether multiple positions require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL. Methods: Seventeen athletes (means ± standard deviations: age 20 ± 1.1 yrs., height 170 ± 6.6 cm, weight 64.6 ± 7.0 kg) participated in this study. Repeated measures correlations were used to determine the relationship between the different sRPE-TL calculations and objective variables (e.g., GPS variables and HR-based variable). Data was analyzed using the rmcorr package in R Studio executing R. Alpha was set a-priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The s-RPE-TL using the four ‘minutes played’ durations (‘minutes played only’, ‘warm-up added’, ‘halftime added’, and ‘warm-up and halftime added’) were strongly correlated with TLS (r = .773, .776, .789, .786), total distance (r = .825, .813, .811, .798), number of sprints (r = .716, .717, .712, .711), HSD (r = .608, .615, .609, .612), and mechanical load (r = .738, .738, .734, .732). When separated by positions, the correlations between sRPE-TL and objective data were similar across all four ‘minutes played’ durations. Conclusions: Any of the ‘minutes played’ durations should be used to calculate match sRPE-TL values for the entire team. Multiple positions do not require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL which facilitates sRPE-TL comparisons across positions.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124523457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Adamson, Clare Quebedeaux, Tyler Carpenter, Stuart Roche, Travis Kleifgen, Alex Curtis, Makennah J. Mills
Questionnaires are commonplace in team and individual sports as a subjective tool to assess an athlete’s psychological perception and behavioral practices towards their performance and physical preparation. A consistent and systematic approach is required when administering questionnaires to an athlete or group of athletes. Proper questionnaire design and administration methods allow a strength and conditioning coach to effectively analyze the data and make actionable interventions when necessary. There are challenges in sports, especially team environments, which strength and conditioning professionals must maneuver to better help athletes. These challenges include sudden changes in practice or travel, coaching changes, administrative technicalities, athlete cooperation, and many more factors. When challenges arise, questionnaires are useful tool to gauge how an athlete responds to such changes. The purpose of this report is to outline strategies and considerations for strength and conditioning professionals to effectively implement questionnaires in the collegiate environment.
{"title":"Considerations for the Utilization of Questionnaires in Collegiate Team Environments","authors":"G. Adamson, Clare Quebedeaux, Tyler Carpenter, Stuart Roche, Travis Kleifgen, Alex Curtis, Makennah J. Mills","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10546","url":null,"abstract":"Questionnaires are commonplace in team and individual sports as a subjective tool to assess an athlete’s psychological perception and behavioral practices towards their performance and physical preparation. A consistent and systematic approach is required when administering questionnaires to an athlete or group of athletes. Proper questionnaire design and administration methods allow a strength and conditioning coach to effectively analyze the data and make actionable interventions when necessary. There are challenges in sports, especially team environments, which strength and conditioning professionals must maneuver to better help athletes. These challenges include sudden changes in practice or travel, coaching changes, administrative technicalities, athlete cooperation, and many more factors. When challenges arise, questionnaires are useful tool to gauge how an athlete responds to such changes. The purpose of this report is to outline strategies and considerations for strength and conditioning professionals to effectively implement questionnaires in the collegiate environment.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124066688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Advances in GPS technology have allowed for the measurement of soccer players’ external workloads in competition. While short collegiate seasons with fixture congestion may pose challenges for sustained performance, no study has determined if objective measures of performance are impacted by game congestion in college soccer players. Methods: External workload variables were measured using the Polar Team Pro™ GPS device (n=19 players). Data were normalized by minutes played to account for discrepancies in playing time. Paired samples T-test was used to determine if workloads were different between the first and second games of “double-header” weekends (n=14 games). Results: In second games, sprints were significantly reduced compared to first games (0.49 ± 0.2 vs. 0.41 ± 0.1, p= 0.005), with decelerations tending to be lower (1.58 ± 0.4 vs. 1.43 ± 0.4, p= 0.06). However, there were no differences in total distance (133.3 ± 38.8 m vs. 129 ± 32.2 m, p= 0.54), high speed running (45.1 ± 13.1 vs. 47.7 ± 13.9 m, p= 0.26) and accelerations (1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4, p= 0.13) respectively. Conclusions: We note a small but significant difference in sprint distance with fixture congestion, despite no reduction in total distance run, high-speed running, or accelerations. These findings are unexpected due to the high demands of match play and limited recovery time between games.
导读:GPS技术的进步使得测量足球运动员在比赛中的外部工作量成为可能。虽然短赛季的赛程拥堵可能会对持续的表现构成挑战，但没有研究确定大学足球运动员的客观表现是否会受到比赛拥堵的影响。方法:使用Polar Team Pro™GPS设备测量外部工作量变量(n=19名球员)。数据按上场时间归一化，以解释上场时间的差异。配对样本t检验用于确定“双头”周末的第一场和第二场比赛之间的工作量是否不同(n=14场比赛)。结果:在第二场比赛中，与第一场比赛相比，短跑明显减少(0.49±0.2比0.41±0.1,p= 0.005)，减速倾向于更低(1.58±0.4比1.43±0.4,p= 0.06)。总距离(133.3±38.8 m vs. 129±32.2 m, p= 0.54)、高速跑(45.1±13.1 m vs. 47.7±13.9 m, p= 0.26)和加速度(1.5±0.4 vs. 1.6±0.4,p= 0.13)差异无统计学意义。结论:我们注意到，尽管总跑距离、高速跑或加速度没有减少，但夹具堵塞在短跑距离上有微小但显著的差异。由于对比赛的高要求和比赛之间有限的恢复时间，这些发现是出乎意料的。
{"title":"Fixture Congestion has Minimal Impact on External Workloads in Collegiate Soccer Players","authors":"G. Long, K. Freeland, Johnathan Hayes","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10544","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Advances in GPS technology have allowed for the measurement of soccer players’ external workloads in competition. While short collegiate seasons with fixture congestion may pose challenges for sustained performance, no study has determined if objective measures of performance are impacted by game congestion in college soccer players.\u0000Methods: External workload variables were measured using the Polar Team Pro™ GPS device (n=19 players). Data were normalized by minutes played to account for discrepancies in playing time. Paired samples T-test was used to determine if workloads were different between the first and second games of “double-header” weekends (n=14 games).\u0000Results: In second games, sprints were significantly reduced compared to first games (0.49 ± 0.2 vs. 0.41 ± 0.1, p= 0.005), with decelerations tending to be lower (1.58 ± 0.4 vs. 1.43 ± 0.4, p= 0.06). However, there were no differences in total distance (133.3 ± 38.8 m vs. 129 ± 32.2 m, p= 0.54), high speed running (45.1 ± 13.1 vs. 47.7 ± 13.9 m, p= 0.26) and accelerations (1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4, p= 0.13) respectively.\u0000Conclusions: We note a small but significant difference in sprint distance with fixture congestion, despite no reduction in total distance run, high-speed running, or accelerations. These findings are unexpected due to the high demands of match play and limited recovery time between games.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128094137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Luis de Rojas, T. Silver, J. Antonio, C. Peacock
Introduction: Nutrition plays an important role for mixed martial art (MMA) athletes preparing for competition. Additionally, nutritional supplements are widely used by athletes preparing for competition. Among the various nutritional supplements used by MMA athletes, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is one supplement that may have positive effects on body composition during a fight camp. Methods: The current study examined 16 healthy, male professional MMA fighters (29.0±3.5 yrs.; 178.5± 7.8 cm). Participants completed a randomized, double-blinded, two group [HMB versus Placebo (Cellulose)] by two-time point [Pre-, Post-], mixed study. The study consisted of subjects supplementing HMB (3g daily) or placebo in conjunction with MMA training over a 6-week period. Supplementation was consumed after each morning training session and first thing in the morning on non-training days. Body composition was assessed via InBody770® (InBody UK, United Kingdom) for both pre- and post-intervention. Results: There were no significant (p = 0.471) differences between HMB and Placebo (Table 2) following the 6-weeks of training for weight (HMB Pre- 84.6±10.8kg, Post- 84.1±11.6kg; Placebo Pre- 87.9±14.2kg, Post- 87.9±13.5kg). There were also no significant (p = 0.095) differences for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (HMB Pre- 42.3±5.4kg, Post- 41.8±5.1kg; Placebo Pre- 44.2±9.0kg, Post- 44.6±8.8kg). No significant (p = 0.655) differences existed for fat mass (HMB Pre- 11.3±2.5kg, Post- 11.2±3.8kg; Placebo Pre- 11.0±4.9, Post- 11.2±3.6). Lastly, no differences (p = 0.641) existed for body fat % (HMB Pre- 13.3±2.5%, Post- 13.2±3.4%; Placebo Pre- 12.8±6.4%, Post- 12.3±6.6%). Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of HMB to improve body composition in trained MMA fighters is not supported. There was also no significant difference in skeletal muscle mass during the six weeks.
{"title":"The Effects of Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate on Body Composition in Trained MMA Fighters","authors":"José Luis de Rojas, T. Silver, J. Antonio, C. Peacock","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10532","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nutrition plays an important role for mixed martial art (MMA) athletes preparing for competition. Additionally, nutritional supplements are widely used by athletes preparing for competition. Among the various nutritional supplements used by MMA athletes, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is one supplement that may have positive effects on body composition during a fight camp.\u0000Methods: The current study examined 16 healthy, male professional MMA fighters (29.0±3.5 yrs.; 178.5± 7.8 cm). Participants completed a randomized, double-blinded, two group [HMB versus Placebo (Cellulose)] by two-time point [Pre-, Post-], mixed study. The study consisted of subjects supplementing HMB (3g daily) or placebo in conjunction with MMA training over a 6-week period. Supplementation was consumed after each morning training session and first thing in the morning on non-training days. Body composition was assessed via InBody770® (InBody UK, United Kingdom) for both pre- and post-intervention. \u0000Results: There were no significant (p = 0.471) differences between HMB and Placebo (Table 2) following the 6-weeks of training for weight (HMB Pre- 84.6±10.8kg, Post- 84.1±11.6kg; Placebo Pre- 87.9±14.2kg, Post- 87.9±13.5kg). There were also no significant (p = 0.095) differences for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (HMB Pre- 42.3±5.4kg, Post- 41.8±5.1kg; Placebo Pre- 44.2±9.0kg, Post- 44.6±8.8kg). No significant (p = 0.655) differences existed for fat mass (HMB Pre- 11.3±2.5kg, Post- 11.2±3.8kg; Placebo Pre- 11.0±4.9, Post- 11.2±3.6). Lastly, no differences (p = 0.641) existed for body fat % (HMB Pre- 13.3±2.5%, Post- 13.2±3.4%; Placebo Pre- 12.8±6.4%, Post- 12.3±6.6%).\u0000Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of HMB to improve body composition in trained MMA fighters is not supported. There was also no significant difference in skeletal muscle mass during the six weeks. ","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129918784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Buxton, P. Prins, E. Ryan, Dalton W. Jones, Isaac Thrasher, Madison N. Faulkner, Elaine Robertson, G. Welton, D. Ault
Introduction: To examine the effects of voluntary hyperventilation (VH) between sets of bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) at 70 and 90% 1RM on repetitions to failure, power, bar velocity, blood lactate, session RPE (sRPE), and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2). Methods: Fifteen recreationally trained (2.92 ± 2.18 yrs. of resistance training experience) college-aged males (20.27 ± 1.39 yrs., 182.40 ± 7.42 cm, 82.23 ± 10.84 kg) performed 3 sets of BP and SQ to failure at 70 and 90% 1RM on separate days with normal breathing (CON) or 30 sec of VH during inter-set rest periods. Results: There were no significant differences between conditions for repetitions, power, velocity and sRPE (p’s > 0.05) at either intensity. VH resulted in a slight attenuation of blood lactate accumulation between sets 2 and 3 of SQ (p = 0.037). There was a significant condition and intensity interaction for SmO2 of the pectoralis (p = 0.034) with VH producing higher SmO2 at 90% 1RM and lower SmO2 at 70% 1RM than the CON. Conclusions: Voluntary hyperventilation did not produce an ergogenic effect in recreationally trained individuals which, when considering current evidence, suggests other factors including training experience, may influence the effectiveness of VH.
{"title":"Inter-Set Voluntary Hyperventilation-Aided Recovery Does Not Improve Performance of Bench Press and Squat in Recreationally Trained Individuals","authors":"J. Buxton, P. Prins, E. Ryan, Dalton W. Jones, Isaac Thrasher, Madison N. Faulkner, Elaine Robertson, G. Welton, D. Ault","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10529","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: To examine the effects of voluntary hyperventilation (VH) between sets of bench press (BP) and squat (SQ) at 70 and 90% 1RM on repetitions to failure, power, bar velocity, blood lactate, session RPE (sRPE), and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2).\u0000Methods: Fifteen recreationally trained (2.92 ± 2.18 yrs. of resistance training experience) college-aged males (20.27 ± 1.39 yrs., 182.40 ± 7.42 cm, 82.23 ± 10.84 kg) performed 3 sets of BP and SQ to failure at 70 and 90% 1RM on separate days with normal breathing (CON) or 30 sec of VH during inter-set rest periods.\u0000Results: There were no significant differences between conditions for repetitions, power, velocity and sRPE (p’s > 0.05) at either intensity. VH resulted in a slight attenuation of blood lactate accumulation between sets 2 and 3 of SQ (p = 0.037). There was a significant condition and intensity interaction for SmO2 of the pectoralis (p = 0.034) with VH producing higher SmO2 at 90% 1RM and lower SmO2 at 70% 1RM than the CON.\u0000Conclusions: Voluntary hyperventilation did not produce an ergogenic effect in recreationally trained individuals which, when considering current evidence, suggests other factors including training experience, may influence the effectiveness of VH.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134104492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commentary The maximum workload range (max range) is a concept suggested by Sanders et al.1 regarding a method used to prescribe adequate practice workloads based off wearable technology data. The max range is calculated as follows from game data: Max Range = (Mean Total Distance + 1 St. Dev.) to (Maximum Total Distance) While the example provided utilizes total distance, the max range can be applied to key performance indicators such as high-speed distance, training load, jumps, etc. that are tracked throughout the competitive season in team sports. The max range concept was developed from research that found 12-17% of the time, football athletes, depending on position, accumulated game workloads outside their position’s mean + 1SD. Anecdotally, many coaches and practitioners use simple game averages as a control for ideal practice volumes. Based on previous research, using the game average as control training threshold may result in some high performing athletes being under-conditioned. It is reasonable to suggest that potential compound effects may occur throughout an entire season if athletes are not engaging in rigorous training loads that mimic game-like volumes and intensities. Figure 1. Theoretical football periodization structure for a defensive back using the max range for high intensity training days.
评论:最大工作负荷范围(max range)是Sanders等人提出的一个概念，是基于可穿戴技术数据规定适当练习工作负荷的方法。最大距离=(平均总距离+ 1 St. Dev.)到(最大总距离)虽然提供的示例使用总距离，但最大距离可以应用于关键绩效指标，如高速距离，训练负荷，跳跃等，这些指标在团队运动的整个竞争赛季中都会被跟踪。最大范围的概念源于一项研究，该研究发现，足球运动员在12-17%的时间里，根据位置的不同，累积的比赛工作量超出了他们位置的平均值+ 1SD。有趣的是，许多教练和练习者使用简单的比赛平均值作为理想练习量的控制。基于以往的研究，使用比赛平均值作为控制训练阈值可能会导致一些高水平运动员处于条件不足状态。有理由认为，如果运动员不进行严格的训练负荷，模仿游戏般的量和强度，潜在的复合效应可能会在整个赛季中发生。图1所示。理论足球周期结构的防守后卫使用最大范围的高强度训练日。
{"title":"Utilizing the Maximum Workload Range for Practice Periodization","authors":"Gabriel J. Sanders, C. Peacock","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2022.10533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2022.10533","url":null,"abstract":"Commentary\u0000The maximum workload range (max range) is a concept suggested by Sanders et al.1 regarding a method used to prescribe adequate practice workloads based off wearable technology data. The max range is calculated as follows from game data:\u0000Max Range = (Mean Total Distance + 1 St. Dev.) to (Maximum Total Distance)\u0000While the example provided utilizes total distance, the max range can be applied to key performance indicators such as high-speed distance, training load, jumps, etc. that are tracked throughout the competitive season in team sports. The max range concept was developed from research that found 12-17% of the time, football athletes, depending on position, accumulated game workloads outside their position’s mean + 1SD. Anecdotally, many coaches and practitioners use simple game averages as a control for ideal practice volumes. Based on previous research, using the game average as control training threshold may result in some high performing athletes being under-conditioned. It is reasonable to suggest that potential compound effects may occur throughout an entire season if athletes are not engaging in rigorous training loads that mimic game-like volumes and intensities.\u0000Figure 1. Theoretical football periodization structure for a defensive back using the max range for high intensity training days.\u0000","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127423845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Competitive soccer players are required to perform short passing under stressful conditions; their success may be related to their self-confidence and anxiety levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between short-passing ability and anxiety and self-confidence among collegiate soccer players. Methods: Seventeen Division III collegiate soccer players (20.0 ± 1.0 years, 65% female) completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI), Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI), and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) and the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT). Spearman’s rho (rs) was used to identify if a relationship between these inventories and LSPT time existed. Results: Mean LSPT total time was 55.7 ± 12.0 seconds. We observed positive relationships between SCAT and LSPT total time (rs = .51, p = .04) and CSAI-2R and LSPT total time (rs = .55, p =.03). Furthermore, a strong negative relationship was found between TSCI and LSPT total time (rs = -.68, p = .004). Conclusions: There is a relationship between anxiety, confidence and short-passing performance in collegiate soccer players. Coaches should consider interventions to decrease players’ anxiety and improve self-confidence in preparation for soccer competition.
简介:竞技足球运动员需要在紧张的条件下进行短传;他们的成功可能与他们的自信和焦虑程度有关。摘要本研究旨在探讨大学生足球运动员短传能力与焦虑、自信的关系。方法:17名大学三区足球运动员(20.0±1.0岁，65%为女性)完成了运动应对技能量表(ACSI)、运动竞赛焦虑量表(SCAT)、运动自信特质量表(TSCI)、竞技状态焦虑量表-2 (CSAI-2R)和拉夫堡足球及格测验(LSPT)。Spearman’s rho (rs)用于确定这些量表与LSPT时间之间是否存在关系。结果:LSPT总时间平均为55.7±12.0 s。SCAT与LSPT总时间呈正相关(rs = 0.51, p = 0.04)， CSAI-2R与LSPT总时间呈正相关(rs = 0.55, p = 0.03)。TSCI与LSPT总时间呈显著负相关(rs = -)。68, p = .004)。结论:大学生足球运动员的焦虑、自信与短传表现存在相关性。教练员应考虑采取干预措施，减少球员的焦虑情绪，提高球员备战足球比赛的自信心。
{"title":"Increased Anxiety and Decreased Confidence Lead to Poorer Short-Passing Performance in Collegiate Soccer Players","authors":"Mohammed Bila, A. Hillman","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2021.10520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2021.10520","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Competitive soccer players are required to perform short passing under stressful conditions; their success may be related to their self-confidence and anxiety levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between short-passing ability and anxiety and self-confidence among collegiate soccer players.\u0000Methods: Seventeen Division III collegiate soccer players (20.0 ± 1.0 years, 65% female) completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI), Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI), and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) and the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT). Spearman’s rho (rs) was used to identify if a relationship between these inventories and LSPT time existed.\u0000Results: Mean LSPT total time was 55.7 ± 12.0 seconds. We observed positive relationships between SCAT and LSPT total time (rs = .51, p = .04) and CSAI-2R and LSPT total time (rs = .55, p =.03). Furthermore, a strong negative relationship was found between TSCI and LSPT total time (rs = -.68, p = .004).\u0000Conclusions: There is a relationship between anxiety, confidence and short-passing performance in collegiate soccer players. Coaches should consider interventions to decrease players’ anxiety and improve self-confidence in preparation for soccer competition.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134231974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor Dinyer-McNeely, Pasquale J Succi, C. Voskuil, M. T. Byrd, H. Bergstrom
Introduction: This study examined the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) responses during bilateral, leg extension exercise performed to failure at a moderate (70% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) load. Methods: Eleven men completed a 1RM and repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM of the leg extension. The EMG and MMG signals were recorded from the right and left vastus lateralis. Polynomial regression analyses were used to determine individual and composite, normalized neuromuscular responses for both limbs. Results: For EMG AMP, both limbs demonstrated positive, quadratic relationships. For EMG MPF, the right limb demonstrated a negative, cubic relationship and the left limb demonstrated a negative, quadratic relationship. For MMG AMP, the right limb demonstrated a positive, quadratic relationship and the left limb demonstrated a positive, linear relationship. For MMG MPF, both limbs demonstrated negative, linear relationships. 18-45% of the subjects demonstrated the same responses as the composite for the EMG and MMG signals. 14% of the subjects demonstrated the same direction and pattern of response for the right and left limb intra-individual responses. Conclusions: The variability in the inter- and intra-individual responses highlight the necessity to report individual neuromuscular responses when examining fatiguing resistance exercise.
{"title":"Comparison of Inter- and Intra-Individual Neuromuscular Patterns of Responses During Moderate-Load Bilateral Leg Extension Exercise","authors":"Taylor Dinyer-McNeely, Pasquale J Succi, C. Voskuil, M. T. Byrd, H. Bergstrom","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2021.10515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2021.10515","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study examined the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) responses during bilateral, leg extension exercise performed to failure at a moderate (70% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) load. \u0000Methods: Eleven men completed a 1RM and repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM of the leg extension. The EMG and MMG signals were recorded from the right and left vastus lateralis. Polynomial regression analyses were used to determine individual and composite, normalized neuromuscular responses for both limbs. \u0000Results: For EMG AMP, both limbs demonstrated positive, quadratic relationships. For EMG MPF, the right limb demonstrated a negative, cubic relationship and the left limb demonstrated a negative, quadratic relationship. For MMG AMP, the right limb demonstrated a positive, quadratic relationship and the left limb demonstrated a positive, linear relationship. For MMG MPF, both limbs demonstrated negative, linear relationships. 18-45% of the subjects demonstrated the same responses as the composite for the EMG and MMG signals. 14% of the subjects demonstrated the same direction and pattern of response for the right and left limb intra-individual responses. \u0000Conclusions: The variability in the inter- and intra-individual responses highlight the necessity to report individual neuromuscular responses when examining fatiguing resistance exercise.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121499406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sends a weak electrical current through the cerebral cortex. tDCS has been shown to be effective in longer activities (>75s) but minimal research has been performed with short, anaerobic tests. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tDCS on Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) performance. Methods: Fifteen young, resistance-trained adults (23.7±2.7 years; BMI 24.9±2.6 kg×m-2; 12 males) volunteered for this study. Electrodes were placed at T3 and FP2 for anodal stimulation of the insular cortex (IC), and 2mA of current was supplied for 20 minutes; after a short rest period, subjects performed a WAnT. Dependent variables included peak/mean/relative power, peak heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Experimental and sham conditions were utilized. Paired-samples t-tests were used to determine the effect of tDCS on the dependent variables. Results: Peak power in the experimental condition (1,019.0±237.5W) was not different than that of the sham (1,008.3±240.4W; p=.638). There were no differences in any other WAnT variables, and no differences in peak HR or RPE (all p>.05). Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that tDCS in resistance-trained individuals is not effective in improving performance on an anaerobic test. In addition, it is still considered experimental and its ethical use is questionable.
{"title":"No Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Anaerobic Test Performance in Resistance-trained Individuals","authors":"","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2021.10517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2021.10517","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) sends a weak electrical current through the cerebral cortex. tDCS has been shown to be effective in longer activities (>75s) but minimal research has been performed with short, anaerobic tests. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tDCS on Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) performance.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods: Fifteen young, resistance-trained adults (23.7±2.7 years; BMI 24.9±2.6 kg×m-2; 12 males) volunteered for this study. Electrodes were placed at T3 and FP2 for anodal stimulation of the insular cortex (IC), and 2mA of current was supplied for 20 minutes; after a short rest period, subjects performed a WAnT. Dependent variables included peak/mean/relative power, peak heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Experimental and sham conditions were utilized. Paired-samples t-tests were used to determine the effect of tDCS on the dependent variables.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results: Peak power in the experimental condition (1,019.0±237.5W) was not different than that of the sham (1,008.3±240.4W; p=.638). There were no differences in any other WAnT variables, and no differences in peak HR or RPE (all p>.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that tDCS in resistance-trained individuals is not effective in improving performance on an anaerobic test. In addition, it is still considered experimental and its ethical use is questionable.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121012490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Assessing muscle electromyography (EMG) in conjunction with physiological alterations to exercise may be valuable to determine a more holistic approach to exercise-induced fatigue. Methods: Thirteen, recreationally trained individuals (n = 7 female, n = 6 males) underwent a maximal exercise test. Throughout the test, physiological variables were measured in addition to surface electromyography (sEMG) of the upper legs. Physiological and sEMG data was then grouped in to four category thresholds based on respiratory exchange ratios (RER) greater than 0.95. Results: There was a main effect of group (p < 0.001) as an increase in exercise intensity assessed by RER threshold ranges resulted in a subsequent reductions in sEMG frequencies with the exception of the sEMG frequencies recorded at VO2peak (p < 0.055). Conclusions: Upper leg sEMG frequencies decrease with increases in high intensity exercise, with the exception of near maximal loads.
{"title":"Alterations in Surface Electromyography of the Upper Leg Muscles at Specified Respiratory Exchange Ratio Thresholds Ranges During a Maximal Exercise Test","authors":"Olivia Cooper","doi":"10.53520/rdsp2021.10510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53520/rdsp2021.10510","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Assessing muscle electromyography (EMG) in conjunction with physiological alterations to exercise may be valuable to determine a more holistic approach to exercise-induced fatigue.\u0000Methods: Thirteen, recreationally trained individuals (n = 7 female, n = 6 males) underwent a maximal exercise test. Throughout the test, physiological variables were measured in addition to surface electromyography (sEMG) of the upper legs. Physiological and sEMG data was then grouped in to four category thresholds based on respiratory exchange ratios (RER) greater than 0.95.\u0000Results: There was a main effect of group (p < 0.001) as an increase in exercise intensity assessed by RER threshold ranges resulted in a subsequent reductions in sEMG frequencies with the exception of the sEMG frequencies recorded at VO2peak (p < 0.055).\u0000Conclusions: Upper leg sEMG frequencies decrease with increases in high intensity exercise, with the exception of near maximal loads.","PeriodicalId":332159,"journal":{"name":"Research Directs in Strength and Performance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126403035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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