Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82265
M. Khan, W. Khan
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which increased autoantibody production and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark of the disease. A strictly controlled balance of antibody production and proinflammatory cytokines is the key to the healthy state. A slight tilt in this balance causes proinflam matory diseases. In RA there is an increased production of autoantibodies such as rheu- matoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), anti-cartilage type II antibodies, and etc., which have a prominent clinical significance. Furthermore, there is increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) which have an impact of great magnitude on the RA disease progression and severity. A better understanding of the mechanism of auto antibody production and secretion of cytokines together with crosstalk between immune cells and cytokines can provide us a better insight into the disease pathogenesis as well disease prognosis and management.
{"title":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"M. Khan, W. Khan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.82265","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which increased autoantibody production and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark of the disease. A strictly controlled balance of antibody production and proinflammatory cytokines is the key to the healthy state. A slight tilt in this balance causes proinflam matory diseases. In RA there is an increased production of autoantibodies such as rheu- matoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), anti-cartilage type II antibodies, and etc., which have a prominent clinical significance. Furthermore, there is increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) which have an impact of great magnitude on the RA disease progression and severity. A better understanding of the mechanism of auto antibody production and secretion of cytokines together with crosstalk between immune cells and cytokines can provide us a better insight into the disease pathogenesis as well disease prognosis and management.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"109 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125746110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77328
W. Khan
Autoantibodies are groups of antibodies that are directed against body’s own antigen. These autoantibodies are generated against different types of antigens in various autoimmune diseases. Clinical symptoms of systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the involvement of various organs in addition to the production of non-organ specific autoantibodies. These autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases are associated with a specific clinical symptom within a spectrum [1]. Most of the autoantibodies have diagnostic and prognostic importance with respect to their associated disease and all of these are not involve in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most autoantibodies are mainly used as biological markers for certain disease but they do not actually reflect the pathophysiological process underwent during the course of the disease, however, many autoantibodies also have a pathogenetic roles such as antinuclear antibodies and anti-tTG antibodies in celiac disease. For example, autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease which is characterized by various clinical, histological as well as immunological characteristics including production of circulating autoantibodies and high serum concentration of gamma globulin [2]. These autoantibodies are very important for the correct diagnosis and classification of autoimmune liver disease [3] and they are not related with the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. However, some of the systemic autoimmune disease relating these autoantibodies in the sense that their levels are changes during the course of the disease. These include anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in the vasculitis [4]. Other types of antibodies like anti-nucleosome and anti-CIq autoantibodies can function as both markers of the disease activity as well as pathogenic autoantibodies in SLE [5, 6].
{"title":"Introductory Chapter: Autoantibodies and Their Types","authors":"W. Khan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77328","url":null,"abstract":"Autoantibodies are groups of antibodies that are directed against body’s own antigen. These autoantibodies are generated against different types of antigens in various autoimmune diseases. Clinical symptoms of systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the involvement of various organs in addition to the production of non-organ specific autoantibodies. These autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases are associated with a specific clinical symptom within a spectrum [1]. Most of the autoantibodies have diagnostic and prognostic importance with respect to their associated disease and all of these are not involve in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Most autoantibodies are mainly used as biological markers for certain disease but they do not actually reflect the pathophysiological process underwent during the course of the disease, however, many autoantibodies also have a pathogenetic roles such as antinuclear antibodies and anti-tTG antibodies in celiac disease. For example, autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease which is characterized by various clinical, histological as well as immunological characteristics including production of circulating autoantibodies and high serum concentration of gamma globulin [2]. These autoantibodies are very important for the correct diagnosis and classification of autoimmune liver disease [3] and they are not related with the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. However, some of the systemic autoimmune disease relating these autoantibodies in the sense that their levels are changes during the course of the disease. These include anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in the vasculitis [4]. Other types of antibodies like anti-nucleosome and anti-CIq autoantibodies can function as both markers of the disease activity as well as pathogenic autoantibodies in SLE [5, 6].","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132093791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76344
A. Markova, M. Hadži-Lega, G. Dimitrov, Gligor Tofovski, J. Georgievska, E. Dzikova, I. Kjaev
Aim: the purpose of the actual study was to evaluate, in the third trimester of pregnancy, the relationship between the formation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine and several indicators of moderate and severe preeclampsia. Materials and methods: in the third trimester of gesta- tion, examination of the biochemical markers of preeclampsia (PE) and maternal IL-10 levels was conducted in 100 women with pregnancies complicated by varying degrees of preeclamp - sia and in 100 normotensive patients, hospitalized at the University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Patients with preeclampsia were categorized into moderate and severe preeclampsia groups according to the degree of preeclampsia. Logistic regression of the different parameters for the occurrence of severe preeclampsia analysis was used to determine the predictive value. Results: the regression analysis detected systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher, diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or higher, persistent proteinuria in pregnancy, serum LDH concentration of 450 U/L or higher, and reduced serum concentrations of IL-10 as significant predictors of severe preeclampsia. Conclusion: signifi - cantly, lower IL-10 concentrations in maternal serum in patients with severe preeclampsia in comparison with respective concentrations in patients with moderate preeclampsia can be considered as major pathognomonic laboratory sign of severe form of preeclampsia.
{"title":"Indicators of Preeclampsia in Correlation with Maternal Cytokines in Pregnancy","authors":"A. Markova, M. Hadži-Lega, G. Dimitrov, Gligor Tofovski, J. Georgievska, E. Dzikova, I. Kjaev","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76344","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: the purpose of the actual study was to evaluate, in the third trimester of pregnancy, the relationship between the formation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine and several indicators of moderate and severe preeclampsia. Materials and methods: in the third trimester of gesta- tion, examination of the biochemical markers of preeclampsia (PE) and maternal IL-10 levels was conducted in 100 women with pregnancies complicated by varying degrees of preeclamp - sia and in 100 normotensive patients, hospitalized at the University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Patients with preeclampsia were categorized into moderate and severe preeclampsia groups according to the degree of preeclampsia. Logistic regression of the different parameters for the occurrence of severe preeclampsia analysis was used to determine the predictive value. Results: the regression analysis detected systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or higher, diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or higher, persistent proteinuria in pregnancy, serum LDH concentration of 450 U/L or higher, and reduced serum concentrations of IL-10 as significant predictors of severe preeclampsia. Conclusion: signifi - cantly, lower IL-10 concentrations in maternal serum in patients with severe preeclampsia in comparison with respective concentrations in patients with moderate preeclampsia can be considered as major pathognomonic laboratory sign of severe form of preeclampsia.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131112198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75515
Zhiyuan Zhao, Yong Gu, Jeremy Cheng, Liping Yu
The presence of islet autoantibodies (iAbs) is currently the most reliable biomarker for type 1 diabetes (T1D). The current “gold” standard radio-binding assays that measure four major iAbs to insulin, IAA, GAD65, IA-2A and ZnT8, are laborious and do not fit for large-scale screenings. Around 40% of patients with T1D develop other autoimmune diseases like celiac disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and so on. It is highly recommended to screen these closely related autoimmune diseases during T1D screening; however, there is no method available. Recently, on the platform of extensively validated high-sensitive and high-specific electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay, we developed a multiplex ECL assay to combine up to 10 autoantibody assays into one single well with 5 μl of blood sample. It not only allows us to combine multiple iAbs into one but also makes it possible to simultaneously screen T1D and other multiple autoimmune diseases, which in turn facilitates large-scale screenings in the general population.
{"title":"Development of a Simple Multiplex Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Assay for Screening Pre-Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Relevant Autoimmune Diseases","authors":"Zhiyuan Zhao, Yong Gu, Jeremy Cheng, Liping Yu","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75515","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of islet autoantibodies (iAbs) is currently the most reliable biomarker for type 1 diabetes (T1D). The current “gold” standard radio-binding assays that measure four major iAbs to insulin, IAA, GAD65, IA-2A and ZnT8, are laborious and do not fit for large-scale screenings. Around 40% of patients with T1D develop other autoimmune diseases like celiac disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and so on. It is highly recommended to screen these closely related autoimmune diseases during T1D screening; however, there is no method available. Recently, on the platform of extensively validated high-sensitive and high-specific electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay, we developed a multiplex ECL assay to combine up to 10 autoantibody assays into one single well with 5 μl of blood sample. It not only allows us to combine multiple iAbs into one but also makes it possible to simultaneously screen T1D and other multiple autoimmune diseases, which in turn facilitates large-scale screenings in the general population.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114397803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76020
N. Uyar
Prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing. Antibodies are responsible for the humoral type of adaptive immune responses, glycoprotein structure and produced by B lymphocytes. Failure of Immunologic self-tolerance due to environmental and genetic factors may predipose the development of autoimmunity. Self-antigens are either tolerogenic or ignored. Central tolerance occurs at immature Tand B lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance occurs at mature lymphocytes encounter self-antigens in peripheral tissues. Negative selection, regulatory T cells, anergy, activation-induced cell death, immune suppression, receptor editing are examples of important steps of immune tolerance. B lymphocytes that produce antibodies which bind self-antigen with medium/low affinity escape from anergy and those antibodies are called as natural autoantibodies but the other ones with high affinity are undergo anergy, The natural antibodies have play critical roles as; discrimination foreign from self, auto-multireactivity, regulate the immunomodulation, maintain tissue homeostasis. Natural autoantibodies work as the templates for the produc- tion of pathogenic autoantibodies which has high affinity, switch the class and diverse somatically under proper conditions. Pathogenic autoantibodies can protect or cause diseases via neutralization of self-antigens, opsonization, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of the complement system, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect.
{"title":"Structure, Physiology, and Functions of Autoantibodies","authors":"N. Uyar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76020","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence of autoimmune diseases is increasing. Antibodies are responsible for the humoral type of adaptive immune responses, glycoprotein structure and produced by B lymphocytes. Failure of Immunologic self-tolerance due to environmental and genetic factors may predipose the development of autoimmunity. Self-antigens are either tolerogenic or ignored. Central tolerance occurs at immature Tand B lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance occurs at mature lymphocytes encounter self-antigens in peripheral tissues. Negative selection, regulatory T cells, anergy, activation-induced cell death, immune suppression, receptor editing are examples of important steps of immune tolerance. B lymphocytes that produce antibodies which bind self-antigen with medium/low affinity escape from anergy and those antibodies are called as natural autoantibodies but the other ones with high affinity are undergo anergy, The natural antibodies have play critical roles as; discrimination foreign from self, auto-multireactivity, regulate the immunomodulation, maintain tissue homeostasis. Natural autoantibodies work as the templates for the produc- tion of pathogenic autoantibodies which has high affinity, switch the class and diverse somatically under proper conditions. Pathogenic autoantibodies can protect or cause diseases via neutralization of self-antigens, opsonization, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of the complement system, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effect.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130048840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75200
F. Aziz, Muneerah Smith, J. Blackburn
Autoantibodies produced against self-antigens, or ‘autoantigens’, result from a loss of selftolerance triggered by genetic and/or environmental factors which induce the immune system to attack the host’s own cells, resulting in a condition referred to as autoimmunity. In classic autoimmune diseases, it is well established that the pathology relates directly to the autoantibodies. However, it is increasingly recognised that autoantibodies are also found in many other disease areas, including cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well infectious diseases such as malaria, albeit in such diseases it is unclear whether the autoantibodies play a direct role in the pathology or whether they are merely symptomatic of disease. Irrespective of whether they are causative or symptomatic of specific diseases though, there is increasing interest globally in exploring the clinical potential of circulating autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnostic utility of autoantibody biomarkers in a range of disease areas and discusses their potential utility in disease staging, treatment monitoring and in prediction of immune-related adverse events. It also provides an overview of traditional and contemporary technological approaches to autoantibody biomarker discovery and validation, focusing on protein microarrays that are ideally suited to this important area of research.
{"title":"Autoantibody-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers: Technological Approaches to Discovery and Validation","authors":"F. Aziz, Muneerah Smith, J. Blackburn","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75200","url":null,"abstract":"Autoantibodies produced against self-antigens, or ‘autoantigens’, result from a loss of selftolerance triggered by genetic and/or environmental factors which induce the immune system to attack the host’s own cells, resulting in a condition referred to as autoimmunity. In classic autoimmune diseases, it is well established that the pathology relates directly to the autoantibodies. However, it is increasingly recognised that autoantibodies are also found in many other disease areas, including cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well infectious diseases such as malaria, albeit in such diseases it is unclear whether the autoantibodies play a direct role in the pathology or whether they are merely symptomatic of disease. Irrespective of whether they are causative or symptomatic of specific diseases though, there is increasing interest globally in exploring the clinical potential of circulating autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnostic utility of autoantibody biomarkers in a range of disease areas and discusses their potential utility in disease staging, treatment monitoring and in prediction of immune-related adverse events. It also provides an overview of traditional and contemporary technological approaches to autoantibody biomarker discovery and validation, focusing on protein microarrays that are ideally suited to this important area of research.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133525653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80471
S. Sherwani, Mushtaq Ahmed Khan, Mohammed SulimanAlmogbel
The immune system’s ability to distinguish self from nonself is essential for initiating host defense against microbial antigens and protection of self-antigens from autoimmune-associated destruction. Virus infections have been implicated in the initiation of multiple human autoimmune diseases. This chapter aims to summarize the main principles for some specific viral infections and the subsequent production of autoantibodies resulting in the initiation, progression, and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Various mechanisms by which virus infections can induce autoimmune responses including molecular mimicry and epitope spreading are discussed with respect to these viruses, and evidence implicating virus infections in the pathogenesis of various human autoimmune diseases is reviewed. A better understanding of the viral origin of autoimmune diseases is an important step in the identification of high-risk patients as well as designing prevention and disruption strategies.
{"title":"Autoantibodies in Viral Infections","authors":"S. Sherwani, Mushtaq Ahmed Khan, Mohammed SulimanAlmogbel","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80471","url":null,"abstract":"The immune system’s ability to distinguish self from nonself is essential for initiating host defense against microbial antigens and protection of self-antigens from autoimmune-associated destruction. Virus infections have been implicated in the initiation of multiple human autoimmune diseases. This chapter aims to summarize the main principles for some specific viral infections and the subsequent production of autoantibodies resulting in the initiation, progression, and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Various mechanisms by which virus infections can induce autoimmune responses including molecular mimicry and epitope spreading are discussed with respect to these viruses, and evidence implicating virus infections in the pathogenesis of various human autoimmune diseases is reviewed. A better understanding of the viral origin of autoimmune diseases is an important step in the identification of high-risk patients as well as designing prevention and disruption strategies.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133038704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75011
M. Maślińska, B. Kwiatkowska
The presence of certain autoantibodies in the serum of patients facilitates the diagnosis of particular autoimmune diseases. Some antibodies may also be significant for the progno sis of the disease development and internal organs involvement. In the case of Sjögren’s syndrome, it is known that overactivity of B-lymphocytes leads to the production of a number of autoantibodies—both markers for pSS (such as antibodies to ribonucleopro- teins) and nonspecific antibodies (such as rheumatoid factor). The range of autoantibod ies found in pSS is constantly expanding, but their significance is not fully established. At present, only anti-SS-A antibodies are introduced to the criteria for the pSS diagnosis. However, this does not stop an interest in other autoantibodies and the significance of their presence for the course of this disease. This chapter outlines the autoantibodies found in pSS and discusses their importance in clinical practice.
{"title":"Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Autoantibodies","authors":"M. Maślińska, B. Kwiatkowska","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75011","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of certain autoantibodies in the serum of patients facilitates the diagnosis of particular autoimmune diseases. Some antibodies may also be significant for the progno sis of the disease development and internal organs involvement. In the case of Sjögren’s syndrome, it is known that overactivity of B-lymphocytes leads to the production of a number of autoantibodies—both markers for pSS (such as antibodies to ribonucleopro- teins) and nonspecific antibodies (such as rheumatoid factor). The range of autoantibod ies found in pSS is constantly expanding, but their significance is not fully established. At present, only anti-SS-A antibodies are introduced to the criteria for the pSS diagnosis. However, this does not stop an interest in other autoantibodies and the significance of their presence for the course of this disease. This chapter outlines the autoantibodies found in pSS and discusses their importance in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124977437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74550
V. L. Ferreira, H. H. Borba, A. F. Bonetti, Letícia P. Leonart, R. Pontarolo
This chapter aims to describe and review the main important cytokines types (notably interferons), including their biological activities, functions and structures. As a high number of molecules are available, synthesis of the most important cytokines, includ- ing tumor factor necrosis, interferons and interleukins will be presented. Here we also describe the relationships between those cytokines with some autoimmune diseases that are promoted by them.
{"title":"Cytokines and Interferons: Types and Functions","authors":"V. L. Ferreira, H. H. Borba, A. F. Bonetti, Letícia P. Leonart, R. Pontarolo","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74550","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to describe and review the main important cytokines types (notably interferons), including their biological activities, functions and structures. As a high number of molecules are available, synthesis of the most important cytokines, includ- ing tumor factor necrosis, interferons and interleukins will be presented. Here we also describe the relationships between those cytokines with some autoimmune diseases that are promoted by them.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125074128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-02DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73899
Kaushiki Kadam, P. Mande, Asmita K Choudhury
Autoimmune diseases have gender bias with predominance in females, autoimmune infer- tility (AI) being no exception. This chapter will focus on AI in females with brief reference to the same in males. Autoimmune diseases have established protocols for detection and management of ensuing infertility, however similar protocols for unexplained infertility [tubal blockage, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), undiagnosed under- lying autoimmune disease (Sjögren ’ s syndrome, IBS, celiac disease) and tubal blockage] are not established. Endometriosis and POI, in particular, have autoimmune etiology yet lack specific and sensitive biomarkers for accurate diagnosis. If autoantibodies are indeed diagnosed, then treatment regimen focuses on AI which has known adverse effects. The detec- tion of natural antibodies as autoantibodies presents a viable alternative to organ specific biomarker panel for better management of AI.
{"title":"Autoantibodies: Key Mediators of Autoimmune Infertility","authors":"Kaushiki Kadam, P. Mande, Asmita K Choudhury","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73899","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune diseases have gender bias with predominance in females, autoimmune infer- tility (AI) being no exception. This chapter will focus on AI in females with brief reference to the same in males. Autoimmune diseases have established protocols for detection and management of ensuing infertility, however similar protocols for unexplained infertility [tubal blockage, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), undiagnosed under- lying autoimmune disease (Sjögren ’ s syndrome, IBS, celiac disease) and tubal blockage] are not established. Endometriosis and POI, in particular, have autoimmune etiology yet lack specific and sensitive biomarkers for accurate diagnosis. If autoantibodies are indeed diagnosed, then treatment regimen focuses on AI which has known adverse effects. The detec- tion of natural antibodies as autoantibodies presents a viable alternative to organ specific biomarker panel for better management of AI.","PeriodicalId":332581,"journal":{"name":"Autoantibodies and Cytokines","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129526622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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