Seyed Iman Seyedzadeh Dalooyi, Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaaf, Mohammad Saeed Abdekhodaei, Ali Ghanaei Chamanabad
Background: Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed. Findings: The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (n=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment. Conclusion: This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.
背景:虽然一些研究已经调查了有问题的色情使用(PPU)的决定因素，但迄今为止还没有进行过风险概况的系统比较。对风险概况的研究可以为我们对这种高度流行疾病的早期诊断和病因学的了解提供光明。因此，本研究旨在全面概述PPU的决定因素。方法:系统检索Scopus、Web of Science、PubMed、PsycINFO等数据库，检索2000年1月至2022年2月发表的相关英文文献，包括纵向和横断面研究的危险因素。结果:从调查研究中提取的PPU的决定因素(n=66)被总结并聚集为生物、心理和社会类别。研究结果表明，腹侧纹状体活动是影响PPU发生的一个重要生物学因素，同时也存在一些研究中提到的影响PPU的心理因素，包括渴望、自卑、性唤起、应对方式、压力、频繁观看色情、回避、消极信念和情绪缺乏。此外，据报道，影响PPU的社会因素包括男性性别、年龄、宗教信仰、道德不相容和孤独。根据这些结果，确定的因素可以在预防治疗中考虑。结论:本系统综述通过分析主要来自欧洲和北美的66篇文章，对PPU的生物心理社会决定因素进行了全面概述。大多数研究表明腹侧纹状体活动、渴望、自尊、压力、频繁观看色情作品、性别、年龄和宗教与PPU有关。
{"title":"Biopsychosocial Determinants of Problematic Pornography Use: A Systematic Review","authors":"Seyed Iman Seyedzadeh Dalooyi, Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaaf, Mohammad Saeed Abdekhodaei, Ali Ghanaei Chamanabad","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1395","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed. Findings: The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (n=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment. Conclusion: This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Bahram Nejad, Anahita Behzadi, Zakeih Ostad Ahmadi, Mohsen Barouni
Background: Suicide is a significant and growing concern in health systems worldwide. It is considered a crucial part of the comprehensive mental health action plan in every country. Kerman, one of the largest provinces of Iran with a relatively high population, has witnessed an increasing trend in this phenomenon, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerman. Suicide data for 2018–2021 were acquired from the Psychosocial Health and Addiction Prevention Group of the Deputy for Health at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The burden resulting from suicide during these years was measured using the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) index. Findings: During these four years, 23701 suicide attempts were recorded in Kerman, with 59% and 41% of the suicide attempts made by men and women, respectively, and 668 (2.82%) attempts leading to death. The highest rate (68%) was observed in the 15–29 age range and the lowest rate (1.1%) was seen in people older than 60. Poisoning (89.3% of the attempts) was the most common suicide method. The suicide burden in Kerman in 2021 was 4417 according to the DALY index, which is 162.6 per 100000 people; men and women endure 38% and 62% of this burden, respectively. The highest DALY rates were seen in the 15–29 and 30–44 age groups. Conclusion: The burden resulting from suicide highlights the necessity of taking immediate measures to prevent this behavior, especially among vulnerable groups.
{"title":"Determining the Burden of Suicidal Behaviors Using the DALY Approach: A Case Study in Iran (2018-2021)","authors":"Ali Bahram Nejad, Anahita Behzadi, Zakeih Ostad Ahmadi, Mohsen Barouni","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1421","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Suicide is a significant and growing concern in health systems worldwide. It is considered a crucial part of the comprehensive mental health action plan in every country. Kerman, one of the largest provinces of Iran with a relatively high population, has witnessed an increasing trend in this phenomenon, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerman. Suicide data for 2018–2021 were acquired from the Psychosocial Health and Addiction Prevention Group of the Deputy for Health at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The burden resulting from suicide during these years was measured using the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) index. Findings: During these four years, 23701 suicide attempts were recorded in Kerman, with 59% and 41% of the suicide attempts made by men and women, respectively, and 668 (2.82%) attempts leading to death. The highest rate (68%) was observed in the 15–29 age range and the lowest rate (1.1%) was seen in people older than 60. Poisoning (89.3% of the attempts) was the most common suicide method. The suicide burden in Kerman in 2021 was 4417 according to the DALY index, which is 162.6 per 100000 people; men and women endure 38% and 62% of this burden, respectively. The highest DALY rates were seen in the 15–29 and 30–44 age groups. Conclusion: The burden resulting from suicide highlights the necessity of taking immediate measures to prevent this behavior, especially among vulnerable groups.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacqueline A Erler, Carl Hart, Christopher Medina-Kirchner
{"title":"Inappropriate Conclusions Regarding Neurotoxicity in Methadone and Methamphetamine Users","authors":"Jacqueline A Erler, Carl Hart, Christopher Medina-Kirchner","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"521 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134919827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The present study aimed to identify the dimensions and components of developing an information therapy approach for clinical decisions on addiction in addiction treatment centers based on the opinions of thematic specialists in Iran using the fuzzy Delphi technique. Methods: This study was a qualitative one conducted using Delphi method on 20 researchers of addiction treatment in the areas of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, etc. Findings: The analysis of the data revealed 92 indicators in two dimensions, namely information dimension (health literacy) and treatment dimension (health services), each containing 6 components. The information dimension included acquiring information, identifying information, sharing information, raising awareness, information needs, and health knowledge, and the treatment dimension included patient satisfaction, information-seeking behaviors and skills, treatment methods and costs, participatory care and use of information, educational interventions, and disease prevention. Conclusion: Developing an information therapy approach in addiction treatment, as a cost-effective and low-cost method, is one of the cognitive strategies that can be used by officials to pave the way for health in this regard. This technique aims to improve the quality of medical services and care for addicts and is a suitable solution to meet their needs.
{"title":"Classifying the Factors Affecting Information Therapy to Support Clinical Decisions on Addiction","authors":"Sedigheh Mohammadesmaeil, Shiba Kianmehr","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1325","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present study aimed to identify the dimensions and components of developing an information therapy approach for clinical decisions on addiction in addiction treatment centers based on the opinions of thematic specialists in Iran using the fuzzy Delphi technique. Methods: This study was a qualitative one conducted using Delphi method on 20 researchers of addiction treatment in the areas of psychiatry, psychology, medicine, etc. Findings: The analysis of the data revealed 92 indicators in two dimensions, namely information dimension (health literacy) and treatment dimension (health services), each containing 6 components. The information dimension included acquiring information, identifying information, sharing information, raising awareness, information needs, and health knowledge, and the treatment dimension included patient satisfaction, information-seeking behaviors and skills, treatment methods and costs, participatory care and use of information, educational interventions, and disease prevention. Conclusion: Developing an information therapy approach in addiction treatment, as a cost-effective and low-cost method, is one of the cognitive strategies that can be used by officials to pave the way for health in this regard. This technique aims to improve the quality of medical services and care for addicts and is a suitable solution to meet their needs.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134919825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Tobacco use has become a modern-day epidemic which significantly impacts health, socioeconomic status, and environmental sustainability. The readiness to quit or stop using tobacco is a crucial first step in changing one’s behavior. Hence, the current study sought to assess the prevalence of willingness to quit and associated factors among tobacco users. Methods: This study was conducted on 425 tobacco users selected using multi-stage random sampling from the outpatient departments (OPDs) of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. A pre-designed, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information. Logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of independent factors on the willingness to quit. Findings: The mean age of the study participants was 39.37 years (S.D.=±12.99). The majority of the participants were male (400, 94.1%), and 25 (6.9%) were female. Overall, the prevalence of willingness to quit in the current study was 70% among the study participants. The results of the multivariable analysis showed that those belonging to urban areas, tobacco users with a duration of≤10 years, and those who received advice from a doctor to quit had a significantly higher willingness to quit than their counterparts. However, age, gender, marital status, education, religion, age of initiation of tobacco use, and nicotine dependence were not found to have a statistically significant relationship with the willingness to quit tobacco products. Conclusion: Willingness to quit was high among the study participants. The data in this study suggested that belonging to urban areas, duration of tobacco use, and doctor’s advice to quit are important factors which need to be considered when framing future tobacco cessation programs.
{"title":"Willingness to Quit and Associated Factors Among Tobacco Users Attending Outpatient Departments of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi, India","authors":"Mohit Goyal, Anita Khokhar, Shveta Lukhmana, Aninda Debnath, Namita Srivastava","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1444","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tobacco use has become a modern-day epidemic which significantly impacts health, socioeconomic status, and environmental sustainability. The readiness to quit or stop using tobacco is a crucial first step in changing one’s behavior. Hence, the current study sought to assess the prevalence of willingness to quit and associated factors among tobacco users. Methods: This study was conducted on 425 tobacco users selected using multi-stage random sampling from the outpatient departments (OPDs) of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. A pre-designed, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information. Logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of independent factors on the willingness to quit. Findings: The mean age of the study participants was 39.37 years (S.D.=±12.99). The majority of the participants were male (400, 94.1%), and 25 (6.9%) were female. Overall, the prevalence of willingness to quit in the current study was 70% among the study participants. The results of the multivariable analysis showed that those belonging to urban areas, tobacco users with a duration of≤10 years, and those who received advice from a doctor to quit had a significantly higher willingness to quit than their counterparts. However, age, gender, marital status, education, religion, age of initiation of tobacco use, and nicotine dependence were not found to have a statistically significant relationship with the willingness to quit tobacco products. Conclusion: Willingness to quit was high among the study participants. The data in this study suggested that belonging to urban areas, duration of tobacco use, and doctor’s advice to quit are important factors which need to be considered when framing future tobacco cessation programs.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Investigating the temporal variations and forecasting the trends in drug-related deaths can help prevent health problems and develop intervention programs. The recent policy in Iran is strongly focused on deterring drug use and replacing illicit drugs with legal ones. This study aimed to investigate drug-related deaths in Iran in 2014-2016 and forecast the death toll by 2019. Methods: In this longitudinal study, Box-Jenkins time series analysis was used to forecast drug-related deaths. To this end, monthly counts of drug-related deaths were obtained from March 2014 to March 2017. After data processing, to obtain stationary time series and examine the stability assumption with the Dickey-Fuller test, the parameters of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model were determined using autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) graphs. Based on Akaike statistics, ARIMA (0, 1, 1) was selected as the best-fit model. Moreover, the Dickey-Fuller test was used to confirm the stationarity of the time series of transformed observations. The forecasts were made for the next 36 months using the ARIMA (0,1,2) model and the same confidence intervals were applied to all months. The final extracted data were analyzed using R software, Minitab, and SPSS-23. Findings: According to the Iranian Ministry of Health and the Legal Medicine Organization, there were 8883 drug-related deaths in Iran from March 2014 to March 2017. According to the time series findings, this count had an upward trend and did not show any seasonal pattern. It was forecasted that the mean drug-related mortality rate in Iran would be 245.8 cases per month until 2019. Conclusion: This study showed a rising trend in drug-related mortality rates during the study period, and the modeling process for forecasting suggested this trend would continue until 2019 if proper interventions were not instituted.
{"title":"Time Series Modeling and Forecasting of Drug-Related Deaths in Iran (2014-2016)","authors":"Mehran Zarghami, Omid Kharazmi, Abbas Alipour, Masoudeh Babakhanian, Ardeshr Khosravi, Seyyed Davood Mirtorabi","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1277","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Investigating the temporal variations and forecasting the trends in drug-related deaths can help prevent health problems and develop intervention programs. The recent policy in Iran is strongly focused on deterring drug use and replacing illicit drugs with legal ones. This study aimed to investigate drug-related deaths in Iran in 2014-2016 and forecast the death toll by 2019. Methods: In this longitudinal study, Box-Jenkins time series analysis was used to forecast drug-related deaths. To this end, monthly counts of drug-related deaths were obtained from March 2014 to March 2017. After data processing, to obtain stationary time series and examine the stability assumption with the Dickey-Fuller test, the parameters of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (ARIMA) model were determined using autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) graphs. Based on Akaike statistics, ARIMA (0, 1, 1) was selected as the best-fit model. Moreover, the Dickey-Fuller test was used to confirm the stationarity of the time series of transformed observations. The forecasts were made for the next 36 months using the ARIMA (0,1,2) model and the same confidence intervals were applied to all months. The final extracted data were analyzed using R software, Minitab, and SPSS-23. Findings: According to the Iranian Ministry of Health and the Legal Medicine Organization, there were 8883 drug-related deaths in Iran from March 2014 to March 2017. According to the time series findings, this count had an upward trend and did not show any seasonal pattern. It was forecasted that the mean drug-related mortality rate in Iran would be 245.8 cases per month until 2019. Conclusion: This study showed a rising trend in drug-related mortality rates during the study period, and the modeling process for forecasting suggested this trend would continue until 2019 if proper interventions were not instituted.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134919826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Morphine is a narcotic pain reliever that is prescribed to reduce postoperative pain and can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, it can have negative effects on spermatogenesis and male fertility. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant which plays an important role in membrane lipid peroxidation due to increased ROS. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E and morphine on sperm parameters, level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and diameter of seminiferous tubules in morphine-treated mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 80 mice were divided into ten groups (n=8) including control, normal saline, vehicle, morphine, various doses of vitamin E (100, 200, 300 mg/kg), and morphine plus vitamin E (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) groups. The groups were followed up for 30 consecutive days. Sperm parameters, testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the level of MDA were analyzed and compared. Findings: Data analysis showed seminal parameters decreased significantly (excluding sperm count) and there was an increase in the level of MDA in morphine-treated mice compared with the normal saline group (P<0.05). Administration of E100 to morphinetreated mice did not show a significant difference in the evaluated parameters compared with the morphine group. However, E200 and E300 significantly reduced MDA and improved sperm parameters (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The results showed co-administration of vitamin E in high doses (200 & 300) could prevent the deleterious effects of morphine on some reproductive parameters and decrease the level of MDA in morphine-treated mice.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Vitamin E on Reproductive Parameters in Morphine-Treated Male Mice","authors":"Katayoon Arjmand, Erfan Daneshi, Soheila Pourmasumi, Fardin Fathi, Sherko Nasseri, Parvin Sabeti","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1415","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Morphine is a narcotic pain reliever that is prescribed to reduce postoperative pain and can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, it can have negative effects on spermatogenesis and male fertility. Vitamin E is an effective antioxidant which plays an important role in membrane lipid peroxidation due to increased ROS. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E and morphine on sperm parameters, level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and diameter of seminiferous tubules in morphine-treated mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 80 mice were divided into ten groups (n=8) including control, normal saline, vehicle, morphine, various doses of vitamin E (100, 200, 300 mg/kg), and morphine plus vitamin E (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) groups. The groups were followed up for 30 consecutive days. Sperm parameters, testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubules, and the level of MDA were analyzed and compared. Findings: Data analysis showed seminal parameters decreased significantly (excluding sperm count) and there was an increase in the level of MDA in morphine-treated mice compared with the normal saline group (P<0.05). Administration of E100 to morphinetreated mice did not show a significant difference in the evaluated parameters compared with the morphine group. However, E200 and E300 significantly reduced MDA and improved sperm parameters (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The results showed co-administration of vitamin E in high doses (200 & 300) could prevent the deleterious effects of morphine on some reproductive parameters and decrease the level of MDA in morphine-treated mice.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Drug use, especially injecting drug use, is associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of TB among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Iran. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in international and national databases. All studies that provided data on the prevalence of TB among PWUD based on screening tests and diagnosis from 1990 up to August 2019 were assessed. Meta-analysis was performed on the prevalence of active TB among people who inject drugs (PWID). Findings: Overall, nine studies were included. The studies were carried out from 1994 to 2012 in seven out of the 31 provinces of Iran. Seven studies provided data on the prevalence of TB diagnosis among 1087 PWID. The pooled prevalence of TB diagnosis was 10.1% (95% CI: 4.5, 15.8) in studies carried out in hospitals and 0.54% (95% CI: 0.04, 1.04) in other settings. Conclusion: The present review suggests an approximately 40 times higher prevalence of TB among PWID compared to the general population. However, most of the included studies were conducted on a subpopulation of drug users, and caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings.
{"title":"Prevalence of Tuberculosis among People Who Use Drugs in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Hosein Rafiemanesh, Behrang Shadloo, Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili, Yekta Rahimi, Jaleh Gholami, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1399","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Drug use, especially injecting drug use, is associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of TB among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Iran. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in international and national databases. All studies that provided data on the prevalence of TB among PWUD based on screening tests and diagnosis from 1990 up to August 2019 were assessed. Meta-analysis was performed on the prevalence of active TB among people who inject drugs (PWID). Findings: Overall, nine studies were included. The studies were carried out from 1994 to 2012 in seven out of the 31 provinces of Iran. Seven studies provided data on the prevalence of TB diagnosis among 1087 PWID. The pooled prevalence of TB diagnosis was 10.1% (95% CI: 4.5, 15.8) in studies carried out in hospitals and 0.54% (95% CI: 0.04, 1.04) in other settings. Conclusion: The present review suggests an approximately 40 times higher prevalence of TB among PWID compared to the general population. However, most of the included studies were conducted on a subpopulation of drug users, and caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Tobacco consumption causes altered immune and inflammatory responses which lead to various respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Studies have only confirmed the harmful effects of tobacco consumption on the severity of COVID-19. The present study aimed to explore the association between tobacco consumption and the initiation of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted to explore the relationship between tobacco consumption and COVID-19. A brief closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was prepared to record participants’ responses. The Participants included the individuals who visited Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India for the COVID-19 diagnostic test. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were also used to predict the odds of getting infected with COVID-19. Findings: A total of 521 valid responses were obtained and subjected to analysis. Moreover, 256 participants (49.13%) were COVID-19 positive and 57 participants (10.94%) were tobacco users. The odds ratio of tobacco consumption was higher in COVID-19-positive patients compared to COVID-19-negatives (OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.01, 3.13). The current tobacco users had a higher risk of developing COVID-19 as compared to the former users (OR=4.8; 95% CI 1.39, 16.61). The frequency and duration of tobacco use also affected the COVID-19 infectivity rate but these were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The COVID-19 positivity rate was significantly higher in tobacco users, especially in current tobacco users as compared to former users. Nevertheless, gender and occupation had no significant effect on COVID-19 incidence in this study.
背景:烟草消费导致免疫和炎症反应改变，从而导致各种呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病，以及心脑血管疾病。研究只是证实了烟草消费对COVID-19严重程度的有害影响。本研究旨在探讨烟草消费与COVID-19发病之间的关系。方法:采用回顾性队列研究，探讨烟草消费与COVID-19的关系。准备了一份简短的封闭式自结构问卷来记录参与者的回答。与会者包括前往印度兰契拉金德拉医学科学研究所(RIMS)进行COVID-19诊断测试的个人。采用SPSS软件(version 24)进行统计分析。卡方检验和logistic回归分析也用于预测COVID-19感染的几率。结果:共获得521份有效问卷并进行分析。此外，256名参与者(49.13%)为COVID-19阳性，57名参与者(10.94%)为吸烟者。与covid -19阴性患者相比，covid -19阳性患者烟草消费的优势比更高(OR=1.78;95% ci 1.01, 3.13)。与以前的吸烟者相比，目前的吸烟者患COVID-19的风险更高(OR=4.8;95% ci 1.39, 16.61)。烟草使用的频率和持续时间也会影响COVID-19的感染率，但这些影响在统计上不显著。结论:与前吸烟者相比，烟草使用者中COVID-19的阳性率明显更高，尤其是目前的烟草使用者。然而，在本研究中，性别和职业对COVID-19发病率没有显著影响。
{"title":"Does Tobacco Use Enhance the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence from Eastern Indian Population","authors":"Arpita Rai, Nishant Mehta, Ansul Kumar, Lakhan Majhee, Pratik Verma, Priyanka Singh, Zeya Ul Haque","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1400","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tobacco consumption causes altered immune and inflammatory responses which lead to various respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Studies have only confirmed the harmful effects of tobacco consumption on the severity of COVID-19. The present study aimed to explore the association between tobacco consumption and the initiation of COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted to explore the relationship between tobacco consumption and COVID-19. A brief closed-ended, self-structured questionnaire was prepared to record participants’ responses. The Participants included the individuals who visited Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, India for the COVID-19 diagnostic test. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were also used to predict the odds of getting infected with COVID-19. Findings: A total of 521 valid responses were obtained and subjected to analysis. Moreover, 256 participants (49.13%) were COVID-19 positive and 57 participants (10.94%) were tobacco users. The odds ratio of tobacco consumption was higher in COVID-19-positive patients compared to COVID-19-negatives (OR=1.78; 95% CI 1.01, 3.13). The current tobacco users had a higher risk of developing COVID-19 as compared to the former users (OR=4.8; 95% CI 1.39, 16.61). The frequency and duration of tobacco use also affected the COVID-19 infectivity rate but these were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The COVID-19 positivity rate was significantly higher in tobacco users, especially in current tobacco users as compared to former users. Nevertheless, gender and occupation had no significant effect on COVID-19 incidence in this study.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Anxiety is one of the comorbid disorders of opioid addiction, which leads to opioid abuse or persuades people to engage in opioid abuse. Evidence revealed that morphine exposure before conception changes the offspring’s phenotype. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of morphine dependence and abstinence on anxiety-like behavior in morphine-exposed and drug-naïve offspring. Methods: Adult male and female rats were treated with morphine or vehicle for 21 days. Then, all rats were left without drug treatment for 10 days. A morphine-exposed female rat was mated with either a vehicle-exposed or morphine-abstinent male. According to parental morphine exposure, the offspring were categorized into four distinct groups: (1) control (both drug-naïve parents), (2) paternal morphine-exposed, (3) maternal morphine-exposed, and (4) biparental morphine-exposed. The anxiety-like behavior was measured in adult male offspring using open field and elevated plus-maze tests before morphine exposure (naïve), 21 days after morphine exposure (dependence), and ten days after the last morphine exposure (abstinence). Findings: The results indicated that anxiety-like behavior increased before morphine exposure in maternal and biparental morphine-exposed offspring (P<0.05). However, after morphine exposure, the anxiety level did not change among the groups. Ten days after the last morphine exposure, anxiety-like behavior increased only in biparental morphine-exposed offspring (P<0.05). Conclusion: The offspring of morphine-abstinent parents exhibited an anxious phenotype. Disruption of the HPA axis was seen in the progeny of maternal and biparental morphine-exposed rats. Indeed, morphine exposure for 21 days did not change anxiety-like behavior in these offspring which might be correlated to disruption of HPA axis in them.
{"title":"Does Morphine Exposure Before Gestation Change Anxiety-Like Behavior During Morphine Dependence in Male Wistar Rats?","authors":"Saba Sabzevari, Kiyana Rohbani, Mahsa Sadeghi-Adl, Solmaz Khalifeh, Mitra-Sadat Sadat-Shirazi, Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast","doi":"10.34172/ahj.2023.1396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ahj.2023.1396","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Anxiety is one of the comorbid disorders of opioid addiction, which leads to opioid abuse or persuades people to engage in opioid abuse. Evidence revealed that morphine exposure before conception changes the offspring’s phenotype. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of morphine dependence and abstinence on anxiety-like behavior in morphine-exposed and drug-naïve offspring. Methods: Adult male and female rats were treated with morphine or vehicle for 21 days. Then, all rats were left without drug treatment for 10 days. A morphine-exposed female rat was mated with either a vehicle-exposed or morphine-abstinent male. According to parental morphine exposure, the offspring were categorized into four distinct groups: (1) control (both drug-naïve parents), (2) paternal morphine-exposed, (3) maternal morphine-exposed, and (4) biparental morphine-exposed. The anxiety-like behavior was measured in adult male offspring using open field and elevated plus-maze tests before morphine exposure (naïve), 21 days after morphine exposure (dependence), and ten days after the last morphine exposure (abstinence). Findings: The results indicated that anxiety-like behavior increased before morphine exposure in maternal and biparental morphine-exposed offspring (P<0.05). However, after morphine exposure, the anxiety level did not change among the groups. Ten days after the last morphine exposure, anxiety-like behavior increased only in biparental morphine-exposed offspring (P<0.05). Conclusion: The offspring of morphine-abstinent parents exhibited an anxious phenotype. Disruption of the HPA axis was seen in the progeny of maternal and biparental morphine-exposed rats. Indeed, morphine exposure for 21 days did not change anxiety-like behavior in these offspring which might be correlated to disruption of HPA axis in them.","PeriodicalId":33943,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and Health","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134920340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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