Arvinder Wander, A. Meena, P. Choudhary, S. Peer, Ramandeep Singh
Pediatric headache is a common condition that often results in frequent outpatient visits. There are two broad etiological groups of headaches—primary and secondary headaches—with the former being more prevalent. Migraine, a type of primary headache, shares similarities with those experienced by adults, albeit with some variations in diagnostic criteria. The secondary causes of headache should be differentiated from the primary headaches with proper clinical evaluation and focussed investigations. The management of migraine focusses on lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy for acute episodes and long-term preventive therapy. There are many novel promising treatment modalities. This review article provides an overview of pediatric headache epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology and then elaborates on management and prevention strategies.
{"title":"Pediatric Headache: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Arvinder Wander, A. Meena, P. Choudhary, S. Peer, Ramandeep Singh","doi":"10.26815/acn.2024.00521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2024.00521","url":null,"abstract":"Pediatric headache is a common condition that often results in frequent outpatient visits. There are two broad etiological groups of headaches—primary and secondary headaches—with the former being more prevalent. Migraine, a type of primary headache, shares similarities with those experienced by adults, albeit with some variations in diagnostic criteria. The secondary causes of headache should be differentiated from the primary headaches with proper clinical evaluation and focussed investigations. The management of migraine focusses on lifestyle modifications, behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy for acute episodes and long-term preventive therapy. There are many novel promising treatment modalities. This review article provides an overview of pediatric headache epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology and then elaborates on management and prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase ( GALC ) gene, which is responsible for the production of the GALC enzyme [1]. Early infantile Krabbe disease (EIKD), which presents before 6 months of age, is the most prevalent, accounting for 85% to 90% of cases [1]. Although numerous mutations in the GALC gene have been identified, new mutations continue to be discovered. In this report, we describe three siblings who exhibited atypical clinical features of EIKD associated with a novel compound heterozygous mutation. Consent for this study was obtained from the family. The three cases were born at term to non-consanguineous Tunisian parents after an uneventful pregnancy. The first sibling (IV11) was a 7-month-old girl (Fig. 1A). She was brought to our Neurology Department, at this age, for delayed milestones and spasms. She was brought to our Neurology Department at this age due to delayed milestones and spasms. Her
{"title":"A Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutation in the GALC gene in a Tunisian Family","authors":"Imen Ketata, Emna Ellouz","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00339","url":null,"abstract":"Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase ( GALC ) gene, which is responsible for the production of the GALC enzyme [1]. Early infantile Krabbe disease (EIKD), which presents before 6 months of age, is the most prevalent, accounting for 85% to 90% of cases [1]. Although numerous mutations in the GALC gene have been identified, new mutations continue to be discovered. In this report, we describe three siblings who exhibited atypical clinical features of EIKD associated with a novel compound heterozygous mutation. Consent for this study was obtained from the family. The three cases were born at term to non-consanguineous Tunisian parents after an uneventful pregnancy. The first sibling (IV11) was a 7-month-old girl (Fig. 1A). She was brought to our Neurology Department, at this age, for delayed milestones and spasms. She was brought to our Neurology Department at this age due to delayed milestones and spasms. Her","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141832028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Behavioral and Emotional Factors in Pediatric Patients with Headache","authors":"Hey-Joon Son, Joo-Ok Jin, Kon-Hee Lee","doi":"10.26815/acn.2024.00486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2024.00486","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be associated with neurological complications. This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 outbreaks on seizure incidence and duration in children in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records from Kyungpook National University Children’s Hospital, including 768 children with seizures during the peak COVID-19 outbreaks in March and August 2022, and compared patterns with the same periods in 2021. We examined demographic and clinical characteristics, causes of seizures, underlying conditions, seizure durations, and COVID-19 test results. Results: Out of 16,373,836 COVID-19 cases during the first peak, 25.6% were children (4,184,383), and during the second peak, 20.5% of 6,400,244 cases were children (1,314,331). No significant age differences were observed between either peak and the previous year. However, when compared to the previous year, febrile seizures (FS) were more common during both peaks (25.9% vs. 65.1% in the first peak; 34.3% vs. 59.2% in the second peak). The prevalence of FS was significantly higher in the COVID-19-positive group (84.1%) than in the COVID-19-negative group (51.9%). The incidence of new-onset seizures or breakthrough seizures showed no significant difference. Seizure duration and the incidence of status epilepticus (SE) showed no significant changes, but SE was more common in the COVID-19-negative group (17.1% vs. 6.2%). The clinical features of FS were similar in both groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 appeared to increase the risk of FS in children, but there was no significant impact on the risk of breakthrough seizures or SE in children with epilepsy. Nevertheless, larger-scale studies are necessary
{"title":"Clinical Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreaks in Korea on Seizures in Children","authors":"Seungjae Lee, Su-Kyeong Hwang, Yun-Jeong Lee, Hyunwoo Bae, Soonhak Kwon","doi":"10.26815/acn.2024.00465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2024.00465","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be associated with neurological complications. This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 outbreaks on seizure incidence and duration in children in Korea. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records from Kyungpook National University Children’s Hospital, including 768 children with seizures during the peak COVID-19 outbreaks in March and August 2022, and compared patterns with the same periods in 2021. We examined demographic and clinical characteristics, causes of seizures, underlying conditions, seizure durations, and COVID-19 test results. Results: Out of 16,373,836 COVID-19 cases during the first peak, 25.6% were children (4,184,383), and during the second peak, 20.5% of 6,400,244 cases were children (1,314,331). No significant age differences were observed between either peak and the previous year. However, when compared to the previous year, febrile seizures (FS) were more common during both peaks (25.9% vs. 65.1% in the first peak; 34.3% vs. 59.2% in the second peak). The prevalence of FS was significantly higher in the COVID-19-positive group (84.1%) than in the COVID-19-negative group (51.9%). The incidence of new-onset seizures or breakthrough seizures showed no significant difference. Seizure duration and the incidence of status epilepticus (SE) showed no significant changes, but SE was more common in the COVID-19-negative group (17.1% vs. 6.2%). The clinical features of FS were similar in both groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 appeared to increase the risk of FS in children, but there was no significant impact on the risk of breakthrough seizures or SE in children with epilepsy. Nevertheless, larger-scale studies are necessary","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140661211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoon Hee Jo, Yoo Jung Lee, Donghyun Shin, S. Y. Lyu, J. Kong, Yun-Jin Lee, S. Nam, Young Mi Kim
Purpose: The clinical characteristics of headaches vary by age among pediatric patients. Red flag signs are key factors in differentiating secondary headaches and should be considered in the context of the patient’s age.Methods: This study involved a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients presenting with headaches. Patients were categorized by age into three groups: pre-school age (under 6 years), school-age (6 to 12 years), and adolescence (over 12 years). Demographic data, headache characteristics, laboratory findings, and neuroimaging results were evaluated. Overall, 17 potential red flags were assessed.Results: A total of 687 patients were included, of whom 102 were of pre-school age, 314 were school-aged, and 271 were adolescents. The frequency of overweight/obesity was found to increase with age. The pre-school age group experienced a shorter period from symptom onset to presentation and a briefer duration of pain. In contrast, adolescents displayed a longer period from symptom onset, a greater frequency of headaches occurring at least three times per week, and a higher rate of headache episodes lasting over 3 days. Children under 6 years old were more commonly diagnosed with secondary headaches than older children. Across age groups, secondary headaches were suspected when systemic symptoms such as fever were present, when the headache had a sudden onset, when the patient responded poorly to medication, or when abnormal neurological signs and symptoms were observed.Conclusion: The clinical features of pediatric patients vary by age group. Clinicians should consider red flag signs in the context of patient age and individual characteristics.
{"title":"Clinical Analysis and Red Flag Signs in Pediatric Headache According to Age","authors":"Yoon Hee Jo, Yoo Jung Lee, Donghyun Shin, S. Y. Lyu, J. Kong, Yun-Jin Lee, S. Nam, Young Mi Kim","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00332","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The clinical characteristics of headaches vary by age among pediatric patients. Red flag signs are key factors in differentiating secondary headaches and should be considered in the context of the patient’s age.Methods: This study involved a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients presenting with headaches. Patients were categorized by age into three groups: pre-school age (under 6 years), school-age (6 to 12 years), and adolescence (over 12 years). Demographic data, headache characteristics, laboratory findings, and neuroimaging results were evaluated. Overall, 17 potential red flags were assessed.Results: A total of 687 patients were included, of whom 102 were of pre-school age, 314 were school-aged, and 271 were adolescents. The frequency of overweight/obesity was found to increase with age. The pre-school age group experienced a shorter period from symptom onset to presentation and a briefer duration of pain. In contrast, adolescents displayed a longer period from symptom onset, a greater frequency of headaches occurring at least three times per week, and a higher rate of headache episodes lasting over 3 days. Children under 6 years old were more commonly diagnosed with secondary headaches than older children. Across age groups, secondary headaches were suspected when systemic symptoms such as fever were present, when the headache had a sudden onset, when the patient responded poorly to medication, or when abnormal neurological signs and symptoms were observed.Conclusion: The clinical features of pediatric patients vary by age group. Clinicians should consider red flag signs in the context of patient age and individual characteristics.","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140353571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hidden Struggles: The Impact of Epilepsy on Family Functioning","authors":"Rasika Bharaswadkar, Shradha Salunkhe, Shambhavi Ghotankar","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raqshan Wajih Siddiqui, Tabish Wajih Siddiqui, S. W. Siddiqui
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the overall cognitive, emotional, social, and physical health of the affected individual. It is characterised by challenges in social communication and interaction, repetitive and stereotyped behaviours, and narrow interests. The pathogenesis of ASD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early childhood may contribute to the development of ASD. While studies have indicated that vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve symptoms of ASD, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This review summarises the association between vitamin D levels and ASD, explores potential mechanisms underlying vitamin D’s role in ASD, and examines the effect of vitamin D supplementation on ASD symptoms.
自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种神经发育障碍，影响患者的整体认知、情感、社交和身体健康。自闭症的特点是社交沟通和互动困难、行为重复和刻板、兴趣狭窄。ASD 的发病机制被认为涉及遗传和环境因素的结合。越来越多的证据表明，孕期和幼儿期缺乏维生素 D 可能会导致 ASD 的发生。虽然有研究表明，补充维生素 D 可以明显改善 ASD 的症状，但其潜在机制仍然难以捉摸。本综述总结了维生素 D 水平与 ASD 之间的关系，探讨了维生素 D 在 ASD 中发挥作用的潜在机制，并研究了补充维生素 D 对 ASD 症状的影响。
{"title":"Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Intriguing Association","authors":"Raqshan Wajih Siddiqui, Tabish Wajih Siddiqui, S. W. Siddiqui","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00353","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the overall cognitive, emotional, social, and physical health of the affected individual. It is characterised by challenges in social communication and interaction, repetitive and stereotyped behaviours, and narrow interests. The pathogenesis of ASD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and early childhood may contribute to the development of ASD. While studies have indicated that vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve symptoms of ASD, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This review summarises the association between vitamin D levels and ASD, explores potential mechanisms underlying vitamin D’s role in ASD, and examines the effect of vitamin D supplementation on ASD symptoms.","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soyoung Park, Hyeonwoo Kwon, C. M. Koo, Y. Hur, Hoon-Chul Kang, Joon Soo Lee, H. Kim
Purpose
目的
{"title":"Resective Epilepsy Surgery after Corpus Callosotomy in Children with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome","authors":"Soyoung Park, Hyeonwoo Kwon, C. M. Koo, Y. Hur, Hoon-Chul Kang, Joon Soo Lee, H. Kim","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00164","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139006257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the acoustic differences associated with the presence of speech sound disorder (SSD) and/or cognitive ability. Methods: Medical records from 2016 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included children aged 4 to 8 years who had undergone developmental assessments. Based on the assessment results, participants were divided into three groups: children with SSD without intellectual disability (ID), children with SSD and ID, and typically developing (TD) children. Voices were analyzed using the Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP). Results: The average ages of children with SSD, those with SSD and ID, and those categorized as TD were 61.0±11.4, 62.3±10.7, and 64.2±9.4 months, respectively ( P =0.482). The proportion of children with SSD and ID who also had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly higher (53.3%) than in the other groups ( P =0.010). In the MDVP analysis, among values related to fundamental frequency, the number of segments computed was significantly lower in children with SSD and ID compared to the other groups (SSD, 25.0; SSD with ID, 17.0; TD, 19.0; P =0.001). Similarly, the total number of pitch periods detected was significantly lower among those with both SSD and ID (SSD, 230.0; SSD with ID, 152.5; TD, 187.0; P =0.001). No other parameters significantly differed across groups. Conclusion: Acoustic analysis can reflect voice changes in children with SSD and ID compared to both those with SSD and TD children. Therefore, voice analysis may serve as a supportive screening tool for patients with SSD.
{"title":"Acoustic Voice Analysis in Children with Speech Sound Disorder and Intellectual Disability","authors":"Min Jeong Han, Mi Kyoung Song, Sun Jun Kim","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00318","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the acoustic differences associated with the presence of speech sound disorder (SSD) and/or cognitive ability. Methods: Medical records from 2016 to 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included children aged 4 to 8 years who had undergone developmental assessments. Based on the assessment results, participants were divided into three groups: children with SSD without intellectual disability (ID), children with SSD and ID, and typically developing (TD) children. Voices were analyzed using the Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP). Results: The average ages of children with SSD, those with SSD and ID, and those categorized as TD were 61.0±11.4, 62.3±10.7, and 64.2±9.4 months, respectively ( P =0.482). The proportion of children with SSD and ID who also had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly higher (53.3%) than in the other groups ( P =0.010). In the MDVP analysis, among values related to fundamental frequency, the number of segments computed was significantly lower in children with SSD and ID compared to the other groups (SSD, 25.0; SSD with ID, 17.0; TD, 19.0; P =0.001). Similarly, the total number of pitch periods detected was significantly lower among those with both SSD and ID (SSD, 230.0; SSD with ID, 152.5; TD, 187.0; P =0.001). No other parameters significantly differed across groups. Conclusion: Acoustic analysis can reflect voice changes in children with SSD and ID compared to both those with SSD and TD children. Therefore, voice analysis may serve as a supportive screening tool for patients with SSD.","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138588484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. P. Tedyanto, Laura Wihanto, E. Tedyanto, A. Gelgel, Ni Made Dwita Pratiwi
Purpose: The incidence and mortality rates of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) among pediatric patients have been frequently reported. While pediatric stroke can have multiple severe effects, its risk factors have not been methodically examined. This systematic review and meta-analysis were completed to summarize the existing evidence regarding risk factors for AIS in pediatric patients. Methods: To gather relevant articles published in the past 15 years, searches were conducted of PubMed and Scopus. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Results: From the initial screening of 507 articles, five articles comprising a total of 1,423 participants were selected for qualitative analysis. Two of these additionally underwent quantitative analysis. Among the total participants, 1,108 children with AIS (77.9%) had arteriopathy as the underlying disease. Types of arteriopathy included moyamoya disease (24.28%), arterial dissection (23.29%), focal cerebral arteriopathy (16.16%), and vasculitis (14.71%). The meta-analysis revealed that being between 6 and 9 years of age (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.76 to 2.73; P <0.00001) and having sickle cell disease (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 2.38 to 5.05; P <0.00001) were associated with arteriopathy in pediatric AIS. Conclusion: Arteriopathy is the most common risk factor for AIS in pediatric patients, and in turn, an age of 6 to 9 years and sickle cell disease are risk factors for arteriopathy within this demographic.
{"title":"Sickle Cell Disease and Other Risk Factors for Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"C. P. Tedyanto, Laura Wihanto, E. Tedyanto, A. Gelgel, Ni Made Dwita Pratiwi","doi":"10.26815/acn.2023.00325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26815/acn.2023.00325","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The incidence and mortality rates of arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) among pediatric patients have been frequently reported. While pediatric stroke can have multiple severe effects, its risk factors have not been methodically examined. This systematic review and meta-analysis were completed to summarize the existing evidence regarding risk factors for AIS in pediatric patients. Methods: To gather relevant articles published in the past 15 years, searches were conducted of PubMed and Scopus. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. Results: From the initial screening of 507 articles, five articles comprising a total of 1,423 participants were selected for qualitative analysis. Two of these additionally underwent quantitative analysis. Among the total participants, 1,108 children with AIS (77.9%) had arteriopathy as the underlying disease. Types of arteriopathy included moyamoya disease (24.28%), arterial dissection (23.29%), focal cerebral arteriopathy (16.16%), and vasculitis (14.71%). The meta-analysis revealed that being between 6 and 9 years of age (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.76 to 2.73; P <0.00001) and having sickle cell disease (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 2.38 to 5.05; P <0.00001) were associated with arteriopathy in pediatric AIS. Conclusion: Arteriopathy is the most common risk factor for AIS in pediatric patients, and in turn, an age of 6 to 9 years and sickle cell disease are risk factors for arteriopathy within this demographic.","PeriodicalId":33305,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Child Neurology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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