Diego Henrique de Oliveira Morais, C. A. D. Silva, Jean Sérgio Rosset, Paulo Guilherme da Silva Farias, C. D. Souza, Jefferson Matheus Barros Ozório, S. Castilho, L. M. Marra
The aim of this study was to evaluate the stock of total organic carbon (TOC) and to perform the physical-granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) in different management systems (MS). Three MS and one reference area of Native Forest (NF) were studied, and the three systems were sugarcane (SC), permanent pasture (PP) and no-tillage system (NTS). Soil samples were collected in the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20-m layers. Soil density (Sd), TOC, stratification index (SI), carbon stock (StockC), variation in StockC (∆StockC), carbon content of particulate organic matter (C-POM) and mineral organic matter (C-MOM), carbon stock index (CSI), lability (L), lability index (LI), and carbon management index (CMI) were determined. The MS presented higher Sd than the NF area. The NF area had higher TOC contents in the first layers, reaching 25.40 g kg-1 in the 0–0.05-m layer, with the PP area having higher values than the NF in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The NF area showed the highest levels of C-POM (15.25 g kg-1) and C-MOM (10.15 g kg-1) in the first layer. In the 0.10–0.20-m layer, the PP and NTS systems were superior to the others. Regarding the C-MOM content, SC and PP showed higher levels in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The highest CMI values were observed in the NTS and PP areas in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The MS increased the Sd and reduced the TOC levels. The different MS modified the POM fraction, and the MOM fraction was most impacted by the SC area. The lability of the SOM was altered by the MS in the most superficial layers.
本研究的目的是评估总有机碳（TOC）的存量，并对不同管理系统（MS）中的土壤有机质（SOM）进行物理粒度分级。以甘蔗（SC）、永久牧场（PP）和免耕系统（NTS）为研究对象，对三个MS和一个参考区进行了研究。在0–0.05、0.05–0.10、0.10–0.20-m的土层中采集土壤样本。测定了土壤密度（Sd）、总有机碳（TOC）、分层指数（SI）、碳储量（StockC）、储量变化（∆StockC），颗粒有机物（C-POM）和矿物有机物（C-MOM）的碳含量，碳储量指数（CSI）、不稳定度（L）、不稳定性指数（LI）和碳管理指数（CMI）。MS表现出比NF区域更高的Sd。NF区域在第一层中的TOC含量较高，在0–0.05-m层中达到25.40 g kg-1，PP区域的值高于0.10–0.20-m层中的NF。NF区第一层的C-POM（15.25 g kg-1）和C-MOM（10.15 g kg-1）水平最高。在0.10–0.20-m层中，PP和NTS体系优于其他体系。关于C-MOM含量，SC和PP在0.10–0.20-m层中显示出更高的水平。在0.10–0.20-m层的NTS和PP区域观察到最高的CMI值。MS增加了Sd并降低了TOC水平。不同的MS改变了POM分数，并且MOM分数受SC区域的影响最大。在最浅的层中，SOM的不稳定性被MS改变。
{"title":"Stock and indices of carbon management under different soil use systems","authors":"Diego Henrique de Oliveira Morais, C. A. D. Silva, Jean Sérgio Rosset, Paulo Guilherme da Silva Farias, C. D. Souza, Jefferson Matheus Barros Ozório, S. Castilho, L. M. Marra","doi":"10.5327/z21769478867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478867","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the stock of total organic carbon (TOC) and to perform the physical-granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter (SOM) in different management systems (MS). Three MS and one reference area of Native Forest (NF) were studied, and the three systems were sugarcane (SC), permanent pasture (PP) and no-tillage system (NTS). Soil samples were collected in the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20-m layers. Soil density (Sd), TOC, stratification index (SI), carbon stock (StockC), variation in StockC (∆StockC), carbon content of particulate organic matter (C-POM) and mineral organic matter (C-MOM), carbon stock index (CSI), lability (L), lability index (LI), and carbon management index (CMI) were determined. The MS presented higher Sd than the NF area. The NF area had higher TOC contents in the first layers, reaching 25.40 g kg-1 in the 0–0.05-m layer, with the PP area having higher values than the NF in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The NF area showed the highest levels of C-POM (15.25 g kg-1) and C-MOM (10.15 g kg-1) in the first layer. In the 0.10–0.20-m layer, the PP and NTS systems were superior to the others. Regarding the C-MOM content, SC and PP showed higher levels in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The highest CMI values were observed in the NTS and PP areas in the 0.10–0.20-m layer. The MS increased the Sd and reduced the TOC levels. The different MS modified the POM fraction, and the MOM fraction was most impacted by the SC area. The lability of the SOM was altered by the MS in the most superficial layers.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48383585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Cohim, Adriano Souza Leão, H. C. D. Silva, G. S. Santos
This article aimed to estimate the loss of water associated with food loss and waste in Brazil in 2013. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) on food balance and waste, as well as the Water Footprint (WF) of agricultural products available at Water Footprint Network (WFN) were used. Results show that food waste reaches 49 million metric tons per year, compromising a total of 87 billion cubic meters of water, which is higher than the average annual flow of the river São Francisco. Major water loss is associated with the agricultural production stage (32%), followed by consumption (19%). Amongst food groups, major water loss is associated with meat (49%), followed by cereals (19%). Roughly 96% of water loss is attributed to the green water component, which highlights that attention must be paid to rainfed agriculture to ensure food and water for everyone. The loss of blue water was more than half of the volume consumed in the urban sector, and the grey component (polluted water) was equivalent to 80% of this consumption. Measures such as improving agricultural practices, logistics, irrigation, expanding and improving rainfed agriculture, developing campaigns and policies to reduce exportation of primary products, as well as consumption of products from animal origin, can contribute to managing the food supply chain more sustainably when the focus is water. Reducing food loss and waste means preserving water.
{"title":"Water loss associated with food loss and waste in Brazil","authors":"E. Cohim, Adriano Souza Leão, H. C. D. Silva, G. S. Santos","doi":"10.5327/z21769478885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478885","url":null,"abstract":"This article aimed to estimate the loss of water associated with food loss and waste in Brazil in 2013. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) on food balance and waste, as well as the Water Footprint (WF) of agricultural products available at Water Footprint Network (WFN) were used. Results show that food waste reaches 49 million metric tons per year, compromising a total of 87 billion cubic meters of water, which is higher than the average annual flow of the river São Francisco. Major water loss is associated with the agricultural production stage (32%), followed by consumption (19%). Amongst food groups, major water loss is associated with meat (49%), followed by cereals (19%). Roughly 96% of water loss is attributed to the green water component, which highlights that attention must be paid to rainfed agriculture to ensure food and water for everyone. The loss of blue water was more than half of the volume consumed in the urban sector, and the grey component (polluted water) was equivalent to 80% of this consumption. Measures such as improving agricultural practices, logistics, irrigation, expanding and improving rainfed agriculture, developing campaigns and policies to reduce exportation of primary products, as well as consumption of products from animal origin, can contribute to managing the food supply chain more sustainably when the focus is water. Reducing food loss and waste means preserving water.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Larissa Guarany Ramalho Elias, M. Melo, Ana Silvia Pereira Santos, Leonardo Castro Maia
Equitable access to water and sanitation is still a challenge worldwide and in Brazil. In this sense, the concept of environmental justice was used in this paper as a basis for establishing an Integrated Territorial Assessment Model for Environmental Justice Applied to Sanitation. This research aims to give scientific support for the State Government to improve public policies and promote the universalization of water and sanitation services as established by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study was based on a quali-quantitative methodology. Secondary data were selected as key information to analyze environmental justice in sanitation, including the following: hydric vulnerability (IV), water supply (WS); untreated sewage collection (SC); sewage collection with treatment (ST); water supply investments (WSI); sewage system investments (SSI); municipal per capita income (MPI); and municipal human development index (MHDI). The data were presented in maps by overlapping the State official regional division and the discussion was carried out based on regional differences and similarities. The repetition of a pattern was noted, in which unfavorable rates were concentrated in the North and Jequitinhonha-Mucuri regions: water vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment, total investment, average investment, per capita income and municipal human development index. Both also have low rates of the sewage system and water supply when compared to others. On the other hand, Zona da Mata and Triângulo regions have favorable rates for hydric vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment and water supply. The Triângulo Mineiro region also presented favorable rates of total investment, average investment, per capita income, and municipal human development index. It is concluded that the inequality between the regions is, initially, of natural origin, and reinforced by the social context and inequality in sanitation investments in the different regions.
公平获得水和卫生设施仍然是全世界和巴西面临的挑战。从这个意义上讲，本文将环境正义的概念作为建立适用于环境卫生的环境正义综合区域评估模型的基础。这项研究旨在为州政府提供科学支持，以改善公共政策，促进可持续发展目标（SDG）规定的水和卫生服务的普及。本研究基于定性定量方法。二级数据被选为分析卫生环境正义的关键信息，包括以下数据：水的脆弱性（IV）、供水（WS）；未经处理的污水收集；污水收集与处理（ST）；供水投资；污水系统投资；城市人均收入；城市人类发展指数。这些数据是通过重叠国家官方的区域划分而在地图中呈现的，讨论是基于区域差异和相似性进行的。有人注意到这种模式的重复，其中不利的比率集中在北部和杰奎廷霍哈穆库里地区：水的脆弱性、有收集和没有处理的污水系统、总投资、平均投资、人均收入和城市人类发展指数。与其他国家相比，这两个国家的污水系统和供水率都很低。另一方面，Zona da Mata和Triângulo地区的水脆弱性、有收集和无处理的污水系统以及供水率较高。Triângulo-Mineiro地区的总投资、平均投资、人均收入和城市人类发展指数也很高。得出的结论是，区域之间的不平等最初是自然产生的，并因不同区域的社会背景和卫生投资不平等而加剧。
{"title":"Model of integrated territorial assessment for environmental justice applied to sanitation","authors":"Larissa Guarany Ramalho Elias, M. Melo, Ana Silvia Pereira Santos, Leonardo Castro Maia","doi":"10.5327/z21769478828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478828","url":null,"abstract":"Equitable access to water and sanitation is still a challenge worldwide and in Brazil. In this sense, the concept of environmental justice was used in this paper as a basis for establishing an Integrated Territorial Assessment Model for Environmental Justice Applied to Sanitation. This research aims to give scientific support for the State Government to improve public policies and promote the universalization of water and sanitation services as established by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study was based on a quali-quantitative methodology. Secondary data were selected as key information to analyze environmental justice in sanitation, including the following: hydric vulnerability (IV), water supply (WS); untreated sewage collection (SC); sewage collection with treatment (ST); water supply investments (WSI); sewage system investments (SSI); municipal per capita income (MPI); and municipal human development index (MHDI). The data were presented in maps by overlapping the State official regional division and the discussion was carried out based on regional differences and similarities. The repetition of a pattern was noted, in which unfavorable rates were concentrated in the North and Jequitinhonha-Mucuri regions: water vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment, total investment, average investment, per capita income and municipal human development index. Both also have low rates of the sewage system and water supply when compared to others. On the other hand, Zona da Mata and Triângulo regions have favorable rates for hydric vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment and water supply. The Triângulo Mineiro region also presented favorable rates of total investment, average investment, per capita income, and municipal human development index. It is concluded that the inequality between the regions is, initially, of natural origin, and reinforced by the social context and inequality in sanitation investments in the different regions.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42809164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. C. Silva, J. F. H. Guardiola, L. P. Teixeira, A. Maria, Luan Alves de Souza, A. Belém
The purpose of this paper was to analyze palm oil biodiesel production under different conditions and to verify the relationships between production variables in order to optimize biofuel production using response surface methodology (RSM). Biodiesel was produced through transesterification process by methyl route and alkali catalyst (NaOH) 1% (m/m). The analyzed variables were: four molar ratios (3:1, 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1); three temperature reactions (45°, 52° and 60°C); and three time reactions (40, 60 and 80 minutes). For the palm oil biodiesel production, the highest yield was 93%, obtained via a molar rate of 3:1, 52°C and 60 minutes. This result differs from previous studies that found a higher yield with molar ratio increases, implying greater expenses of methanol. Kinetic viscosity and specific mass were also analyzed, and the values are within the Brazilian, American, and European standards. The results showed that the most influent factor in biodiesel production was the molar rate. In relation to the biodiesel characterization, using the RMN H1 technique, it was possible to obtain the transesterification reaction yield of 79.50% for the 3:1 palm oil biodiesel. Through gas chromatography, it can be verified that the predominant fatty acids in the samples were palmitic and oleic acids.
{"title":"Optimization of palm oil biodiesel production using response surface methodology","authors":"F. C. Silva, J. F. H. Guardiola, L. P. Teixeira, A. Maria, Luan Alves de Souza, A. Belém","doi":"10.5327/z21769478825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478825","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper was to analyze palm oil biodiesel production under different conditions and to verify the relationships between production variables in order to optimize biofuel production using response surface methodology (RSM). Biodiesel was produced through transesterification process by methyl route and alkali catalyst (NaOH) 1% (m/m). The analyzed variables were: four molar ratios (3:1, 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1); three temperature reactions (45°, 52° and 60°C); and three time reactions (40, 60 and 80 minutes). For the palm oil biodiesel production, the highest yield was 93%, obtained via a molar rate of 3:1, 52°C and 60 minutes. This result differs from previous studies that found a higher yield with molar ratio increases, implying greater expenses of methanol. Kinetic viscosity and specific mass were also analyzed, and the values are within the Brazilian, American, and European standards. The results showed that the most influent factor in biodiesel production was the molar rate. In relation to the biodiesel characterization, using the RMN H1 technique, it was possible to obtain the transesterification reaction yield of 79.50% for the 3:1 palm oil biodiesel. Through gas chromatography, it can be verified that the predominant fatty acids in the samples were palmitic and oleic acids.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45733202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandra Maciel de Lima Barros, M. Sobral, Janaina Maria Oliveira de Assis, Werônica Meira de Souza
Wind power has been emerging as one of the main renewable energy sources in Northeast Brazil, which concentrates 87% of the country’s installed wind capacity, especially in recent years, due to water scarcity and its seasonal energy complementarity to hydraulic generation. The objective of this article is to present a method to evaluate the influence of rainfall on the behavior of wind power generation, considering rainfall anomaly index and extreme climatic indices of precipitation. We utilized daily rainfall data from cities located near wind farms CE1 and CE2 in the state of Ceará — Aracati, in the 1974-2016 period, and Trairi, in the 1976-2016 period —, as well as daily wind power generation data for the same period, provided by the Electric System National Operator (ONS). The RClimdex software was used to calculate 11 indices of climatic extremes dependent on rainfall. The capacity factor for wind power generation was calculated for the period from 2011 to 2016 for the CE1 and CE2 wind farms. The application of this method found an inversely proportional relation between rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and the wind power capacity factor, with a decrease in total rainfall and a greater number of consecutive dry days and concentrated rain in the short term. From 2012 to 2016, the rainfall anomaly index was negative. However, wind power factors were higher than in 2011. The developed methodology can be applied to other wind farms, contributing to the medium and long term energy planning of the National Interconnected System.
{"title":"Influence of rainfall on wind power generation in Northeast Brazil","authors":"Alessandra Maciel de Lima Barros, M. Sobral, Janaina Maria Oliveira de Assis, Werônica Meira de Souza","doi":"10.5327/z21769478769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478769","url":null,"abstract":"Wind power has been emerging as one of the main renewable energy sources in Northeast Brazil, which concentrates 87% of the country’s installed wind capacity, especially in recent years, due to water scarcity and its seasonal energy complementarity to hydraulic generation. The objective of this article is to present a method to evaluate the influence of rainfall on the behavior of wind power generation, considering rainfall anomaly index and extreme climatic indices of precipitation. We utilized daily rainfall data from cities located near wind farms CE1 and CE2 in the state of Ceará — Aracati, in the 1974-2016 period, and Trairi, in the 1976-2016 period —, as well as daily wind power generation data for the same period, provided by the Electric System National Operator (ONS). The RClimdex software was used to calculate 11 indices of climatic extremes dependent on rainfall. The capacity factor for wind power generation was calculated for the period from 2011 to 2016 for the CE1 and CE2 wind farms. The application of this method found an inversely proportional relation between rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and the wind power capacity factor, with a decrease in total rainfall and a greater number of consecutive dry days and concentrated rain in the short term. From 2012 to 2016, the rainfall anomaly index was negative. However, wind power factors were higher than in 2011. The developed methodology can be applied to other wind farms, contributing to the medium and long term energy planning of the National Interconnected System.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48610527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naassom Wagner Sales Morais, Milena Maciel Holanda Coelho, A. S. E. Silva, E. Pereira
Brazil is a significant producer of agricultural and agro-industrial waste, which can be used to recover valuable resources, such as struvite, hydroxyapatite, methane gas, hydrogen gas, and carboxylic acids, to mitigate the environmental impacts of the agro-industrial sector, add economic value to organic waste, and promote the sustainability of natural resources. Thus, this work's objective was to compile and analyze data on the composition, physical-chemical characterization, and volumetric production of six agricultural and agro-industrial wastewaters (AWWs) from activities of paramount importance in Brazilian agribusiness and to report studies on resource recovery from those liquid wastes. The literature review was carried out by analyzing scientific works obtained by searching for keywords in different databases. It was concluded that swine wastewaters (SWs), slaughterhouse wastewaters (SHWs), and dairy wastewaters (DWs) are the most promising for struvite recovery. DWs also stand out for the recovery of hydroxyapatite. SWs and brewery wastewaters (BWs) are commonly used for prospecting for algae or bacterial biomass and their derivative products. All AWWs analyzed are considered promising for biogas, methane and hydrogen, while the most soluble AWWs are more valuable for carboxylic acid production.
{"title":"Study on Brazilian agribusiness wastewaters: composition, physical‑chemical characterization, volumetric production and resource recovery","authors":"Naassom Wagner Sales Morais, Milena Maciel Holanda Coelho, A. S. E. Silva, E. Pereira","doi":"10.5327/z21769478875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478875","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is a significant producer of agricultural and agro-industrial waste, which can be used to recover valuable resources, such as struvite, hydroxyapatite, methane gas, hydrogen gas, and carboxylic acids, to mitigate the environmental impacts of the agro-industrial sector, add economic value to organic waste, and promote the sustainability of natural resources. Thus, this work's objective was to compile and analyze data on the composition, physical-chemical characterization, and volumetric production of six agricultural and agro-industrial wastewaters (AWWs) from activities of paramount importance in Brazilian agribusiness and to report studies on resource recovery from those liquid wastes. The literature review was carried out by analyzing scientific works obtained by searching for keywords in different databases. It was concluded that swine wastewaters (SWs), slaughterhouse wastewaters (SHWs), and dairy wastewaters (DWs) are the most promising for struvite recovery. DWs also stand out for the recovery of hydroxyapatite. SWs and brewery wastewaters (BWs) are commonly used for prospecting for algae or bacterial biomass and their derivative products. All AWWs analyzed are considered promising for biogas, methane and hydrogen, while the most soluble AWWs are more valuable for carboxylic acid production.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45407672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Cozzer, R. Rezende, J. Lutinski, W. A. Roman, M. A. Busato, D. Simões
Aedes aegypti has overcome all kinds of mosquito control attempts over the last century. Strategies for population control resorts to the use of synthetic insecticides, which can lead to problems like human intoxication and environmental contamination. The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate), and Ilex theezans (caúna herb) extracts against A. aegypti larvae were evaluated. The bioassays were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions of temperature (27 ± 3°C) and photoperiod (12 h). Hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of I. theezans displayed better residual effect compared to the aqueous extract of I. paraguariensis fruits. The strongest residual effect of I. theezans was probably due to the presence of certain chemicals in its leaves, such as coumarins, hemolytic saponins, and cyanogenic glucosides, which were absent in I. paraguariensis. The results herein contributed to the prospection of natural insecticides and opened the possibility for subsequent studies on the use of plant extracts in field situations in a short-time scale.
{"title":"How long is long enough? Decreasing effects in Aedes aegypti larval mortality by plant extracts over time","authors":"G. Cozzer, R. Rezende, J. Lutinski, W. A. Roman, M. A. Busato, D. Simões","doi":"10.5327/z21769478806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478806","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti has overcome all kinds of mosquito control attempts over the last century. Strategies for population control resorts to the use of synthetic insecticides, which can lead to problems like human intoxication and environmental contamination. The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate), and Ilex theezans (caúna herb) extracts against A. aegypti larvae were evaluated. The bioassays were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions of temperature (27 ± 3°C) and photoperiod (12 h). Hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of I. theezans displayed better residual effect compared to the aqueous extract of I. paraguariensis fruits. The strongest residual effect of I. theezans was probably due to the presence of certain chemicals in its leaves, such as coumarins, hemolytic saponins, and cyanogenic glucosides, which were absent in I. paraguariensis. The results herein contributed to the prospection of natural insecticides and opened the possibility for subsequent studies on the use of plant extracts in field situations in a short-time scale.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49575436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jamerson Souza da Costa, Liange de Sousa Rodrigues, Aline Gabriela Castro da Silva, Thatierlen da Costa Reis, Maria da Glória Gonçalves de Melo, M. A. R. Liberato
The intensification of deforestation and the consequent fragmentation of the natural landscape in urban and periurban watersheds affect the entire eco-hydrological system, increasing the need to understand how these changes can affect their sustainability. In this sense, the present study evaluated the potential implications of forest fragmentation for the management of the Tarumã-Açu basin, based on the characterization of the structural and functional patterns of the landscape. For this, we mapped and categorized the basin’s forest fragments, based on the supervised classification (Bhattacharyya Method) of Landsat/OLI image, and, subsequently, we calculated the landscape metrics (area, density and size, edge, form, core, isolation and connectivity). The metrics showed a very fragmented landscape, especially in the region of the basin's low course, which concentrates the smallest, most dispersed, and vulnerable fragments even in conservation units. The headwater region, on the other hand, has the largest patches, with a large amount of central area and high structural and functional connectivity, which are fundamental for the sustainability of the basin and, therefore, deserve attention and prioritization by managers. The results offer important subsidies and unpublished data that can contribute to elaboration of the basin’s management plan and for the definition of conservation and restoration strategies of the forest remnants, indicating priority areas for the implementation of these actions.
{"title":"Forest fragmentation and its potential implications for the management of the Tarumã-Açu River basin, Central Amazon, Brazil","authors":"Jamerson Souza da Costa, Liange de Sousa Rodrigues, Aline Gabriela Castro da Silva, Thatierlen da Costa Reis, Maria da Glória Gonçalves de Melo, M. A. R. Liberato","doi":"10.5327/z21769478975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478975","url":null,"abstract":"The intensification of deforestation and the consequent fragmentation of the natural landscape in urban and periurban watersheds affect the entire eco-hydrological system, increasing the need to understand how these changes can affect their sustainability. In this sense, the present study evaluated the potential implications of forest fragmentation for the management of the Tarumã-Açu basin, based on the characterization of the structural and functional patterns of the landscape. For this, we mapped and categorized the basin’s forest fragments, based on the supervised classification (Bhattacharyya Method) of Landsat/OLI image, and, subsequently, we calculated the landscape metrics (area, density and size, edge, form, core, isolation and connectivity). The metrics showed a very fragmented landscape, especially in the region of the basin's low course, which concentrates the smallest, most dispersed, and vulnerable fragments even in conservation units. The headwater region, on the other hand, has the largest patches, with a large amount of central area and high structural and functional connectivity, which are fundamental for the sustainability of the basin and, therefore, deserve attention and prioritization by managers. The results offer important subsidies and unpublished data that can contribute to elaboration of the basin’s management plan and for the definition of conservation and restoration strategies of the forest remnants, indicating priority areas for the implementation of these actions.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42583726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naelmo de Souza Oliveira, J. Schiavo, Miriam Ferreira Lima, Lais Thomaz Laranjeira, Geisielly Pereira Nunes, Sidne Canassa da Cruz
Conversions of natural vegetation into pasture can, in a short time, change the carbon stock and the natural abundance of δ13C in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, as well as in the natural abundance of δ13C and δ15N of Argissolo Vermelho distrófico (Acrisol), in an area of natural vegetation and planted pasture in the Cerrado region of Aquidauana (MS), Brazil. In order to do this, an area of pasture (PA), cultivated for 25 years with Urochloa brizantha, and an area of natural vegetation (NV) were evaluated. Soil samples were collected at intervals of 0.05 m up to 0.60 m depth, and physical attributes, C and N stocks (CSt and NSt) and isotopic variations of δ13C and δ15N of soil were determined. In the 0–0.05 m layer, the highest C and N stocks occurred in NV, 21.99 and 1.9 Mg ha-1, respectively. In the conversion to PA, 14.62 Mg ha-1 of CSt and 1.36 Mg ha-1 of NSt were lost in the 0–0.05 m layer. The area with PA had greater isotopic enrichment of δ13C in the layers of 0–0.05 and 0.05–0.10 m, with values of -18.3 and -17.4‰, respectively, while in the other layers the isotopic values decreased with the mixture between C of C3 and C4 plants. NV showed enrichment in the isotopic signals, in the layers from 0.25–0.30 m up to 0.40–0.45 m, with values between -21.74 and -21.54‰, respectively, which is characteristic of mixed vegetation of C3 and C4 plants. The values of δ15 N showed isotopic enrichment as depth increased, indicating greater mineralization of soil organic matter in both areas. The conversion of Cerrado into pasture and its consequent fragmentation causes negative impacts on the C and N sequestration and storage capacity, both in pasture and in natural vegetation.
{"title":"Isotopic variations of carbon and nitrogen and their implications on the conversion of Cerrado vegetation into pasture","authors":"Naelmo de Souza Oliveira, J. Schiavo, Miriam Ferreira Lima, Lais Thomaz Laranjeira, Geisielly Pereira Nunes, Sidne Canassa da Cruz","doi":"10.5327/z21769478845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478845","url":null,"abstract":"Conversions of natural vegetation into pasture can, in a short time, change the carbon stock and the natural abundance of δ13C in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, as well as in the natural abundance of δ13C and δ15N of Argissolo Vermelho distrófico (Acrisol), in an area of natural vegetation and planted pasture in the Cerrado region of Aquidauana (MS), Brazil. In order to do this, an area of pasture (PA), cultivated for 25 years with Urochloa brizantha, and an area of natural vegetation (NV) were evaluated. Soil samples were collected at intervals of 0.05 m up to 0.60 m depth, and physical attributes, C and N stocks (CSt and NSt) and isotopic variations of δ13C and δ15N of soil were determined. In the 0–0.05 m layer, the highest C and N stocks occurred in NV, 21.99 and 1.9 Mg ha-1, respectively. In the conversion to PA, 14.62 Mg ha-1 of CSt and 1.36 Mg ha-1 of NSt were lost in the 0–0.05 m layer. The area with PA had greater isotopic enrichment of δ13C in the layers of 0–0.05 and 0.05–0.10 m, with values of -18.3 and -17.4‰, respectively, while in the other layers the isotopic values decreased with the mixture between C of C3 and C4 plants. NV showed enrichment in the isotopic signals, in the layers from 0.25–0.30 m up to 0.40–0.45 m, with values between -21.74 and -21.54‰, respectively, which is characteristic of mixed vegetation of C3 and C4 plants. The values of δ15 N showed isotopic enrichment as depth increased, indicating greater mineralization of soil organic matter in both areas. The conversion of Cerrado into pasture and its consequent fragmentation causes negative impacts on the C and N sequestration and storage capacity, both in pasture and in natural vegetation.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44326464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mônica Jachetti Maciel, Claudete Rempel, Amanda Luisa Stroher, P. Bergmann, D. Marmitt
Medicinal plants synthesize various secondary metabolites that can be used for therapeutic and antimicrobial purposes. In Brazil, the Unified Health System (SUS) offers several herbal medicines as an alternative in the treatment of various diseases. Considering the importance of these plants in the production of chemicals that expand therapeutic options and improve the health of SUS users, this review was carried out to quantitatively determine the antifungal activity of plants used as phytotherapeutics at RENAME. The selection of papers was performed at three distinct stages: examining and choosing titles related to antifungal action, reading the abstracts, and reading the whole selected articles. This review selected 22 studies of interest; 12 of them were conducted in Brazil and 10 were carried out in other countries. The papers chosen tested the growth inhibitory effect of plants against fungal species of agricultural and health importance, ranging from filamentous to yeast-like fungi, and Candida albicans was the most tested species. The growth of 39 fungal species were inhibited by some concentration of the extract used, with either an increase or decrease in antifungal activity depending on the extract used. The most frequently analyzed plant was the species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi., studied in seven papers. The results found demonstrate the importance of analyzing medicinal plants and incorporating plant-based medicines in healthcare as an alternative source of treatment, highlighting the need for studies that evaluate the mechanisms action of their cytotoxicity and therapeutic effects in the human body.
{"title":"Medicinal plants of the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) with antifungal potential","authors":"Mônica Jachetti Maciel, Claudete Rempel, Amanda Luisa Stroher, P. Bergmann, D. Marmitt","doi":"10.5327/z21769478766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5327/z21769478766","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants synthesize various secondary metabolites that can be used for therapeutic and antimicrobial purposes. In Brazil, the Unified Health System (SUS) offers several herbal medicines as an alternative in the treatment of various diseases. Considering the importance of these plants in the production of chemicals that expand therapeutic options and improve the health of SUS users, this review was carried out to quantitatively determine the antifungal activity of plants used as phytotherapeutics at RENAME. The selection of papers was performed at three distinct stages: examining and choosing titles related to antifungal action, reading the abstracts, and reading the whole selected articles. This review selected 22 studies of interest; 12 of them were conducted in Brazil and 10 were carried out in other countries. The papers chosen tested the growth inhibitory effect of plants against fungal species of agricultural and health importance, ranging from filamentous to yeast-like fungi, and Candida albicans was the most tested species. The growth of 39 fungal species were inhibited by some concentration of the extract used, with either an increase or decrease in antifungal activity depending on the extract used. The most frequently analyzed plant was the species Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi., studied in seven papers. The results found demonstrate the importance of analyzing medicinal plants and incorporating plant-based medicines in healthcare as an alternative source of treatment, highlighting the need for studies that evaluate the mechanisms action of their cytotoxicity and therapeutic effects in the human body.","PeriodicalId":33560,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Ambientais","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44208964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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