Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0006
Wonsuk Ma
This study examines whether Asian megachurches hold any theological and conceptual dissenting elements, historically shaped in Europe. The Yoido Full Gospel Church is used as a case study due to its mega size and the deep impact of its experience of church growth on wider global Christianity. Placing the life of the church and its founder David Yonggi Cho in their social context of Korea, the study identifies key motivations for the theological and practical processes and the outcome of church growth. Based on this assessment, it then probes whether the megachurch movement in Asia expresses any social and theological aspect of the dissenting movement. Even if there is no direct historical connection, there are important theological and social motivations that are found both in the megachurch movement and the dissenting traditions.
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Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0019
J. Samson
Pacific islanders have made Christianity their own, including the Methodism introduced by British missionaries in the early nineteenth century. At times, island Methodism has challenged political and social traditions, dissenting from racism against immigrant communities or undemocratic rule. In other cases, Methodism has enjoyed privileged status as the established religion of the land. In Tonga it thrived under royal patronage. In Fiji it attracted nationalists whose racial essentialism drew it into a military coup and the machinations of a dictator. Either way, Methodist churches have been challenged in recent decades by breakaway revival movements and new denominations, many of which seek to return Methodism to its roots in spiritual holiness. These challenges continue to reflect the active agency of islanders in shaping the religious life of their communities.
{"title":"Fijian and Tongan Methodism","authors":"J. Samson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Pacific islanders have made Christianity their own, including the Methodism introduced by British missionaries in the early nineteenth century. At times, island Methodism has challenged political and social traditions, dissenting from racism against immigrant communities or undemocratic rule. In other cases, Methodism has enjoyed privileged status as the established religion of the land. In Tonga it thrived under royal patronage. In Fiji it attracted nationalists whose racial essentialism drew it into a military coup and the machinations of a dictator. Either way, Methodist churches have been challenged in recent decades by breakaway revival movements and new denominations, many of which seek to return Methodism to its roots in spiritual holiness. These challenges continue to reflect the active agency of islanders in shaping the religious life of their communities.","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124330239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0005
John Roxborogh
Protestant Christianities in Asia today are Asian, but they also carry markers of piety, resilience, and social sensibility which reflect dissenting traditions. While acknowledging the fundamental importance of Asian agency, elements of Protestant Dissent can be identified among the multiple ideas, traditions, personalities, social phenomena, and historical events which have contributed to the formation of Asian Christianity. Denominational names often signify connection with a dissenting Christian identity. A dissenting heritage is often associated with education, an emphasis on bible -reading and translation, an openness to women and lay-leadership in positions of authority, and a cautious attitude towards relationships with governments. Links are also found in stories about pioneer personalities. However, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, British Methodist, and some Baptist churches who joined in national union schemes in India, China, the Philippines, and Thailand, have generally had their memory, and sometimes their polity, subsumed under the shared vision of a new national church.
{"title":"Protestant Dissenting Traditions in Asia in the Twentieth Century","authors":"John Roxborogh","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Protestant Christianities in Asia today are Asian, but they also carry markers of piety, resilience, and social sensibility which reflect dissenting traditions. While acknowledging the fundamental importance of Asian agency, elements of Protestant Dissent can be identified among the multiple ideas, traditions, personalities, social phenomena, and historical events which have contributed to the formation of Asian Christianity. Denominational names often signify connection with a dissenting Christian identity. A dissenting heritage is often associated with education, an emphasis on bible -reading and translation, an openness to women and lay-leadership in positions of authority, and a cautious attitude towards relationships with governments. Links are also found in stories about pioneer personalities. However, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, British Methodist, and some Baptist churches who joined in national union schemes in India, China, the Philippines, and Thailand, have generally had their memory, and sometimes their polity, subsumed under the shared vision of a new national church.","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123093812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0009
L. Porter
This chapter examines how shifts in ideas, culture, and politics reconfigured dissenter Protestantism in twentieth-century North America. The first of these shifts, the rise of modernist ideas, divided dissenter Protestants into strict biblicists and more intellectually inclusive ‘liberals,’ which set mainline denominations on a path to theological pluralism and institutional stagnation. The second, the rise of consumer capitalism, pulled these two Protestant streams away from a shared social vision of ‘Christian civilization’ and toward consumer individualism in the forms of therapeutic, prosperity-driven theologies and consumer models of outreach. The third, the expansion of the liberal pluralist state, threatened American Protestantism’s privileged cultural status, set mainline advocates of pluralism against evangelical defenders of ‘Christian America,’ and restructured the ways dissenter Protestants engaged society. By the close of the twentieth century, these changes had propelled the demographic and cultural assent of evangelical organizations over older Protestant denominations, making them the new ‘mainline.’
{"title":"Dissent as Mainline","authors":"L. Porter","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how shifts in ideas, culture, and politics reconfigured dissenter Protestantism in twentieth-century North America. The first of these shifts, the rise of modernist ideas, divided dissenter Protestants into strict biblicists and more intellectually inclusive ‘liberals,’ which set mainline denominations on a path to theological pluralism and institutional stagnation. The second, the rise of consumer capitalism, pulled these two Protestant streams away from a shared social vision of ‘Christian civilization’ and toward consumer individualism in the forms of therapeutic, prosperity-driven theologies and consumer models of outreach. The third, the expansion of the liberal pluralist state, threatened American Protestantism’s privileged cultural status, set mainline advocates of pluralism against evangelical defenders of ‘Christian America,’ and restructured the ways dissenter Protestants engaged society. By the close of the twentieth century, these changes had propelled the demographic and cultural assent of evangelical organizations over older Protestant denominations, making them the new ‘mainline.’","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"43 4-7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132970449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0007
Peter Tze Ming Ng
There had been two stages of development of Protestant dissenting traditions in China. They both were found to be related closely with the indigenous Christian movements in China. This paper is an attempt to study both the dissenting traditions and the indigenous Christian movements in China. Three important theological forces were found actively behind these movements. They were namely: the Pentecostalism, Evangelicalism, and Holistic Movements, which helped to account for the close relationships between dissenting traditions and the indigenous Christian movements in twentieth-century China. The latter comprised those which attempted to move beyond the Western mainline/denominational understanding of Christianity, hence developing an independent Chinese Christianity.]
{"title":"Dissenting Traditions and Indigenous Christianity","authors":"Peter Tze Ming Ng","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"There had been two stages of development of Protestant dissenting traditions in China. They both were found to be related closely with the indigenous Christian movements in China. This paper is an attempt to study both the dissenting traditions and the indigenous Christian movements in China. Three important theological forces were found actively behind these movements. They were namely: the Pentecostalism, Evangelicalism, and Holistic Movements, which helped to account for the close relationships between dissenting traditions and the indigenous Christian movements in twentieth-century China. The latter comprised those which attempted to move beyond the Western mainline/denominational understanding of Christianity, hence developing an independent Chinese Christianity.]","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122421050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0008
D. Womack
With a focus on Arabic-speaking Protestants in Ottoman Syria (present day Lebanon and Syria) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter explains how Syrian Evangelical Church members who shared the same Reformed theological tradition came to define themselves as either Congregationalists or Presbyterians. Contrary to the accounts of Presbyterian missionaries who operated the American Syria Mission after 1870, the church schism in Beirut and subsequent denominational divisions were not merely the result of internal Syrian Protestant squabbling, self-interested troublemaking, or a preference for congregationalism. Rather, the church controversies and anti-missionary critiques that emerged during this period were part of a wider Protestant dissenting tradition.
{"title":"‘Crying for Help and Reformation’","authors":"D. Womack","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"With a focus on Arabic-speaking Protestants in Ottoman Syria (present day Lebanon and Syria) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter explains how Syrian Evangelical Church members who shared the same Reformed theological tradition came to define themselves as either Congregationalists or Presbyterians. Contrary to the accounts of Presbyterian missionaries who operated the American Syria Mission after 1870, the church schism in Beirut and subsequent denominational divisions were not merely the result of internal Syrian Protestant squabbling, self-interested troublemaking, or a preference for congregationalism. Rather, the church controversies and anti-missionary critiques that emerged during this period were part of a wider Protestant dissenting tradition.","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"90 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129818093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-07DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0002
Jehu J. Hanciles
By the end of the twentieth century, Africa had emerged as a major heartland of global Christianity, defying European missionary prognosis a century earlier. This chapter makes the case that that the prospects of African Christianity were poorly diagnosed in part because such assessments failed to take the African Christian capacity for ‘dissent’ into account. Though rooted in evangelical Protestantism that spread to Africa from the late eighteenth century, the streams of dissent that surged within African Christianity were fomented by experiences and aspirations that were radically different from the British heritage. Not least because the indigenous environment provided primary impetus for their emergence and formation. These ‘dissenting’ movements, which were greatly shaped by indigenous elements, included religious protest and resistance as well as initiatives marked by religious revival and innovation. They have acted as major catalysts for the growth of African Christianity and its transformation into an African religion.
{"title":"Emerging Streams of Dissent in Modern African Christianity","authors":"Jehu J. Hanciles","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the twentieth century, Africa had emerged as a major heartland of global Christianity, defying European missionary prognosis a century earlier. This chapter makes the case that that the prospects of African Christianity were poorly diagnosed in part because such assessments failed to take the African Christian capacity for ‘dissent’ into account. Though rooted in evangelical Protestantism that spread to Africa from the late eighteenth century, the streams of dissent that surged within African Christianity were fomented by experiences and aspirations that were radically different from the British heritage. Not least because the indigenous environment provided primary impetus for their emergence and formation. These ‘dissenting’ movements, which were greatly shaped by indigenous elements, included religious protest and resistance as well as initiatives marked by religious revival and innovation. They have acted as major catalysts for the growth of African Christianity and its transformation into an African religion.","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126714308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0016
M. Lindhardt
The first independent Pentecostal denomination in Latin America was founded in early twentieth-century Chile after a schism within the Methodist Episcopal Church. This chapter explores the origins of Chilean Pentecostalism, focusing particular attention on historical and theological connections with Methodism. I argue that although scholars are certainly right in paying careful attention to intrinsic developments, Chilean agency, and processes of indigenization, the history of Chilean Pentecostalism is in fact closely related to the history of global Pentecostalism because of a shared Methodist heritage. The chapter demonstrates that some of the internal, social, and theological tensions that caused the schism within the Methodist Episcopal Church, resulting in the foundation of a new Pentecostal ministry, have deep roots within North American Methodism. What Chilean Pentecostalism inherited from certain branches of Methodism was a strong revivalist urge and a contestatory cultural character that often clashed with a ‘high church’ push towards respectability.
{"title":"Chilean Pentecostalism","authors":"M. Lindhardt","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780199684045.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The first independent Pentecostal denomination in Latin America was founded in early twentieth-century Chile after a schism within the Methodist Episcopal Church. This chapter explores the origins of Chilean Pentecostalism, focusing particular attention on historical and theological connections with Methodism. I argue that although scholars are certainly right in paying careful attention to intrinsic developments, Chilean agency, and processes of indigenization, the history of Chilean Pentecostalism is in fact closely related to the history of global Pentecostalism because of a shared Methodist heritage. The chapter demonstrates that some of the internal, social, and theological tensions that caused the schism within the Methodist Episcopal Church, resulting in the foundation of a new Pentecostal ministry, have deep roots within North American Methodism. What Chilean Pentecostalism inherited from certain branches of Methodism was a strong revivalist urge and a contestatory cultural character that often clashed with a ‘high church’ push towards respectability.","PeriodicalId":337529,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129381859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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