Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0008
B. Baune
The chapter psychological interventions for cognitive function in MDD outlines promising cognitive training interventions that may yield neuropsychological, cognitive, emotional, and functional benefits for patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter reviews how psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy are aimed to address cognitive biases, which include distorted information appraisal or attentional allocation towards negative and away from positive stimuli. It emphasizes that specific cognitive interventions target cognitive deficits and that the use of cognitive training represents a promising and novel therapeutic option which may yield neuropsychological, affective, functional, and behavioural improvements in patients with MDD.
{"title":"Psychological interventions for cognitive dysfunction in MDD","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter psychological interventions for cognitive function in MDD outlines promising cognitive training interventions that may yield neuropsychological, cognitive, emotional, and functional benefits for patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter reviews how psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy are aimed to address cognitive biases, which include distorted information appraisal or attentional allocation towards negative and away from positive stimuli. It emphasizes that specific cognitive interventions target cognitive deficits and that the use of cognitive training represents a promising and novel therapeutic option which may yield neuropsychological, affective, functional, and behavioural improvements in patients with MDD.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116572266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0002
B. Baune
The chapter characteristics and impact of cognitive dysfunction describes in depth the key features of the domains of cognitive abilities impaired across a broad range of functions. It examines the clinical impact and meta-analytic evidence of cognitive dysfunction both as a state marker of acute depression and a trait marker of depression as an illness. Importantly, it highlights the long-lasting psychosocial and workplace-related impairments in major depressive disorder. In addition to the functional outcomes, it draws the interconnectedness of life domains, subjective experiences of cognitive impairment, and objective measures of cognitive dysfunction, as well as with the course of major depressive disorder.
{"title":"Characteristics and impact of cognitive dysfunction","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter characteristics and impact of cognitive dysfunction describes in depth the key features of the domains of cognitive abilities impaired across a broad range of functions. It examines the clinical impact and meta-analytic evidence of cognitive dysfunction both as a state marker of acute depression and a trait marker of depression as an illness. Importantly, it highlights the long-lasting psychosocial and workplace-related impairments in major depressive disorder. In addition to the functional outcomes, it draws the interconnectedness of life domains, subjective experiences of cognitive impairment, and objective measures of cognitive dysfunction, as well as with the course of major depressive disorder.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130441311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0009
B. Baune
Nonpharmacological biological interventions for emotional and cognitive dysfunction extensively reviews the effects of stimulation-based therapies including electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation on affective cognition. Several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions can influence affective information-processing in patients with depression. For example, there is some evidence to suggest that electroconvulsive therapy increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and therefore induces neuroplasticity. The chapter identifies several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions with the ability to influence affective information-processing in patients with major depressive disorder. It discusses current research on stimulation-based therapies and highlights the need for further research on whether these protocol variations can counterbalance negative biases and whether they are causally involved in the clinical effects of the different treatments.
{"title":"Nonpharmacological biological interventions for emotional and cognitive dysfunction","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Nonpharmacological biological interventions for emotional and cognitive dysfunction extensively reviews the effects of stimulation-based therapies including electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation on affective cognition. Several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions can influence affective information-processing in patients with depression. For example, there is some evidence to suggest that electroconvulsive therapy increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and therefore induces neuroplasticity. The chapter identifies several types and protocols of neurostimulation interventions with the ability to influence affective information-processing in patients with major depressive disorder. It discusses current research on stimulation-based therapies and highlights the need for further research on whether these protocol variations can counterbalance negative biases and whether they are causally involved in the clinical effects of the different treatments.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122492468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0007
B. Baune
The chapter Pharmacological interventions for cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) reviews a broad range of antidepressants that show differential efficacy in exerting improving and impairing effects on cognitive function in MDD, as well as potential side-effects on cognition. The chapter explores new targets and pharmacological agents that are under increasing investigation for cognitive effects in MDD. It identifies methodological challenges of cognition trials in MDD that need to be overcome to improve the evidence base. To conclude, it highlights results from new network meta-analyses on the relative effects of antidepressants on cognitive function assessed with commonly used cognitive tests.
{"title":"Pharmacological interventions for cognitive dysfunction","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter Pharmacological interventions for cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) reviews a broad range of antidepressants that show differential efficacy in exerting improving and impairing effects on cognitive function in MDD, as well as potential side-effects on cognition. The chapter explores new targets and pharmacological agents that are under increasing investigation for cognitive effects in MDD. It identifies methodological challenges of cognition trials in MDD that need to be overcome to improve the evidence base. To conclude, it highlights results from new network meta-analyses on the relative effects of antidepressants on cognitive function assessed with commonly used cognitive tests.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126388575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0010
B. Baune
Interventions for social cognitive deficits establishes the large impact these deficits exert on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder. The chapter reviews a variety of impairments of social cognition and how these may influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. It introduces multiple treatment modalities including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions with potential treatment efficacy on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. It reviews evidence indicating that many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect on the accuracy of interpretation and the reduction of underlying negative interpretative bias. It concludes from evaluating the literature that certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, and several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well-suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretive biases.
{"title":"Interventions for social cognitive deficits","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Interventions for social cognitive deficits establishes the large impact these deficits exert on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder. The chapter reviews a variety of impairments of social cognition and how these may influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. It introduces multiple treatment modalities including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions with potential treatment efficacy on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. It reviews evidence indicating that many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect on the accuracy of interpretation and the reduction of underlying negative interpretative bias. It concludes from evaluating the literature that certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, and several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well-suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretive biases.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126276766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0003
B. Baune
Characteristics and impact of impaired emotion processing demonstrates that the experience of sustained negative affect and diminished positive emotions are cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). It explores how patients diagnosed with MDD show reduced approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation and demonstrate a mood-congruent negative processing bias. It deepens our understanding that patients might exhibit an elevated sensitivity to negative feedback and show an altered thinking style referred to as rumination. Importantly, it explains that depressed patients preferentially attend to mood-congruent stimuli, recall more unpleasant memories, and tend to interpret (ambiguous) information in a negative manner. It highlights that emotional-cognitive dysfunctions are closely related information processing and hence impair cognitive performance of MDD patients.
{"title":"Characteristics and impact of impaired emotion processing","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Characteristics and impact of impaired emotion processing demonstrates that the experience of sustained negative affect and diminished positive emotions are cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). It explores how patients diagnosed with MDD show reduced approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation and demonstrate a mood-congruent negative processing bias. It deepens our understanding that patients might exhibit an elevated sensitivity to negative feedback and show an altered thinking style referred to as rumination. Importantly, it explains that depressed patients preferentially attend to mood-congruent stimuli, recall more unpleasant memories, and tend to interpret (ambiguous) information in a negative manner. It highlights that emotional-cognitive dysfunctions are closely related information processing and hence impair cognitive performance of MDD patients.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116837352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0006
B. Baune
Assessment of cognitive dimensions underscores the importance of following standard quality and test performance criteria during the assessment of cognitive function in major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter explains the relevance of high-quality and -standard assessments as these are used for purposes of diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. It highlights the role of the assessment of social cognitive function as an important tool to capture cognitive function in the context of emotion processing and social interaction. The chapter supports the notion for best practise guidance for the assessment of cognition in MDD. It reviews meta-analytic studies, characterizes paper-and-pencil and digital test platforms, evaluates screening tools for cognitive impairment in MDD, and estimates the efficacy of cognitive change in clinical trials in MDD. It also reviews a broad range of tests for social cognitive function.
{"title":"Assessment of cognitive dimensions","authors":"B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198835554.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of cognitive dimensions underscores the importance of following standard quality and test performance criteria during the assessment of cognitive function in major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter explains the relevance of high-quality and -standard assessments as these are used for purposes of diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. It highlights the role of the assessment of social cognitive function as an important tool to capture cognitive function in the context of emotion processing and social interaction. The chapter supports the notion for best practise guidance for the assessment of cognition in MDD. It reviews meta-analytic studies, characterizes paper-and-pencil and digital test platforms, evaluates screening tools for cognitive impairment in MDD, and estimates the efficacy of cognitive change in clinical trials in MDD. It also reviews a broad range of tests for social cognitive function.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130046356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0008
T. Beblo, L. Dehn
The experiences of sustained negative affect and diminished positive emotions are cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). They come with several emotional-cognitive dysfunctions, which contribute to the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of depression. Depressed patients show reduced approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation. Furthermore, there is evidence for a mood-congruent negative processing bias in MDD. Consequently, depressed patients preferentially attend to mood-congruent stimuli, recall more unpleasant than pleasant memories, and tend to interpret (ambiguous) information in a negative manner. Patients might also exhibit an elevated sensitivity to negative feedback. Depressive patients also show an altered thinking style referred to as rumination. Rumination implies repetitive thinking about the causes, consequences, and symptoms of one’s negative feelings. These emotional-cognitive dysfunctions characterize the contents and the way of thinking in MDD. In addition, as emotional-cognitive dysfunctions are closely related to information processing, they also impair cognitive performance of patients with MDD.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Emotional-Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder","authors":"T. Beblo, L. Dehn","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The experiences of sustained negative affect and diminished positive emotions are cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). They come with several emotional-cognitive dysfunctions, which contribute to the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of depression. Depressed patients show reduced approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation. Furthermore, there is evidence for a mood-congruent negative processing bias in MDD. Consequently, depressed patients preferentially attend to mood-congruent stimuli, recall more unpleasant than pleasant memories, and tend to interpret (ambiguous) information in a negative manner. Patients might also exhibit an elevated sensitivity to negative feedback. Depressive patients also show an altered thinking style referred to as rumination. Rumination implies repetitive thinking about the causes, consequences, and symptoms of one’s negative feelings. These emotional-cognitive dysfunctions characterize the contents and the way of thinking in MDD. In addition, as emotional-cognitive dysfunctions are closely related to information processing, they also impair cognitive performance of patients with MDD.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115058561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0012
G. Rayner
The latest functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that the abnormal activation and connectivity of cognition-related brain networks may account for different symptom dimensions of unipolar depression. In particular, abnormal functioning of the autobiographic memory network (AMN) and cognitive control network (CCN) is central to the emotional, somatic, and cognitive symptomatology of depression. Chronic hyperactivity of the self-focused AMN is linked to pathological introspection; namely, brooding, self-blame, and rumination. In parallel, underengagement of the CCN is associated with indecisiveness, negative thoughts, poor concentration, and distorted cognitive processing. Downstream effects include dysregulation of networks linked to the somatic and emotional symptoms of depression, namely the cortico–subcortical affective network and salience network. AMN–CCN dynamics can change between individuals and over time, plausibly accounting for both the pleomorphic presentation of depression and its fluctuating course. Framing depression as a disorder of neurocognitive networks directly links clinical features to neurobiology, in line with gold standard psychiatric research guidelines.
{"title":"Cognition-Related Brain Networks Underpin Cognitive, Emotional, and Somatic Symptom Dimensions of Depression","authors":"G. Rayner","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The latest functional neuroimaging evidence suggests that the abnormal activation and connectivity of cognition-related brain networks may account for different symptom dimensions of unipolar depression. In particular, abnormal functioning of the autobiographic memory network (AMN) and cognitive control network (CCN) is central to the emotional, somatic, and cognitive symptomatology of depression. Chronic hyperactivity of the self-focused AMN is linked to pathological introspection; namely, brooding, self-blame, and rumination. In parallel, underengagement of the CCN is associated with indecisiveness, negative thoughts, poor concentration, and distorted cognitive processing. Downstream effects include dysregulation of networks linked to the somatic and emotional symptoms of depression, namely the cortico–subcortical affective network and salience network. AMN–CCN dynamics can change between individuals and over time, plausibly accounting for both the pleomorphic presentation of depression and its fluctuating course. Framing depression as a disorder of neurocognitive networks directly links clinical features to neurobiology, in line with gold standard psychiatric research guidelines.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132380468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0021
M. Weightman, B. Baune
This chapter examines current literature regarding the impact of social cognition on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder, as well as potential treatment opportunities. Impairments of social cognition influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Multiple treatment modalities have been used to target these difficulties, including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions. Studies assess treatment efficacy based on the impact on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. Many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect for accuracy of interpretation and reduction in underlying negative interpretative bias. In particular, certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, while several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretative biases.
{"title":"Social Cognitive Deficits: Impact on Psychosocial Function and Novel Treatment Opportunities in Major Depressive Disorder","authors":"M. Weightman, B. Baune","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198810940.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines current literature regarding the impact of social cognition on psychosocial functioning in major depressive disorder, as well as potential treatment opportunities. Impairments of social cognition influence psychosocial functioning in the key domains of social performance, emotional/empathic performance, general cognitive functioning, and quality of life. Multiple treatment modalities have been used to target these difficulties, including antidepressant medication, psychotherapeutic approaches, and procedural interventions. Studies assess treatment efficacy based on the impact on facial affect recognition, interpretation of affective pictures, theory of mind performance, and prosody. Many current therapies are shown to have a normalizing effect for accuracy of interpretation and reduction in underlying negative interpretative bias. In particular, certain antidepressants seem to correct facial affect recognition deficits, while several psychotherapeutic approaches appear well suited for addressing impaired theory of mind or mood-congruent interpretative biases.","PeriodicalId":334522,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124627789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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