Grain Oil Science and Technology最新文献

Although it is recognized that the post-harvest system is most responsible for the loss of soybean quality, the real impact of this loss is still unknown. Brazilian regulation allows 15% and 30% of broken soybean for group I and group II (quality groups), respectively. However, the industry is not informed about the loss in the quality parameters of soybeans and its impacts during long-term storage. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect of the breakage kernel percentage of soybean stored for 12 months. Content of 15% of breakage kernels did not affect soybean quality. However, content of 30% of breakage kernels affected significantly soybean quality, which was evidenced by the increase of up to 75% in moldy soybeans, 72% in acidity, 50% in leached solids, 27% in electrical conductivity, and the decrease of up to 12% in soluble protein, 6.4% in germination and 3.5% in thousand kernel weight after 8 months of storage. Although the legislation establishes a percentage limit, it is recommended to store soybeans with up to 15% breakage kernels. On the contrary, values higher than that can cause a significant reduction in soybean quality, resulting in commercial losses.

The effects of starch phosphate monoester content (SPC), namely C-3 (C3P) and C-6 phosphate monoesters (C6P), on the starch properties were investigated using four potato starches with varied SPC/C3P/C6P and two non-phosphorylated maize starches with a similar range of amylose content (AC) as controls. The starch property results showed that a higher SPC is associated with lower turbidity, storage and loss modulus after storage, and water solubility, but higher swelling power (SP) and pasting viscosities. These findings suggested that SPC inhibited molecular rearrangement during storage and starch leaching during heating, and enhanced swelling and viscosities due to increased hydration and water uptake caused by the repulsion effect of phosphate groups and a less ordered crystalline structure. Increased SPC also resulted in lower resistant starch (RS) content in a native granular state but higher RS after retrogradation. Pearson correlations further indicated that SPC/C3P/C6P were positively correlated with peak (r² = 0.925, 0.873 and 0.930, respectively), trough (r² = 0.994, 0.968 and 0.988, respectively), and final viscosities (r² = 0.981, 0.968 and 0.971, respectively). Notably, SPC, mainly C3P, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SP (r² = 0.859) and setback viscosity (r² = 0.867), whereas SPC, mainly C6P, showed a weak positive correlation with RS after retrogradation (r² = 0.746). However, SPC had no significant correlations with water solubility, turbidity and rheology properties, which were more correlated with AC. These findings are helpful for the food industry to select potato starches with desired properties based on their contents of SPC, C3P, or C6P.

Corn as one of the world's major food crops, its by-product corn cob is also rich in resources. However, the unreasonable utilization of corn cob often causes the environmental pollution, waste of resources and other problems. As one of the most abundant polymers in nature, xylan is widely used in food, medicine, materials and other fields. Corn cob is rich in xylan, which is an ideal raw material for extracting xylan. However, the intractable lignin is covalently linked to xylan, which increases the difficulty of xylan extraction. It has been reported that the deep eutectic solvent (DES) could preferentially dissolve lignin in biomass, thereby dissolving the xylan. Then, the xylan in the extract was separated by ethanol precipitation method. The xylan precipitate was obtained after centrifugation, while the supernatant was retained. The components of the supernatant after ethanol precipitation were separated by the rotary evaporator. The ethanol, water and DES were collected for the subsequent extraction of corn cob xylan. In this study, a novel way was provided for the green production of corn cob xylan. The DES was used to extract xylan from corn cob which was used as the raw material. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature and water content of DES on the extraction rate of corn cob xylan were investigated by the single factor test. Furthermore, the orthogonal test was designed to optimize the xylan extraction process. The structure of corn cob xylan was analyzed and verified. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of corn cob xylan were as follows: the ratio of corn cob to DES was 1 : 15 (g : mL), the extraction time was 3 h, the extraction temperature was 60 °C, and the water content of DES was 70%. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of xylan was 16.46%. The extracted corn cob xylan was distinctive triple helix of polysaccharide, which was similar to the structure of commercially available xylan. Xylan was effectively and workably extracted from corn cob by the DES method. This study provided a new approach for high value conversion of corn cob and the clean production of xylan.

The liquid-liquid extraction method using reverse micelles can simultaneously extract lipid and protein of oilseeds, which have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, there are few studies on mass transfer processes and models, which are helpful to better control the extraction process of oils and proteins. In this paper, mass transfer process of peanut protein extracted by bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles was investigated. The effects of stirring speed (0, 70, 140, and 210 r/min), temperature of extraction (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C), peanut flour particle size (0.355, 0.450, 0.600, and 0.900 mm) and solid-liquid ratio (0.010, 0.0125, 0.015, 0.0175, and 0.020 g/mL) on extraction rate were examined. The results showed that extraction rate increased with temperature rising, particle size reduction as well as solid-liquid ratio increase respectively, while little effect of stirring speed (P > 0.05) was observed. The apparent activation energy of extraction process was calculated as 10.02 kJ/mol and Arrhenius constant (A) was 1.91 by Arrhenius equation. There was a linear relationship between reaction rate constant and the square of the inverse of initial particle radius (1/r₀²) (P < 0.05). This phenomenon and this shrinking core model were anastomosed. In brief, the extraction process was controlled by the diffusion of protein from the virgin zone interface of particle through the reacted zone and it was in line with the first order reaction. Mass transfer kinetics of peanut protein extracted by reverse micelles was established and it was verified by experimental results. The results provide an important theoretical guidance for industrial production of peanut protein separation and purification.

Pumpkin belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae, which comprises several species that has economical as well as agronomical importance. All parts of pumpkin are edible and laden with beneficial neutraceutical compounds. Pumpkin seeds are valuable source protein which can help in eradicating protein malnutrition and lipids (rich in PUFAs) contains essential as well as non essential fatty acids which prevents from various ailments like cancer and other cardiovascular diseases. Since, seeds of pumpkin are abundant in macro (magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium and calcium) and micro minerals (iron, copper, manganese, zinc and selenium), they can be used as an incredible dietary supplement which in turn helps in curbing various deficiency disorders. This review enlightens the characteristics of pumpkin seeds, process of valorization of pumpkin seeds and the effect of processing on their nutritional composition which have been studied currently with the aim to use this wonder seeds for human wellbeing. Pumpkin seeds possess many bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols and squalene which makes it a lucrative raw material for pharmacological and food industries. Pumpkin seeds work as anti-depressant and helps majorly in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BHP). Daily consumption of pumpkin seeds can reduce the chances of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Pumpkin seeds are rich in tocopherols and can be used for oil extraction for edible purposes and utilized in other food formulations for future use.

Phytosterol esters can effectively decrease serum cholesterol concentration in the human body and prevent cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. It was found that phytosterol esters exhibited better solubility and bioavailability than free phytosterols. In recent years, phytosterol esters have attracted increasing attention. However, during food processing, phytosterol esters are susceptible to degradation at high temperatures, resulting in certain losses and formation of potentially harmful substances for humans. This paper reviews the relevant literatures and updates on the thermal oxidation stability of phytosterol esters in recent years from the following aspects: (i) Sources, physiological activities, and applications of phytosterol esters; (ii) Oxidation mechanism of phytosterol esters; (iii) Effects of phytosterols species, the volume of addition, food matrix, heating temperature and time, and antioxidants on the thermal loss and oxidation stability of phytosterol esters. The research progress on the safety of phytosterol esters is also discussed in detail. Additionally, the prospects for future research are highlighted.

An isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously detect two typical kinds of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, namely 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), in foods. The proposed method exhibited a linear range of 10–1000 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.1–2.0 ng/g and a limit of quantification of 0.3–5.0 ng/g. The recovery rates of these typical toxic aldehydes (i.e., 4-HHE, 4-HNE) and their d₃-labeled analogues were 91.54%–105.12% with a low matrix effect. Furthermore, this proposed method was successfully applied to a real frying system and a simulated digestion system, wherein the contents of 4-HHE and 4-HNE were determined for both. Overall, the obtained results provide strong support for further research into the production of 4-HHE and 4-HNE resulting from foods during oil digestion and frying.

Walnut oil is a functional wood oil known to researchers that may potentially be a large source of Chinese edible oils. There are various extraction methods for walnut oil, including traditional (pressing, solvent- and enzyme-assisted extraction) and novel methods (microwave, ultrasound, supercritical CO₂, subcritical and other extraction technologies). Walnut oil is rich in nutrients, including phytosterols, tocopherols, polyphenols, squalene and minerals. It provides many health benefits, such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and lipid metabolism-related functions. In addition, the authentication of walnut oil has received much research attention. The present review provides detailed research on walnut oil extraction, composition, health benefits and adulteration identification methods. The path toward further walnut oil improvement in the context of the market value of walnut oil is also discussed.