Pub Date : 2007-08-27DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V9I1.38757
N. Ideyi
Having realized that it is up to him to make or to mar his living in this world, man has been facing a lot of challenges. One of such challenges is that of governance-ability to govern himself well to the joy of all and to the sadness of none. In order to make a success of this task, every political system of government: monarchy, aristocracy, autocracy, military, dictatorship, tyranny, democracy, e.t.c., has been tried with little or no success. But the one, as experience has shown, which promises success is democracy. Democracy is people-centered. It encourages mass participation in governance and this makes everybody a stakeholder in matters of public interest. Democracy of all political systems treats people as ends themselves and not as objects or means to attain further ends. For this reason, democracy is seen by dictators, tyrants or autocrats as a thorn in their flesh and thus plot for its overthrow. Not to allow them succeed, the people must be alert and ready to defend democracy against any threat. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 49-55
人类已经意识到在这个世界上生存与否取决于自己，因此面临着许多挑战。其中一项挑战是治理能力——治理好自己，让所有人高兴，让所有人悲伤的能力。为了完成这一任务，每一种政体:君主政体、贵族政体、专制政体、军事政体、独裁政体、专制政体、民主政体等等，都被尝试过，但几乎没有成功。但是，正如经验所表明的那样，民主是成功的保证。民主是以人民为中心的。它鼓励大众参与治理，这使每个人都成为公共利益事务的利益相关者。所有政治制度的民主都将人视为目的本身，而不是达到进一步目的的对象或手段。因此，民主被独裁者、暴君或独裁者视为肉中刺，因此密谋推翻民主。为了不让他们得逞，人民必须保持警惕，随时准备捍卫民主免受任何威胁。《索菲亚:非洲哲学》Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 49-55
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Pub Date : 2007-08-27DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V9I1.38772
I. Opara
Democracy is intrinsically linked to and engenders liberty – liberty to freely develop one's capabilities to the optimum without infringing on others' or another's rights and privileges and also in the best interest of society at large. It therefore produces development or civilization, which should go beyond mere technological advancement to commensurate growth in the refinement of man's soul and sensibilities. William Golding however demonstrates in his novel, Lord of the Flies, that our democracy, its civilization and the mechanisms that prop them up are fragile and susceptible to annihilation owing to the darkness in man's heart, which often makes him seek to domineer and break out of control. To him, man's predicament requires an honest encounter with his inner self and willingness to undergo a spiritual rebirth that is beyond mechanical religion or philosophical rationalization. Wole Soyinka on his part portrays in his play, Madmen and Specialists, that man's quest for power and dominance is born out of materialism and greed. The result is self destruction, insecurity, national strangulation and retrogression. Our national politics has proved the truth of his excellent analysis. This paper thus calls on all Nigerians to submit to God for a genuine inner transformation. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 134-142
民主与自由有着内在的联系并产生自由- -在不侵犯他人或他人的权利和特权的情况下自由发展个人能力至最佳状态的自由，也符合整个社会的最佳利益。因此，它产生了发展或文明，这种发展或文明应超越单纯的技术进步，而应使人的灵魂和情感得到相应的升华。然而，威廉·戈尔丁在他的小说《蝇王》中表明，我们的民主，它的文明和支撑它们的机制是脆弱的，容易被消灭，这是由于人类内心的黑暗，往往使他寻求霸道和失控。对他来说，人的困境需要诚实地面对内心的自我，并愿意经历一种超越机械宗教或哲学理性的精神重生。沃·索因卡在他的戏剧《疯子和专家》中描述了人类对权力和统治的追求源于物质主义和贪婪。其结果是自我毁灭、不安全、国家扼杀和倒退。我们的国家政治已经证明了他出色分析的真实性。因此，本文呼吁所有尼日利亚人向上帝屈服，进行真正的内心转变。《索菲亚:非洲哲学》Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 134-142
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Pub Date : 2007-08-27DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V9I1.38759
F. Amadi
This paper is an analysis of how African traditional communication and the literature produced about it portray African traditional communication. The analysis premises an interest to ascertain whether the portrayal is in a perspective showing traditional media as capable of playing expected public information role. Drawing on contemporary literature, the paper concludes that much of the literature on the subject often portrays traditional communication in the objectionable linear conduit metaphor model of communication. The paper argues that this model is not conducive to the demands of an effective and robust public information requirement. The paper, drawing also on observations from proceedings at a local forum, found the positive modern-communication potentials lurking in aspects of traditional media like the social debating fora and the talking drums. The paper recommends immediate commencement of systematic refinement of these aspects since, in the belief of the paper, the communication potentials of these media as presently known are not enough for optimal relevance in the highly demanding public information market. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 62-67
本文分析了非洲传统传播及其文学作品是如何刻画非洲传统传播的。分析的前提是要确定这种描述是否表明传统媒体能够发挥预期的公共信息作用。通过对当代文献的分析，本文得出结论，许多关于这一主题的文献往往以令人反感的线性管道隐喻的传播模式来描绘传统的传播。本文认为，这种模式不利于实现有效、稳健的公共信息需求。本文还从一个地方论坛的会议记录中观察到，传统媒体如社会辩论论坛和谈话鼓等方面潜藏着积极的现代传播潜力。本文建议立即开始对这些方面进行系统的改进，因为本文认为，目前已知的这些媒体的传播潜力不足以在要求很高的公共信息市场中实现最佳相关性。《索菲亚:非洲哲学》Vol. 9 (1) 2006: pp. 62-67
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38734
S. Duruoha
This paper delineates the complex use of the synecdoche in Yvonne Vera's Butterfly Burning. We will also demonstrate the process by which this solid figure of speech is manipulated to reflect the human anatomy. To do this, we recall that Language is a tool with which writers express their visions. Synecdoche itself is an important rhetorical device wherein the part is substituted for the whole and sometimes the whole for the part. Its method of representation could be seen as a structured movement from part to whole.. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 63-69
本文描述了提喻在伊冯娜·维拉的《燃烧的蝴蝶》中的复杂运用。我们还将演示的过程中，这种坚实的修辞手法被操纵，以反映人体解剖。要做到这一点，我们记得语言是作家表达他们的愿景的工具。提喻本身是一种重要的修辞手法，用部分代替整体，有时用整体代替部分。它的表现方法可以看作是一种从部分到整体的结构化运动。《索菲亚:非洲哲学》Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 63-69
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38743
U. Ugwu
Political socialization remains the engine room of political development and sustenance of democracy in Nigeria when people of all ages are put through the process of teaching and learnig about all aspects of the political system. With a thorough understanding of the political system and possession of relevant political knowledge and attitude the various factors that hinder appropriate pratice of democracy and development of enlightened citizenship are gradually nipped in the bud SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 133-136
政治社会化仍然是尼日利亚政治发展和维持民主的引擎，因为所有年龄的人都经历了教育和学习政治制度各个方面的过程。随着对政治制度的深入了解和对相关政治知识和态度的掌握，阻碍民主的适当实践和开明公民发展的各种因素逐渐被扼杀在萌芽之中。索菲亚:非洲哲学杂志Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 133-136
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38748
D. Effiom, E. E. Ethothi, I. Bassey, J. Ogbiji
The study was done to investigate the relationship between fattening values orientation and mortal adjustment of Efik Married women to domestic stress. A total of 300 women, aged 50 years and above were used in the study. The Fattening Institutional Values Orientation and Domestic Stress Adjustment Scale (FIVODSAS), was the instrument used in the collection of data for the study. The Pearson product moment correlating co-efficient statistical analysis was used to test the hypothesis at .05 level of significance. The result revealed that a significant relationship values orientation and the level of adjustment to domestic stress among Efik wives with Fattening experience. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 168-171
本研究旨在探讨育肥价值观取向与外籍已婚妇女对家庭压力的生命适应之间的关系。共有300名年龄在50岁及以上的女性参与了这项研究。本研究使用的数据收集工具为“育肥制度价值取向与家庭压力调整量表”(FIVODSAS)。采用Pearson积矩相关协效统计分析，在0.05显著性水平上检验假设。结果显示，育肥经历的埃菲克族妻子的关系价值取向和家庭压力适应水平显著。《非洲哲学研究》Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 168-171
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38745
S. Agi
It is almost tempting to apologise for returning to the subject of human rights, but the temptation ought to be resisted. The question of the recognition and protection of Human rights, a perennial, worldwide problem since the immediate aftermath of the Second World War in particular, has played a leading role in international, as well as national, politics. It is a recurring theme of newspaper reports, demonstrations, trials and conferences all over the world, Nigeria included. Indeed, in Nigeria, the main subject of this study, not only are Human Rights guaranteed in the political constitution, but also the institutional protections essential for the “enjoyment” of human rights, such as an independent judiciary, are also enshrined in the constitution. This essay examines the provisions for the protection of human rights in the Nigerian constitution since colonial times and the debate as to whether the provisions are the right or wrong rights! SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 145-152
回到人权的话题上道歉几乎是诱人的，但应该抵制这种诱惑。承认和保护人权的问题，特别是第二次世界大战刚刚结束以来的一个长期的世界性问题，在国际和国家政治中发挥了主导作用。这是包括尼日利亚在内的世界各地报纸报道、示威、审判和会议中反复出现的主题。事实上，在本研究的主要对象尼日利亚，不仅政治宪法保障人权，而且宪法也载明对“享有”人权至关重要的体制保护，例如独立的司法机构。本文考察了自殖民时期以来尼日利亚宪法中关于人权保护的条款，以及这些条款是正确的还是错误的权利的争论!《非洲哲学研究》Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 145-152
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38726
U. Egbai
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen published their thought experiment I a paper entitled, “Can Quantum – Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be considered complete?”. At that time, Bohr, Heisenberg, and the proponents of the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics, were saying that Quantum theory is a complete and the last theory in physics event though it does not provide any picture of the world separate from our observations of it. The message Einstein conveyed to his colleagues was that the quantum theory is not a “complete” theory because it does not describe certain important aspects of reality which are physically real event if they are not observed. In sympathy with Einstein's position, this paper argues that, the real nature of physical reality cannot be explained “at once” by a single theory. Reality is still unfolding and a new theory that will surpass the predictive ability of Quantum Mechanics will soon emerge. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp.14-19
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38747
E. J. Udokang
James Ladyman has argued that constructive empiricism entails modal realism, and that this renders constructive empiricism untenable. We maintain that constructive empiricism is compatible with modal nominalism. Although the central term “observable” has been analyzed in terms of counterfactuals, and in general counterfactuals do not have objective truth conditions, the property of being observable is not a modal property, and hence there are objective, non-modal facts about what is observable. Both modal nominalism and constructive empiricism require clarification in the face of Ladyman's argument. But we also argue that, even if Ladyman were right that constructive empiricism entails modal realism, this would not be a problem for constructive empiricism. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 158-167
James Ladyman认为建设性经验主义需要模态实在论，而这使得建设性经验主义站不住脚。我们认为建构经验主义与情态唯名论是相容的。尽管中心术语“可观察性”已经根据反事实进行了分析，而且一般来说，反事实不具有客观真条件，但可观察性的属性不是模态属性，因此存在关于可观察性的客观、非模态事实。面对Ladyman的论点，情态唯名论和建构经验主义都需要澄清。但我们也认为，即使Ladyman是正确的，即建设性经验主义需要模态实在论，这对建设性经验主义来说也不是问题。《非洲哲学研究》Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 158-167
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Pub Date : 2007-08-24DOI: 10.4314/SOPHIA.V8I2.38725
Michael Sunday Agba
The performance of most public organizations in rendering effective service to the public has remained epileptic for decades despite huge investments on them and past government reforms. Efforts in transforming the civil service and other governmental institutions for effective and efficient performance have no doubt in recent times become one of the most pressing and fundamental preoccupations of government as the ongoing administrative, economic and social reforms by the Obasanjo's administration depicts. The paper represents essentially an attempt to analyse and comprehend the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in effective service delivery in Nigeria. The paper advocates that the revamping and transformation of the Nigerian Civil Service to render effective service to the public lies not in the continuous formulation of reforms measures which are hypocritically implemented but in effective Human Resource Management, total and complete change in our attitudes, value system and the rebirth of a new political order characterized by foresighted leadership and devoid of “The politics of chop-chop and stomachocracy”. Improving service delivery in an environment of inefficiency is exercise in futility. SOPHIA: An African Journal of Philosophy Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 7-13
几十年来，尽管在公共机构上投入了巨额资金，并进行了政府改革，但大多数公共机构在为公众提供有效服务方面的表现一直处于癫痫病的状态。正如奥巴桑乔政府正在进行的行政、经济和社会改革所描述的那样，改革公务员制度和其他政府机构以取得有效和高效率的业绩的努力无疑在最近成为政府最紧迫和最基本的当务之急之一。本文本质上代表了分析和理解人力资源管理(HRM)在尼日利亚有效服务交付中的作用的尝试。本文主张，尼日利亚公务员制度的改革和转型，为公众提供有效的服务，不在于不断制定虚伪的改革措施，而在于有效的人力资源管理，全面彻底地改变我们的态度和价值体系，并重生一种新的政治秩序，其特点是有远见的领导，没有“切刀切腹的政治”。在效率低下的环境中改善服务是徒劳的。《索菲亚:非洲哲学》Vol. 8 (2) 2006: pp. 7-13
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