James Hendler is the Tetherless World Chair of Computer, Web and Cognitive Sciences at RPI and the Director of the Rensselaer-IBM AI Research Collaboration. One of the originators of the “Semantic Web,” Hendler is a Fellow of the AAAI, BCS, IEEE, AAAS, ACM and the US National Academy of Public Administration. Hendler has served as the Open Data Advisor to New York State, a member of the US Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee, a member of the National Academies Board on Research Data and Information, and is currently a member of the Director’s Advisory Committee for the National Security Directorate of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. His most recent books (other than this one) are Social Machines: The Coming collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networks and Humanity (Apress, 2017) and Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist Third Edition (ACM Press).
James Hendler是RPI计算机、网络和认知科学系主任，也是Rensselaer-IBM人工智能研究合作项目的负责人。Hendler是“语义网”的创始人之一，是AAAI、BCS、IEEE、AAAS、ACM和美国国家公共行政学院的院士。Hendler曾担任纽约州开放数据顾问、美国国土安全科学和技术咨询委员会成员、美国国家科学院研究数据和信息委员会成员，目前是太平洋西北国家实验室国家安全局主任咨询委员会成员。他最近的著作(除了这本书)是社会机器:人工智能，社会网络和人类的即将发生的碰撞(Apress, 2017)和语义网的工作本体论第三版(ACM出版社)。
{"title":"Contributors’ Biographies/Index","authors":"Vinton G. Cerf","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591387","url":null,"abstract":"James Hendler is the Tetherless World Chair of Computer, Web and Cognitive Sciences at RPI and the Director of the Rensselaer-IBM AI Research Collaboration. One of the originators of the “Semantic Web,” Hendler is a Fellow of the AAAI, BCS, IEEE, AAAS, ACM and the US National Academy of Public Administration. Hendler has served as the Open Data Advisor to New York State, a member of the US Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee, a member of the National Academies Board on Research Data and Information, and is currently a member of the Director’s Advisory Committee for the National Security Directorate of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. His most recent books (other than this one) are Social Machines: The Coming collision of Artificial Intelligence, Social Networks and Humanity (Apress, 2017) and Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist Third Edition (ACM Press).","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125813117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Originally designed as a decentralized ecosystem, the Web has undergone a significant centralization in recent years. In order to regain control over our digital self, we need to understand how we arrived at this point and how we can get back on track. This chapter explains the history of decentralization in a Web context and details Tim Berners-Lee’s role in the continued battle for a free and open Web. The challenges and solutions are not purely technical in nature but rather fit into a larger socio-economic puzzle, to which all of us are invited to contribute. Let us take back the Web for good and leverage its full potential as envisioned by its creator.
{"title":"Re-decentralizing the Web, For Good This Time","authors":"Ruben Verborgh","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591385","url":null,"abstract":"Originally designed as a decentralized ecosystem, the Web has undergone a significant centralization in recent years. In order to regain control over our digital self, we need to understand how we arrived at this point and how we can get back on track. This chapter explains the history of decentralization in a Web context and details Tim Berners-Lee’s role in the continued battle for a free and open Web. The challenges and solutions are not purely technical in nature but rather fit into a larger socio-economic puzzle, to which all of us are invited to contribute. Let us take back the Web for good and leverage its full potential as envisioned by its creator.","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122123529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sir Tim Berners-Lee delivered his Turing Award Lecture at the ACM Web Science Conference in Amsterdam on May 29, 2018, titled “Utopia to Dystopia and Back Again?: What is the World Wide Web and what is its future? What could it be, what should it be? What is the Web we want?” This is a lightly edited transcript of the Turing Award Lecture Video available at https://amturing.acm.org/vp/berners-lee_8087960.cfm. The corresponding slide deck is available at https://www.w3.org/2018/Talks/0529timbl-turing/timbl-turing-slides-utopia-to-dystopia.html.
{"title":"Utopia to Dystopia and Back Again?","authors":"O. Seneviratne","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591372","url":null,"abstract":"Sir Tim Berners-Lee delivered his Turing Award Lecture at the ACM Web Science Conference in Amsterdam on May 29, 2018, titled “Utopia to Dystopia and Back Again?: What is the World Wide Web and what is its future? What could it be, what should it be? What is the Web we want?” This is a lightly edited transcript of the Turing Award Lecture Video available at https://amturing.acm.org/vp/berners-lee_8087960.cfm. The corresponding slide deck is available at https://www.w3.org/2018/Talks/0529timbl-turing/timbl-turing-slides-utopia-to-dystopia.html.","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124714548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hendler, N. Shadbolt, W. Hall, T. Berners-Lee, D. Weitzner
{"title":"Web Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Web","authors":"J. Hendler, N. Shadbolt, W. Hall, T. Berners-Lee, D. Weitzner","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124255519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tim Berners-Lee’s Research at the Decentralized Information Group at MIT","authors":"O. Seneviratne, Amy van der Hiel, Lalana Kagal","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591384","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127693515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
in this volume. Aaron Swartz, the author, had interacted with Tim for a number of years (starting when Aaron was 12) and had been very involved in the development of RDF and other Semantic Web standards. Additionally, Aaron interacted with Tim as he went on to understand more aspects of the Web architecture and how they could be used for the applications that Aaron is well known for – his involvement in the development of the RSS feed, his design of the ‘markdown’ language that is now heavily used in web authoring, his work in co-founding reddit, and his role in the design and use of creative commons licenses. As much as Aaron is known for helping to bring online activism into being, he is known to the technical community for his contributions to the Web. Aaron kept up a blog on many of his thoughts about the Web, and in early 2012 agreed to turn these into a book entitled “A Programmable Web.” Unfortunately, at the time of his death in 2013, the book was still unfinished, and all that existed was an early draft he had submitted to a Morgan-Claypool series on the Semantic Web. The publishers agreed to make the unfinished manuscript available to the public for free, and it is available online.1 The draft manuscript included a chapter on the “Representational State Transfer” (REST) architecture that is a key building block of web design. Given Aaron’s
在本卷中。作者Aaron Swartz与Tim有过多年的交往(从Aaron 12岁开始)，并积极参与了RDF和其他语义Web标准的开发。此外，Aaron还与Tim进行了互动，Tim进一步了解了Web架构的更多方面，以及如何将它们用于Aaron所熟知的应用程序——他参与了RSS提要的开发，他设计的“markdown”语言(现在在Web创作中大量使用)，他参与创建了reddit，以及他在设计和使用创作共用许可中的作用。正如Aaron以帮助实现在线行动主义而闻名一样，他也因对网络的贡献而闻名于技术社区。亚伦一直在博客上发表他对网络的许多想法，并在2012年初同意将这些想法写成一本书，书名为《可编程网络》(a Programmable Web)。不幸的是，在他2013年去世时，这本书仍未完成，现存的只是他提交给语义网Morgan-Claypool系列的初稿。出版商同意将未完成的手稿免费提供给公众，并在网上提供草稿中有一章是关于“具象状态转移”(Representational State Transfer, REST)架构的，这是web设计的关键组成部分。考虑到亚伦的
{"title":"Building for Search Engines: Following REST","authors":"Aaron Swartz","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591375","url":null,"abstract":"in this volume. Aaron Swartz, the author, had interacted with Tim for a number of years (starting when Aaron was 12) and had been very involved in the development of RDF and other Semantic Web standards. Additionally, Aaron interacted with Tim as he went on to understand more aspects of the Web architecture and how they could be used for the applications that Aaron is well known for – his involvement in the development of the RSS feed, his design of the ‘markdown’ language that is now heavily used in web authoring, his work in co-founding reddit, and his role in the design and use of creative commons licenses. As much as Aaron is known for helping to bring online activism into being, he is known to the technical community for his contributions to the Web. Aaron kept up a blog on many of his thoughts about the Web, and in early 2012 agreed to turn these into a book entitled “A Programmable Web.” Unfortunately, at the time of his death in 2013, the book was still unfinished, and all that existed was an early draft he had submitted to a Morgan-Claypool series on the Semantic Web. The publishers agreed to make the unfinished manuscript available to the public for free, and it is available online.1 The draft manuscript included a chapter on the “Representational State Transfer” (REST) architecture that is a key building block of web design. Given Aaron’s","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121004652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of physical servers [Berners-Lee 1989]. At the time, his proposal went further than others in considering not only information resources (documents) as part of this graph but also non-information resources, that is, abstract concepts and entities of all kinds, in what would be later termed the Semantic Web. Further, while this information space was primarily intended to be explored by human navigation as was the case with hypertext implementations of the past, Berners-Lee did foresee the opportunity for the automated analysis of the Web graph. As it turns out, his key ideas, the representation of information as a graph, adding a semantic layer to information, and the potential for automated analysis of these structures would come to revolutionize an entire subfield of computer science, the field of information retrieval (IR). In this chapter, we trace the impact of Berners-Lee’s ideas on the development of IR, both within the academic field and its applications in industry, particularly web search engines. Indeed, today, web search engines are tools that are a crucial component of our daily lives. In Section 7.2, we will first look at how Berners-Lee’s ideas of structuring the Web brought about a set of challenges and opportunities that reinvigorated the field of IR and led to the emergence of web search, both in academia and industry. In Section 7.3, we will consider how Berners-Lee’s ideas around the extension of the hypertext Web to a Semantic Web and its implementation in technical standards at the W3C provided further new opportunities for developing semantic search engines with capabilities well beyond what was possible using the techniques of the past. Last, in Section 7.4, we will consider some of The Impact of the Web on Information Retrieval
{"title":"The Impact of the Web on Information Retrieval","authors":"Peter Mika, Ricardo Baeza-Yates","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591377","url":null,"abstract":"of physical servers [Berners-Lee 1989]. At the time, his proposal went further than others in considering not only information resources (documents) as part of this graph but also non-information resources, that is, abstract concepts and entities of all kinds, in what would be later termed the Semantic Web. Further, while this information space was primarily intended to be explored by human navigation as was the case with hypertext implementations of the past, Berners-Lee did foresee the opportunity for the automated analysis of the Web graph. As it turns out, his key ideas, the representation of information as a graph, adding a semantic layer to information, and the potential for automated analysis of these structures would come to revolutionize an entire subfield of computer science, the field of information retrieval (IR). In this chapter, we trace the impact of Berners-Lee’s ideas on the development of IR, both within the academic field and its applications in industry, particularly web search engines. Indeed, today, web search engines are tools that are a crucial component of our daily lives. In Section 7.2, we will first look at how Berners-Lee’s ideas of structuring the Web brought about a set of challenges and opportunities that reinvigorated the field of IR and led to the emergence of web search, both in academia and industry. In Section 7.3, we will consider how Berners-Lee’s ideas around the extension of the hypertext Web to a Semantic Web and its implementation in technical standards at the W3C provided further new opportunities for developing semantic search engines with capabilities well beyond what was possible using the techniques of the past. Last, in Section 7.4, we will consider some of The Impact of the Web on Information Retrieval","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114768479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
key to this shift was the huge quantities of documents authored by countless authors in nearly every country. The need to find information in those millions, then billions, of scattered documents naturally led to the first search engines. But of course, that is not how we found information on the early Web. We “surfed” the early Web by starting with a page we knew and following one interesting-looking hyperlink to another to another to another. We spent hours playfully exploring the new medium. We might start by looking at Vatican artwork and find ourselves hours later having read something of the history of an artist, the major works of that artist’s hometown, the contents of a building in that town, a biography of the mayor, a quote from his favorite philosopher, the broad brushstrokes of utilitarianism, its relation to Epicurus, epicurean delights, and a wonderful new recipe for kangaroo rogan josh. It was exciting and stimulating. The Web’s ability to create a path from the Vatican to Kashmiri cuisine was unprecedented. People could not follow all the links on the growing Web. Computers, though, are not people. Computers are dumb but fast, uncomprehending but with vast memories. Could computers trace the filaments of the Web and create maps for us to use? They could. Search engines reduced the intellectual smörgåsbord of Web surfing to a niche activity. We no longer “followed our noses” from link to link. Link following was too slow and too undirected. Search engines were simply a more efficient way to find what we were looking for. Linking the World’s Data
{"title":"Linking the World’s Data","authors":"David Hyland-Wood","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591379","url":null,"abstract":"key to this shift was the huge quantities of documents authored by countless authors in nearly every country. The need to find information in those millions, then billions, of scattered documents naturally led to the first search engines. But of course, that is not how we found information on the early Web. We “surfed” the early Web by starting with a page we knew and following one interesting-looking hyperlink to another to another to another. We spent hours playfully exploring the new medium. We might start by looking at Vatican artwork and find ourselves hours later having read something of the history of an artist, the major works of that artist’s hometown, the contents of a building in that town, a biography of the mayor, a quote from his favorite philosopher, the broad brushstrokes of utilitarianism, its relation to Epicurus, epicurean delights, and a wonderful new recipe for kangaroo rogan josh. It was exciting and stimulating. The Web’s ability to create a path from the Vatican to Kashmiri cuisine was unprecedented. People could not follow all the links on the growing Web. Computers, though, are not people. Computers are dumb but fast, uncomprehending but with vast memories. Could computers trace the filaments of the Web and create maps for us to use? They could. Search engines reduced the intellectual smörgåsbord of Web surfing to a niche activity. We no longer “followed our noses” from link to link. Link following was too slow and too undirected. Search engines were simply a more efficient way to find what we were looking for. Linking the World’s Data","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"58 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123442638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The World Wide Web Consortium","authors":"Ian Jacobs","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125212756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Web for Everyone","authors":"Adrian Lovett","doi":"10.1145/3591366.3591382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3591366.3591382","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337300,"journal":{"name":"Linking the World’s Information","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122108126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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